i. 103

Woman feeding serpent in Greek art, i. 87 _sq._; as inspired prophetess of a god, ii. 257

Woman’s dress assumed by men to deceive dangerous spirits, ii. 262 _sq._

Women pass through holed stones as cure for barrenness, i. 36, with _n._ 4; impregnated by dead saints, 78 _sq._; impregnated by serpents, 80 _sqq._; fear to be impregnated by ghosts, 93; impregnated by the flower of the banana, 93; excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, 113 _n._ 1; their high importance in the social system of the Pelew Islanders, ii. 205 _sqq._; the cultivation of the staple food in the hands of women (Pelew Islands), 206 _sq._; their social importance increased by the combined influence of mother-kin and landed property, 209; their legal superiority to men in ancient Egypt, 214; impregnated by fire, 235; priests dressed as, 253 _sqq._; dressed as men, 255 _n._ 1, 257; excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, 258 _n._ 5; dressed as men at marriage, 262 _sqq._; dressed as men at circumcision, 263. _See also_ Barrenness, Childless, _and_ Sacred Women

—— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, ii. 192 _sq._; inspired by gods, 207

——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, ii. 191, 192; reputed the wives of gods, 207

Women’s hair, sacrifice of, i. 38

_Wororu_, man supposed to cause conception in women without sexual intercourse, i. 105

Worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, ii. 174 _sqq._; among the Khasis of Assam, 203

—— of the dead perhaps fused with the propitiation of the corn-spirit, i. 233 _sqq._; among the Bantu tribes, ii. 174 _sqq._

—— of dead kings and chiefs in Africa, ii. 160 _sqq._; among the Barotse, 194 _sq._; an important element in African religion, 195 _sq._

—— of hot springs, i. 206 _sqq._

—— of mephitic vapours, i. 203 _sqq._

—— of volcanoes, i. 216 _sqq._

Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop up wells, ii. 111

“Wounds between the arms” of Hebrew prophets, i. 74 _n._ 4

“—— of the Naaman,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, i. 226

Wreaths as amulets, ii. 242 _sq._

Wünsch, R., on the _Anthesteria_, i. 235 _n._ 1; on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, 246; on Easter ceremonies in the Greek church, 254 _n._

Wyse, W., ii. 35 _n._ 1, 51 _n._ 1

Xenophanes of Colophon on the Egyptian rites of mourning for gods, ii. 42, 43

Yam, island of Torres Straits, heroes worshipped in animal forms in, i. 139 _n._ 1

Yap, one of the Caroline Islands, prostitution of unmarried girls in, ii. 265 _sq._

Yarilo, a personification of vegetation, i. 253

Year, length of the solar, determined by the Theban priests, ii. 26

——, the fixed Alexandrian, ii. 28, 49, 92

——, the Celtic, reckoned from November 1st, ii. 81

——, the Egyptian, a vague year, not corrected by intercalation, ii. 24 _sq._

—— of God, a Sothic period, ii. 36 _n._ 2; began with the rising of Sirius, 35

——, the old Iranian, ii. 67

——, the Julian, ii. 28

——, the Teutonic, reckoned from October 1st, ii. 81

Yehar-baal, king of Byblus, i. 14

Yehaw-melech, king of Byblus, i. 14

Ynglings, a Norse family, descended from Frey, ii. 100

Yombe, a Bantu tribe of Northern Rhodesia, their sacrifice of first-fruits to the dead, ii. 191

Youth restored by the witch Medea, i. 180 _sq._

Yucatan, calendar of the Indians of, ii. 28 _n._

Yukon River in Alaska, ii. 51

Yungman tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, i. 101

Yuruks, pastoral people of Cilicia, i. 150 _n._ 1

Zambesi, the Barotse of the, ii. 193

Zas, name of priest of Corycian Zeus, i. 155

Zechariah, on the mourning of or for Hadadrimmon, i. 15 _n._ 4; on wounds of prophet, 74 _n._ 4

Zekar-baal, king of Byblus, i. 14

_Zend-Avesta_, on the Fravashis, ii. 67 _sq._

Zenjirli in Syria, Hittite sculptures at, i. 134; statue of horned god at, 163

Zer, old Egyptian king, his true Horus name Khent, ii. 20 _n._ 1, 154. _See_ Khent

Zerka, river in Moab, i. 215 _n._ 1

Zeus, god of Tarsus assimilated to, i. 119, 143; Cilician deity assimilated to, 144 _sqq._, 148, 152; the flower of, 186, 187; identified with Attis, 282; castrates his father Cronus, 283; the father of dew, ii. 137; the Saviour of the City, at Magnesia on the Maeander, 238

——, Corycian, priests of, i. 145, 155; temple of, 155

—— and Hecate at Stratonicea in Caria, i. 270 _n._ 2, 227

——, Labrandeus, the Carian, i. 182

——, Olbian, ruins of his temple at Olba, i. 151; his cave or chasm, 158 _sq._; his priest Teucer, 159; a god of fertility, 159 _sqq._

——, Olybrian, i. 167 _n._ 1

—— Papas, i. 281 _n._ 2

Zeus and Typhon, battle of, i. 156 _sq._, 160

Zimmern, H., on Mylitta, i. 37 _n._ 1

Zimri, king of Israel, burns himself, i. 174 _n._ 2, 176

Zion, Mount, traditionally identified with Mount Moriah, ii. 219 _n._ 1

Zoroastrian fire-worship in Cappadocia, i. 191

Zulu medicine-men or diviners, i. 74 _n._ 4, 75; their charm to fertilize fields, ii. 102 _sq._

Zulus, their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, i. 82, 84; their observation of the moon, ii. 134 _sq._; the worship of the dead among the, 182 _sqq._; their sacrifice of a bull to prolong the life of the king, 222

FOOTNOTES

M1 Osiris the Egyptian counterpart of Adonis and Attis. M2 The myth of Osiris. The Pyramid Texts.

1 See Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 12-20; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia_ (Turin, 1881-1884), vol. ii. pp. 692 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_ (Tübingen, N.D.), pp. 365-369; _id._, _Die ägyptische Religion_2 (Berlin, 1909), pp. 38 _sqq._; A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_ (Münster i. W. 1890), pp. 109 _sqq._; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1897), pp. 207 _sqq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 172 _sqq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Gods of the Egyptians_ (London, 1904), ii. 123 _sqq._; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_ (London, 1911), i. 1 _sqq._

2 J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_ (London, 1912), pp. vii. _sq._, 77 _sqq._, 84 _sqq._, 91 _sqq._ Compare _id._, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1908), p. 68; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. pp. 116 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_ (London, 1911), i. 100 _sqq._ The first series of the texts was discovered in 1880 when Mariette’s workmen penetrated into the pyramid of King Pepi the First. Till then it had been thought by modern scholars that the pyramids were destitute of inscriptions. The first to edit the Pyramid Texts was Sir Gaston Maspero.

M3 The Pyramid Texts intended to ensure the blissful immortality of Egyptian kings.

3 J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, pp. 91 _sq._ Among the earlier works referred to in the Pyramid Texts are “the chapter of those who ascend” and “the chapter of those who raise themselves up” (J. H. Breasted, _op. cit._ p. 85). From their titles these works would seem to have recorded a belief in the resurrection and ascension of the dead.

M4 The story of Osiris in the Pyramid Texts.

4 This has been done by Professor J. H. Breasted in his _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, pp. 18 _sqq._

M5 Osiris a son of the earth-god and the sky-goddess.

5 In Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 12, we must clearly read ἑβδομηκοστὸν δεύτερον with Scaliger and Wyttenbach for the ἑβδομηκοστόν of the MSS.

6 Herodotus, ii. 4, with A. Wiedemann’s note; L. Ideler, _Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie_ (Berlin, 1825-1826), i. 94 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 468 _sq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 208 _sq._

7 The birth of the five deities on the five supplementary days is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (i. 13. 4) as well as by Plutarch (_Isis et Osiris_, 12). The memory of the five supplementary days seems to survive in the modern Coptic calendar of Egypt. The days from the first to the sixth of Amshir (February) are called “the days outside the year” and they are deemed unlucky. “Any child begotten during these days will infallibly be misshapen or abnormally tall or short. This also applies to animals so that cattle and mares are not covered during these days; moreover, some say (though others deny) that neither sowing nor planting should be undertaken.” However, these unlucky days are not the true intercalary days of the Coptic calendar, which occur in the second week of September at the end of the Coptic year. See C. G. Seligmann, “Ancient Egyptian Beliefs in Modern Egypt,” _Essays and Studies presented to William Ridgeway_ (Cambridge, 1913), p. 456. As to the unluckiness of intercalary days in general, see _The Scapegoat_, pp. 339 _sqq._

M6 Osiris introduces the cultivation of corn and of the vine. His violent death. Isis searches for his body.

8 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 13; Diodorus Siculus, i. 14, 17, 20; Tibullus, i. 7. 29 _sqq._

9 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 13 _sq._

M7 She takes refuge in the papyrus swamps. Isis and her infant son Horus.

10 A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 366; _id._, _Die ägyptische Religion_2 (Berlin, 1909), p. 40; A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1897), pp. 213 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Gods of the Egyptians_, i. 487 _sq._, ii. 206-211; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_ (London, 1911), i. 92-96, ii. 84, 274-276. These incidents of the scorpions are not related by Plutarch but are known to us from Egyptian sources. The barbarous legend of the begetting of Horus by the dead Osiris is told in unambiguous language in the Pyramid Texts, and it is illustrated by a monument which represents the two sister goddesses hovering in the likeness of hawks over the god, while Hathor sits at his head and the Frog-goddess Heqet squats in the form of a huge frog at his feet. See J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 28, with note 2; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 280. Harpocrates is in Egyptian _Her-pe-khred_, “Horus the child” (A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 223). Plutarch, who appears to distinguish him from Horus, says that Harpocrates was begotten by the dead Osiris on Isis, and that he was born untimely and was weak in his lower limbs (_Isis et Osiris_, 19). Elsewhere he tells us that Harpocrates “was born, incomplete and youthful, about the winter solstice along with the early flowers and blossoms” (_Isis et Osiris_, 65).

M8 The body of Osiris floats to Byblus, where it is recovered by Isis. The body of Osiris dismembered by Typhon, and the pieces recovered by Isis. Diodorus Siculus on the burial of Osiris.

11 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 8, 18.

12 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 18.

13 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 18. Compare Hippolytus, _Refutatio omnium haeresium_, v. 7, p. 142, ed. L. Duncker and F. G. Schneidewin (Göttingen, 1859).

14 Diodorus Siculus, i. 21. 5-11; compare _id._, iv. 6. 3; Strabo, xvii. 1. 23, p. 803.

M9 The various members of Osiris treasured as relics in various parts of Egypt.

15 H. Brugsch, “Das Osiris-Mysterium von Tentyra,” _Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde_, xix. (1881) pp. 77 _sqq._; V. Loret, “Les fêtes d’Osiris au mois de Khoiak,” _Recueil de Travaux relatifs à la Philologie et à l’Archéologie Égyptiennes et Assyriennes_, iii. (1882) pp. 43 _sqq._; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia_, pp. 697 _sqq._; A. Wiedemann, _Herodots zweites Buch_ (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 584 _sqq._; _id._, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, p. 115; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 215 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 367 _sq._

16 J. Rendel Harris, _The Annotators of the Codex Bezae_ (London, 1901), p. 104, note 2, referring to Dulaure.

M10 Osiris mourned by Isis and Nephthys.

17 A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_2 (Berlin, 1909), pp. 39 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, ii. 59 _sqq._

18 A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 211.

M11 Being brought to life again, Osiris reigns as king and judge of the dead in the other world. The confession of the dead.

19 A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 39 _sq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 176; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Gods of the Egyptians_, ii. 140, 262; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 70-75, 80-82. On Osiris as king of the dead see Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 79.

20 Miss Margaret A. Murray, _The Osireion at Abydos_ (London, 1904), pp. 8, 17, 18.

21 On Osiris as judge of the dead see A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 131 _sqq._; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 248 _sqq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 187 _sqq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Book of the Dead_2 (London, 1909), i. pp. liii. _sqq._; _id._, _The Gods of the Egyptians_, ii. 141 _sqq._; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 305 _sqq._; A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 116 _sqq._

_ 22 The Book of the Dead_, ch. cxxv. (vol. ii. pp. 355 _sqq._ of Budge’s translation; P. Pierret, _Le Livre des Morts_, Paris, 1882, pp. 369 _sqq._); R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia_, pp. 788 _sqq._; A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 132-134; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 249 _sqq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 188-191; A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 117-121; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 337 _sqq._; J. H. Breasted, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, pp. 297 _sqq._

23 A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 p. 121. Compare A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 134 _sq._; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 253.

24 A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 254; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 305 _sqq._; G. Maspero, _op. cit._ i. 194 _sq._; A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 121 _sqq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 97 _sq._, 100 _sqq._; E. Lefébure, “Le Paradis Egyptien,” _Sphinx_, iii. (Upsala, 1900) pp. 191 _sqq._

M12 The fate of the wicked.

25 A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 249. Compare A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 117, 121; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 317, 328.

M13 In the resurrection of Osiris the Egyptians saw a pledge of their own immortality.

26 G. Maspero, “Le rituel du sacrifice funéraire,” _Études de Mythologie et d’Archéologie Égyptiennes_ (Paris, 1893-1912), i. 291 _sq._

27 G. Maspero, _op. cit._ pp. 300-316. Compare A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 123 _sqq._; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 234 _sqq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Book of the Dead_2 (London, 1909), i. pp. iiii. _sqq._; _id._, _The Gods of the Egyptians_, ii. 126, 140 _sq._; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 66 _sqq._, 101 _sq._, 176, 305, 399 _sq._; A. Moret, _Du Caractère religieux de la Royauté Pharaonique_ (Paris, 1902), p. 312; _id._, _Kings and Gods of Egypt_ (New York and London, 1912), pp. 91 _sqq._; _id._, _Mystères Égyptiens_ (Paris, 1913), pp. 37 _sqq._ “In one of the ceremonies of the ‘Opening of the Mouth’ the deceased was temporarily placed in a bull’s skin, which was probably that of one of the bulls which were offered up during the celebration of the service. From this skin the deceased obtained further power, and his emergence from it was the visible symbol of his resurrection and of his entrance into everlasting life with all the strength of Osiris and Horus” (E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 400).

M14 Every dead Egyptian identified with Osiris.

28 A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 416; J. H. Breasted, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 149 _sq._; Margaret A. Murray, _The Osireion at Abydos_ (London, 1904), p. 31. Under the earlier dynasties only kings appear to have been identified with Osiris.

29 A. Moret, _Mystères Égyptiens_ (Paris, 1913), p. 40.

30 A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 111-113. However, in later times the body with which the dead came to life was believed to be a spiritual, not a material body; it was called _sāhu_. See E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Book of the Dead_,2 i. pp. lvii. _sqq._; _id._, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, ii. 123 _sq._

M15 Combat between Set and Horus, the brother and the son of Osiris, for the crown of Egypt.

31 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 19 and 55; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 368; _id._, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 41 _sq._; A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, p. 114; _id._, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 214 _sq._; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l’Orient Classique_, i. 176-178; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 62 _sq._, 64, 89 _sqq._, 309 _sqq._

M16 The legend of their contest may be a reminiscence of dynastic struggles.

_ 32 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, ii. 290 _sqq._

M17 Osiris represented as a king in tradition and art. The tomb of Osiris at Abydos.

33 A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 217. For details see E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 30 _sqq._

34 J. H. Breasted, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1908), p. 61; _id._, _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 38; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 37, 67, 81, 210, 212, 214, 290, ii. 1, 2, 8-13, 82-85; A. Erman, _Die ägyptische Religion_,2 pp. 21, 23, 110; A. Wiedemann, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 289; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. pp. 70, 96, 97. It appears to be now generally held that the original seat of the worship of Osiris was at Busiris, but that at Abydos the god found a second home, which in time eclipsed the old one in glory. According to Professors Ed. Meyer and A. Erman, the god whom Osiris displaced at Abydos was Anubis.

35 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 20; A. Erman, _Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 417; J. H. Breasted, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1908), pp. 148 _sq._; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. p. 209; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, i. 68 _sq._, ii. 3.

M18 The tombs of the old kings at Abydos. The tomb of King Khent identified with the tomb of Osiris. The sculptured effigy of Osiris. The hawk the crest of the earliest dynasties.

36 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. p. 125.

37 J. H. Breasted, _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, pp. 43, 50 _sq._ The excavations were begun by E. Amélineau and continued by W. M. Flinders Petrie (Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. p. 119). See E. Amélineau, _Le Tombeau d’Osiris_ (Paris, 1899); W. M. Flinders Petrie, _The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties_, Part ii. (London, 1901). The excavations of the former have been criticized by Sir Gaston Maspero (_Études de Mythologie et d’Archéologie Égyptiennes_, vi. (Paris, 1912) pp. 153-182).

38 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. pp. 119, 124; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, ii. 8. The place is now known by the Arabic name of Umm al-Ka’âb or “Mother of Pots” on account of the large quantity of pottery that has been found there.

39 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Altertums_,2 i. 2. pp. 119, 125, 127, 128, 129, 209. The king’s Horus name has sometimes been read Zer, but according to Professor Meyer (_op. cit._ p. 128) and Dr. Budge (_Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection_, ii. 83) the true reading is Khent (Chent). The king’s personal name was perhaps Ka (Ed. Meyer, _op. cit._ p. 128).

40 E. Amélineau, _Le Tombeau d’Osiris_ (Paris, 1899), pp. 107-115; W. M. Flinders Petrie, _The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties_,