part i. p. 656.

1341 Baron C. C. von der Decken, _Reisen in Ost-Afrika_ (Leipsic, 1869-1871), ii. 25; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, pp. 182 _sq._

1342 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The last of the Masai_ (London, 1901), p. 50; Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_, ii. 826.

M213 The like fear leads people who bear the same name as the dead to change it for another.

1343 W. Wyatt, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 165.

1344 D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony in New South Wales_ (London, 1804), p. 392.

1345 P. Beveridge, “Notes on the Dialects, Habits, and Mythology of the Lower Murray Aborigines,” _Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria_, vi. 20 _sq._

1346 “Description of the Natives of King George’s Sound (Swan River) and adjoining Country,” _Journal of the R. Geographical Society_, i. (1832) pp. 46 _sq._

1347 W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_ (Brisbane, 1903), § 72, p. 20.

1348 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_ (London, 1847), ii. 228.

1349 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, ii. 434; R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. 894 (referring to Roger Williams).

1350 Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109.

1351 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 349; Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_, p. 656.

1352 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The Last of the Masai_, p. 50.

M214 Sometimes all the near relations of the deceased change their names.

1353 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1354 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248. Compare K. F. v. Baer und Gr. v. Helmersen, _Beiträge zur Kenntniss des russischen Reiches und der angränzenden Länder Asiens_, i. (St. Petersburg, 1839), p. 108 (as to the Kenayens of Cook’s Inlet and the neighbourhood).

1355 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

1356 F. de Azara, _Voyages dans l’Amérique Méridionale_ (Paris, 1808), ii. 153 _sq._

1357 P. Lozano, _Descripcion chorographica_, etc., _del Gran Chaco_ (Cordova, 1733), p. 70.

1358 E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 261. Elsewhere I have suggested that mourning costume in general may have been adopted with this intention. See _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 73, 98 _sqq._

1359 J. Enderli, “Zwei Jahre bei den Tchuktschen und Korjaken,” _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xlix. (1903) p. 257.

M215 When the name of the deceased is that of a common object, the word is often dropped in ordinary speech and another substituted for it.

1360 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 266.

1361 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery_, ii. 354 _sq._

1362 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake_ (London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._

1363 J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 94.

1364 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199, compare p. xxix.

1365 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 43. Mr. Howitt mentions the case of a native who arbitrarily substituted the name _nobler_ (“spirituous liquor”) for _yan_ (“water”) because Yan was the name of a man who had recently died (_Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249).

M216 This custom has transformed some of the languages of the American Indians.

1366 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna, 1784), ii. 199, 301.

1367 H. Ten Kate, “Notes ethnographiques sur les Comanches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, iv. (1885) p. 131.

1368 J. Mooney, “Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians,” _Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1898) p. 231.

M217 A similar custom has modified languages in Africa, Buru, New Guinea, the Caroline Islands, and the Nicobarese.

1369 Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, 17th February 1904.

1370 A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), pp. 304 _sq._ As to the Masai customs in this respect see also above, pp. 354 _sq._, 356.

1371 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1372 Sir William Macgregor, _British New Guinea_ (London, 1897), p. 79.

1373 C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 629-631.

1374 F. W. Christian, _The Caroline Islands_ (London, 1899), p. 366.

1375 F. A. de Roepstorff, “Tiomberombi, a Nicobar Tale,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, liii. (1884) pt. i. pp. 24 _sq._ In some tribes apparently the names of the dead are only tabooed in the presence of their relations. See C. Hill-Tout, in “Report of the Committee on the Ethnological Survey of Canada,” _Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science_, Bradford, 1900, p. 484; G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p. 399. But in the great majority of the accounts which I have consulted no such limitation of the taboo is mentioned.

M218 The suppression of the names of the dead cuts at the root of historical tradition.

1376 A. S. Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_ (Washington, 1890), p. xli. (_Contributions to North American Ethnology_, vol. ii. pt. I).

1377 P. Beveridge, “Of the Aborigines inhabiting the great Lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray,” etc., _Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales for 1883_, vol. xvii. p. 65. The custom of changing common words on the death of persons who bore them as their names seems also to have been observed by the Tasmanians. See J. Bonwick, _Daily Life of the Tasmanians_, p. 145.

M219 Sometimes the names of the dead are revived after a certain time. The American Indians used to bring the dead to life again by solemnly bestowing their names on living persons, who were thereafter regarded as reincarnations of the dead.

1378 G. Grey, _Journals of two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia_, ii. 231 _sq._

1379 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1380 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247.

1381 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, iii. 156.

1382 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1887_, p. 656.

1383 S. R. M’Caw, “Mortuary Customs of the Puyallups,” _The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal_, viii. (1886) p. 235.

1384 J. F. Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii. 434. Charlevoix merely says that the taboo on the names of the dead lasted “a certain time” (_Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, vi. 109). “A good long while” is the phrase used by Captain J. G. Bourke in speaking of the same custom among the Apaches (_On the Border with Crook_, p. 132).

M220 Mode of reviving the dead in the persons of their namesakes among the North American Indians.

1385 Gabriel Sagard, _Le Grand Voyage du pays des Hurons_, Nouvelle Édition (Paris, 1865), p. 202. The original edition of Sagard’s book was published at Paris in 1632.

_ 1386 Relations des Jésuites_, 1636, p. 131; _id._, 1642, pp. 53, 85; _id._, 1644, pp. 66 _sq._ (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1387 Daniel W. Harmon, quoted by Rev. Jedidiah Morse, _Report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs_ (New-Haven, 1822), Appendix, p. 345. The custom seems now to be extinct. It is not mentioned by Father A. G. Morice in his accounts of the tribe (in _Proceedings of the Canadian Institute_, Third Series, vol. vii. 1888-89; _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_, vol. iv. 1892-93; _Annual Archaeological Report_, Toronto, 1905).

1388 Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_ (New York, 1851), iv. 453.

M221 The dead revived in their namesakes among the Lapps, Khonds, Yorubas, Baganda, and Makalaka.

1389 E. J. Jessen, _De Finnorum Lapponumque Norwegicorum religione pagana_, pp. 33 _sq._ (bound up with C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio_, Copenhagen, 1767).

1390 Major S. C. Macpherson, _Memorials of Service in India_ (London, 1865), pp. 72 _sq._

1391 C. Spiess, “Einiges über die Bedeutung der Personennamen der Evheer in Togo-Gebiete,” _Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 56 _sq._

1392 A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 152; _id._, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 153 _sq._ In the former passage the writer says nothing about the child’s name. In the latter he merely says that an ancestor is supposed to have sent the child, who accordingly commonly takes the name of that ancestor. But the analogy of other peoples makes it highly probable that, as Col. Ellis himself states in his later work (_The Yoruba-speaking Peoples_), the ancestor is believed to be incarnate in the child. That the Yoruba child takes the name of the ancestor who has come to life again in him is definitely stated by A. Dieterich in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1904) p. 20, referring to _Zeitschrift für Missionskunde und Religionswissenschaft_, xv. (1900) p. 17, a work to which I have not access. Dieterich’s account of the subject of rebirth (_op. cit._ pp. 18-21) deserves to be consulted.

1393 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 32.

1394 C. Mauch, _Reisen im Inneren von Süd-Afrika_ (Gotha, 1874), p. 43 (_Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänsungsheft_, No. 37).

M222 Revival of the names of the dead among the Nicobarese and Gilyaks.

1395 Sir R. C. Temple, in _Census of India, 1901_, vol. iii. 207, 212.

1396 Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), _Relation des Mongols ou Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii. The writer’s statement (“_nec nomen proprium ejus usque ad tertiam generationem audet aliquis nominare_”) is not very clear.

1397 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p. 166.

M223 Namesakes of the dead treated as the dead in person among the Esquimaux of Bering Strait.

1398 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899), pp. 363 _sq._, 365, 368, 371, 377, 379, 424 _sq._

M224 Ceremonies at the naming of children are probably often associated with the idea of rebirth.

1399 On the doctrine of the reincarnation of ancestors in their descendants see E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 ii. 3-5, who observes with great probability that “among the lower races generally the renewal of old family names by giving them to new-born children may always be suspected of involving some such thought.” See further _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. 297-299.

M225 Sometimes the names of the dead may be pronounced after their bodies have decayed. Arunta practice of chasing the ghost into the grave at the end of the period of mourning.

1400 H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 248.

1401 G. Taplin, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 19.

1402 H. E. A. Meyer, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 199.

1403 Some of the Indians of Guiana bring food and drink to their dead so long as the flesh remains on the bones; when it has mouldered away, they conclude that the man himself has departed. See A. Biet, _Voyage de la France équinoxiale en l’Isle de Cayenne_ (Paris, 1664), p. 392. The Alfoors or Toradjas of central Celebes believe that the souls of the dead cannot enter the spirit-land until all the flesh has been removed from their bones; till that has been done, the gods (_lamoa_) in the other world could not bear the stench of the corpse. Accordingly at a great festival the bodies of all who have died within a certain time are dug up and the decaying flesh scraped from the bones. See A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 26, 32 _sqq._; _id._, “Het wezen van het Heidendom te Posso,” _ibid._ xlvii. (1903) p. 32. The Matacos Indians of the Gran Chaco believe that the soul of a dead man does not pass down into the nether world until his body is decomposed or burnt. See J. Pelleschi, _Los Indios Matacos_ (Buenos Ayres, 1897), p. 102. These ideas perhaps explain the widespread custom of disinterring the dead after a certain time and disposing of their bones otherwise.

1404 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 498-508.

M226 The birth-names of kings kept secret or not pronounced.

1405 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 98 _sq._

1406 A. Cecchi, _Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa_, ii. (Rome, 1885) p. 551.

1407 Rev. J. Roscoe, “The Bahima,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) p. 96.

1408 J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its Peoples_ (London, 1905), pp. 14, 16.

1409 De la Loubere, _Du royaume de Siam_ (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 306; Pallegoix, _Royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 260.

1410 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_ (London, 1840), ii. 127, note 43.

1411 A. Fytche, _Burma Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 238.

1412 J. Edkins, _Religion in China_2 (London, 1878), p. 35.

1413 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_, i. p. xxiv.; Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 48. The custom is now obsolete (G. N. Curzon, _Problems of the Far East_, Westminster, 1896, p. 155 note).

1414 E. Aymonier, _Notice sur le Cambodge_ (Paris, 1875), p. 22; _id._, _Le Cambodge_, i. (Paris, 1900) p. 58.

1415 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 101.

1416 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1417 S. Roos, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land, en Volk op het eiland Soemba,” p. 70, _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië_, ii. (1900) p. 173.

M227 The names of Zulu kings and chiefs may not be pronounced.

1418 Above, pp. 335 _sq._

1419 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_, pp. 221 _sq._; David Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 172-179; J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131. The account in the text is based mainly on Leslie’s description, which is by far the fullest.

M228 The names of living kings and chiefs may not be pronounced in Madagascar.

1420 D. Tyerman and G. Bennet, _Journal of Voyages and Travels_ (London, 1831), ii. 525 _sq._; J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London, 1880), pp. 150 _sq._; _id._, “Curiosities of Words connected with Royalty and Chieftainship,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, No. xi. (Christmas, 1887) pp. 308 _sq._; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1887) pp. 226 _sqq._ On the custom of tabooing royal or chiefly names in Madagascar, see A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), pp. 104 _sqq._

M229 The names of dead kings and chiefs are also tabooed in Madagascar.

1421 V. Noel, “Île de Madagascar, recherches sur les Sakkalava,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, xx. (1843) pp. 303-306. Compare A. Grandidier, “Les Rites funéraires chez les Malgaches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, v. (1886) p. 224; A. Walen, “The Sakalava,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 242; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, pp. 110 _sq._ Amongst the Sakalavas it is forbidden to mention the name of any dead person. See A. Voeltzkow, “Vom Morondava zum Mangoky, Reiseskizzen aus West-Madagascar,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxxi. (1896) p. 118.

1422 R. Baron, “The Bara,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii., Reprint of the Second Four Numbers (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 83.

1423 A. Grandidier, “Madagascar,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), Vme Série, xvii. (1869) pp. 401 _sq._ The writer is here speaking specially of the Sakalavas, though his remarks appear to be of general application.

M230 The names of chiefs may not be pronounced in Polynesia.

1424 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 37 _sq._, ii. 126 _sq._ Compare E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 123.

1425 Captain J. Cook, _Voyages_ (London, 1809), vi. 155 (Third Voyage). Compare Captain James Wilson, _Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean_ (London, 1799), p. 366; W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 iii. 101.

1426 Vancouver, _Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round the World_ (London, 1798), i. 135.

_ 1427 United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology_, by Horatio Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 288 _sq._

1428 G. Brown, D.D., _Melanesians and Polynesians_ (London, 1910), p. 280.

M231 The names of the Eleusinian priests might not be uttered.

1429 Lucian, _Lexiphanes_, 10. The inscriptional and other evidence of this Greek superstition was first brought to the notice of anthropologists by Mr. W. R. Paton in an interesting article, “The Holy Names of the Eleusinian Priests,” _International Folk-lore Congress, 1891, Papers and Transactions_, pp. 202-214. Compare E. Maass, _Orpheus_ (Munich, 1895), p. 70; Aug. Mommsen, _Feste der Stadt Athen im Altertum_ (Leipsic, 1898), pp. 253-255; P. Foucart, _Les Grands Mystères d’Eleusis_ (Paris, 1900), pp. 28-31. The two last writers shew that, contrary to what we might have expected, the custom appears not to have been very ancient.

1430 G. Kaibel, _Epigrammata Graeca ex lapidibus conlecta_, No. 863; Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, 1883, col. 79 _sq._ From the latter of these inscriptions we learn that the name might be made public after the priest’s death. Further, a reference of Eunapius (_Vitae sophistarum_, p. 475 of the Didot edition) shews that the name was revealed to the initiated. In the essay cited in the preceding note Mr. W. R. Paton assumes that it was the new and sacred name which was kept secret and committed to the sea. The case is not clear, but both the evidence and the probability seem to me in favour of the view that it was rather the old everyday name of the priest or priestess which was put away at his or her consecration. If, as is not improbable, these sacred personages had to act the parts of gods and goddesses at the mysteries, it might well be deemed indecorous and even blasphemous to recall the vulgar names by which they had been known in the familiar intercourse of daily life. If our clergy, to suppose an analogous case, had to personate the most exalted beings of sacred history, it would surely be grossly irreverent to address them by their ordinary names during the performance of their solemn functions.

M232 The old names of members of the Yewe order in Togo may not be uttered.

1431 H. Seidel, “Der Yew’e Dienst im Togolande,” _Zeitschrift für afrikanische und oceanische Sprachen_, iii. (1897) pp. 161-173; H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), pp. 197-205. Compare Lieut. Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. (1892) p. 146; J. Spieth, “Der Jehve Dienst der Evhe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) pp. 83-88; C. Spiess, “Religionsbegriffe der Evheer in Westafrika,” _Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, p. 126.

M233 The utterance of the names of gods and spirits is supposed to disturb the course of nature.

1432 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 227.

1433 G. Timkowski, _Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China_ (London, 1827), ii. 348.

1434 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London, 1822), ii. 204 _sq._

1435 P. Rascher, “Die Sulka, ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie Neu-Pommern,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 216. Compare R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 198.

1436 Washington Matthews, “The Mountain Chant, a Navajo Ceremony,” _Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1887), pp. 386 _sq._

1437 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), pp. 167 _sq._ The writer derives the prohibition to tell tales of wonder in summer “from a vague and indefinable dread.”

1438 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iii. 314, 492.

1439 K. Vetter, in _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) p. 95; _id._, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ ii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 26; B. Hagen, _Unter den Papuas_ (Wiesbaden, 1898), p. 270. On myths or magical tales told as spells to produce the effects which they describe, compare F. Kauffmann, _Balder_ (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 299 _sqq._; C. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 95-97.

M234 Winter and summer names of the Kwakiutl Indians.

1440 Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,” _Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895_, pp. 396, 418 _sq._, 503, 504. Compare _Totemism and Exogamy_, iii. 333 _sq._, 517 _sq._

M235 Names of gods kept secret. How Isis discovered the name of Ra, the sun-god.

1441 Xenophanes, quoted by Eusebius, _Praeparatio Evangelii_, xiii. 13, pp. 269 _sq._, ed. Heinichen, and by Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._ vii. 4, pp. 840 _sq._, ed. Potter; H. Diels, _Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker_2 (Berlin, 1906-1910), i. 49.

1442 A. Erman, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 359-362; A. Wiedemann, _Die Religion der alten Ägypter_, pp. 29-32; G. Maspero, _Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’Orient classique: les origines_, pp. 162-164; R. V. Lanzone, _Dizionario di mitologia egizia_ (Turin, 1881-1884), pp. 818-822; E. A. Wallis Budge, _The Book of the Dead_ (London, 1895), pp. lxxxix.-xci.; _id._, _Egyptian Magic_, pp. 136 _sqq._; _id._, _The Gods of the Egyptians_ (London, 1904), i. 360 _sq._ The abridged form of the story given in the text is based on a comparison of these various versions, of which Erman’s is slightly, and Maspero’s much curtailed. Mr. Budge’s version is reproduced by Mr. E. Clodd (_Tom Tit Tot_, pp. 180 _sqq._).

M236 Egyptian wizards have worked enchantments by the names of the gods both in ancient and modern times. Magical constraint exercised over demons by means of their names in North Africa and China.

1443 G. Maspero, _Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptienne_ (Paris, 1893), ii. 297 _sq._

1444 E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” _Mélusine_, viii. (1897) coll. 227 _sq._ Compare A. Erman, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, pp. 472 _sq._; E. A. Wallis Budge, _Egyptian Magic_, pp. 157 _sqq._

1445 Lucan, _Pharsalia_, vi. 730 _sqq._

1446 E. W. Lane, _Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_ (Paisley and London, 1895), ch. xii. p. 273.

1447 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du nord_, p. 130.

1448 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, vi. (Leyden, 1910) p. 1126.

M237 Divine names used by the Romans to conjure with.

1449 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 18; Macrobius, _Saturn._ iii. 9; Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ ii. 351; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 61. According to Servius (_l.c._) it was forbidden by the pontifical law to mention any Roman god by his proper name, lest it should be profaned. Compare Festus, p. 106, ed. C. O. Müller: “_Indigetes dii quorum nomina vulgari non licet_.” On the other hand the Romans were careful, for the sake of good omen, to choose men with lucky names, like Valerius, Salvius, Statorius, to open any enterprise of moment, such as to lead the sacrificial victims in a religious procession or to be the first to answer to their names in a levy or a census. See Cicero, _De divinatione_, i. 45. 102 _sq._; Festus, _s.v._ “Lacus Lucrinus,” p. 121, ed. C. O. Müller; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 22; Tacitus, _Histor._ iv. 53.

1450 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ iii. 65; Solinus, i. 4 _sq._; Macrobius, _Sat._ iii. 9, 3, and 5; Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ i. 277; Joannes Lydus, _De mensibus_, iv. 50.

1451 F. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 58, 95.

1452 T. de Pauly, _Description ethnographique des peuples de la Russie_ (St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples ouralo-altaïques_, p. 24.

M238 The taboos on names of kings and commoners are alike in origin. M239 Common words as well as personal names are often tabooed from superstitious motives. M240 Common words tabooed by Highland fowlers and fishermen.

1453 M. Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 579 _sq._ As to the Flannan Islands see also Sir J. Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of Scotland_, xix. (Edinburgh, 1797), p. 283.

1454 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 239.

1455 Miss Morag Cameron, “Highland Fisher-folk and their Superstitions,” _Folk-lore_, xiv. (1903) p. 304.

M241 Common words tabooed by Scotch fishermen and others.

1456 A. Edmonston, _Zetland Islands_ (Edinburgh, 1809), ii. 74.

1457 Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii. 218.

1458 W. Gregor, _Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, pp. 199-201.

1459 “Traditions, Customs, and Superstitions of the Lewis,” _Folk-lore_, vi. (1895) p. 170; Miss A. Goodrich-Freer, “The Powers of Evil in the Outer Hebrides,” _Folk-lore_, x. (1899) p. 265.

1460 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 151, note 1.

1461 J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 184 _sq._

M242 Common words, especially the names of dangerous animals, tabooed in various parts of Europe.

1462 J. Rhys, “Manx Folk-lore and Superstitions,” _Folk-lore_, iii. (1892) p. 84.

1463 A. Bosquet, _La Normandie romanesque et merveilleuse_ (Paris and Rouen, 1845), p. 308.

1464 J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_, ii. (Göttingen, 1752), p. 277

_ 1465 Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii. (Munich, 1863), p. 304.

1466 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), p. 281.

1467 W. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten, und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 175, § 30.

1468 K. Bartsch, _Sagen, Märchen, und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg_, ii. p. 246, §§ 1273, 1274.

1469 A. Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_, p. 378, § 14.

1470 B. Thorpe, _Northern Mythology_, ii. 83 _sq._; L. Lloyd, _Peasant Life in Sweden_ (London, 1870), p. 251.

1471 R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 103; _id._, “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 387.

_ 1472 Id._, “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkskunde der Huzulen,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 73.

1473 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 502 _sq._

1474 M. A. Castren, _Vorlesungen über die finnische Mythologie_ (St. Petersburg, 1853), p. 201.

1475 Varonen, reported by Hon. J. Abercromby in _Folk-lore_, ii. (1891) pp. 245 _sq._

1476 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 120.

M243 The names of various animals tabooed in Siberia, Kamtchatka, and America.

1477 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne russe, l’île de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), p. 231.

1478 G. W. Steller, _Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka_ (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1774), p. 276.

1479 G. W. Steller, _op. cit._ p. 91; compare _ib._ pp. 129, 130.

1480 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 352. Compare _id._, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 295.

1481 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 438.

1482 F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. (1901) p. 148.

1483 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 374.

M244 Names of animals and things tabooed by the Arabs, Africans, and Malagasy.

1484 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 199.

1485 A. Certeux et E. H. Carnoy, _L’Algérie traditionnelle_ (Paris and Algiers, 1884), pp. 172, 175.

1486 Father Picarda, “Autour de Mandéra,” _Missions Catholiques_, xviii. (1886) p. 227.

1487 J. J. Monteiro, _Angola and the River Congo_ (London, 1875), ii. 116.

1488 J. Mackenzie, _Ten Years north of the Orange River_ (Edinburgh, 1871), p. 151; C. R. Conder, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 84.

1489 H. B. Johnstone, “Notes on the Customs of the Tribes occupying Mombasa Sub-district, British East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 268.

1490 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, v. (Leyden, 1907) p. 691.

1491 A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 285.

1492 J. Irle, _Die Herero_ (Gütersloh, 1906), p. 133.

1493 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 43.

1494 H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii., _Reprint of the Second Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 258.

1495 H. F. Standing, _op. cit._ p. 263.

1496 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_, pp. 307 _sq._

1497 R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), pp. 381 _sqq._

M245 Names of animals, especially the snake and the tiger, tabooed in India.

_ 1498 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 15, § 122.

_ 1499 North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 104, § 690.

_ 1500 Id._ v. p. 133, § 372.

1501 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), ii. 142 _sq._

1502 S. Mateer, _Native Life in Travancore_, pp. 320 _sq._

_ 1503 North Indian Notes and Queries_, v. p. 133, § 372.

1504 W. Crooke, _op. cit._ ii. 212.

1505 W. Crooke in _North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 70, § 579; _id._, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, iii. 249; _id._, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), ii. 54.

1506 W. Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, iii. 314.

1507 D. Sunder, “Exorcism of Wild Animals in the Sundarbans,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxxii. part iii. (Calcutta, 1904) pp. 45 _sqq._, 51.

M246 Names of animals and things tabooed in Indo-China.

1508 H. Mouhot, _Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China_ (London, 1864), i. 263 _sq._

1509 Mgr Masson, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxiv. (1852) p. 323. Compare Le R. P. Cadière, “Croyances et dictons populaires de la vallée du Nguôn-son,” _Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient_, i. (1901) p. 134.

1510 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p. 61.

1511 N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April 1903) p. 104.

1512 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_, p. 113; _id._, _Voyage dans le Laos_, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 311. In the latter passage the writer observes that the custom of giving conventional names to common objects is very generally observed in Indo-China during the prosecution of long and perilous journeys undertaken periodically.

_ 1513 Id._, “Les Tchames et leurs religions,” _Revue de l’Histoire des Religions_, xxiv. (1891) p. 278. Compare A. Cabaton, _Nouvelles Recherches sur les Chams_ (Paris, 1901), p. 53.

1514 D. F. A. Hervey, in _Indian Notes and Queries_ (December 1886), p. 45, § 154.

M247 Special language used by East Indian searchers for camphor.

_ 1515 Pantang_ is equivalent to taboo. In this sense it is used also by the Dyaks. See S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) pp. 31 _sq._

1516 J. R. Logan, “The Orang Binua of Johore,” _Journal of the Eastern Archipelago and Eastern Asia_, i. (1847) pp. 249, 263-265; A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 37; H. Lake and H. J. Kelsall, “The Camphor Tree and Camphor Language of Johore,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 26 (January 1894), pp. 39 _sq._; W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 212-214; W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_ (London, 1906), ii. 414-431.

1517 C. M. Pleyte, “Herinneringen uit Oost-Indië,” _Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, II Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 27 _sq._

1518 W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899; privately printed), p. 27; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_ (Philadelphia, 1902), p. 17. A special language is also used in the search for camphor by some of the natives of Sumatra. See Th. A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onder-afdeeling Groot-Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897) p. 276.

1519 W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 168 _sq._

M248 Special languages used by Malay miners, fowlers, and fishermen.

1520 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 250, 253-260. In like manner the people of Sikhim intensely dread all mining operations, believing that the ores and veins of metals are the stored treasures of the earth-spirits, who are enraged by the removal of these treasures and visit the robbers with sickness, failure of crops, and other calamities. Hence the Sikhimese leave the copper mines to be worked by Nepaulese. See L. A. Waddell, _Among the Himalayas_ (Westminster, 1899), p. 101.

1521 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 139 _sq._

1522 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 192 _sq._

1523 N. Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, part i. (April 1903) pp. 84-86.

1524 C. Snouck Hurgronje, _De Atjèhers_ (Batavia and Leyden, 1893-1894), i. 303.

M249 Names of things and animals tabooed in Sumatra, Nias, and Java.

1525 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 100. As to the superstitions of gold-washers among the Gayos of Sumatra, see C. Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia, 1903), pp. 361 _sq._

1526 M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_ (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), p. 215.

1527 J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias,” _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. (1863) p. 115. Compare W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 292; T. J. Newbold, _Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca_, ii. 192 _sq._

1528 J. E. Neumann, “_Kemali_, _Pantang_ en _Rèboe_ bij de Karo-Bataks,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlviii. (1906) pp. 511 _sq._

1529 C. Snouck Hurgronje, _Het Gajoland en zijne Bewoners_ (Batavia, 1903), pp. 311 _sq._

1530 J. W. Thomas, “De jacht op het eiland Nias,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880) p. 275.

1531 L. N. H. A. Chatelin, “Godsdienst en bijgeloof der Niassers,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880) p. 165; H. Sundermann, “Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,” _Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift_, xi. (1884) p. 349; E. Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nias_ (Milan, 1890), p. 593.

1532 A. L. van Hasselt, “Nota, betreffende de rijstcultuur in de Residentie Tapanoeli,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxvi. (1893) pp. 525 _sq._ The Singhalese also call things by strange names when they are in the rice-fields. See A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxxii. (1903) p. 437.

1533 G. A. J. Hazeu, “Kleine Bijdragen tot de Ethnografie en de Folk-lore van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvii. (1903) pp. 291 _sq._

M250 Names of things and animals tabooed in Celebes.

1534 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 146-148; _id._, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _ibid._ xliv. (1900) pp. 228 _sq._

1535 N. Adriani und A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) pp. 145 _sq._

1536 A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 8; _id._, “Het rijk Mori,” _Tijdschrift van het Koniklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, II. Serie, xvii. (1900) p. 464, note.

M251 Common words tabooed by East Indian mariners at sea.

1537 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), p. 107; _id._, “Over de _âdá’s_ of gewoonten der Makassaren en Boegineezen,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, III. Reeks, ii. (Amsterdam, 1885) pp. 164 _sq._

1538 H. E. D. Engelhard, “Mededeelingen over het eiland Saleijer,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Neêrlandsch-Indië_, Vierde Volgreeks, viii. (1884) p. 369.

1539 E. F. Jochim, “Beschrijving van den Sapoedi Archipel,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxvi. (1893) p. 361.

1540 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 508.

1541 S. D. van de Velde van Cappellan, “Verslag eener Bezoekreis naar de Sangi-eilanden,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, i. (1857) pp. 33, 35.

1542 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) p. 148.

1543 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902) pp. 279 _sq._

M252 Common words tabooed in Sunda, Borneo, and the Philippines.

1544 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 _sq._

1545 Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, “The Relations between Men and Animals in Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1902) p. 205; W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_ (Philadelphia, 1902), pp. 17, 186 _sq._

1546 Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, _op. cit._ p. 186.

1547 Ch. Brooke, _Ten Years in Sarawak_ (London, 1866), i. 208; Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 71 _sq._

1548 Juan de la Concepcion, _Historia general de Philipinas_, i. (Manilla, 1788), p. 20. Compare J. Mallat, _Les Philippines_ (Paris, 1846), i. 64.

M253 The avoidance of common words seems to be based on a fear of spirits and a wish to deceive them or elude their notice. Common words avoided by hunters and fowlers in order to deceive the beasts and birds.

1549 On this subject Mr. R. J. Wilkinson’s account of the Malay’s attitude to nature (_Malay Beliefs_, London and Leyden, 1906, pp. 67 _sq._) deserves to be quoted: “The practice of magic arts enters into every department of Malay life. If (as the people of the Peninsula believe) all nature is teeming with spiritual life, some spiritual weapon is necessary to protect man against possible ghostly foes. Now the chief and most characteristic weapon of the Malay in his fight against the invisible world is courtesy. The peasant will speak no evil of a tiger in the jungle or of an evil spirit within the limits of that spirit’s authority.... The tiger is the symbol of kingly oppression; still, he is royal and must not be insulted; he is the ‘shaggy-haired father’ or ‘grandfather’ of the traveller in the woods. Even the birds, the fish and the fruits that serve as human food are entitled to a certain consideration: the deer is addressed as a ‘prince,’ the coco-nut tree as a ‘princess,’ the chevrotin as ‘emperor of the jungle’ (_shah alam di-rimba_). In all this respect paid to unseen powers—for it is the soul of the animal or plant that is feared—there is no contemptible adulation or cringeing; the Malay believes that courtesy honours the speaker more than the person addressed.”

1550 The character of King Solomon appears to be a favourite one with the Malay sorcerer when he desires to ingratiate himself with or lord it over the powers of nature. Thus, for example, in addressing silver ore the sage observes:—

“_If you do not come hither at this very moment_ _ You shall be a rebel unto God,_ _ And a rebel unto God’s Prophet Solomon,_ _ For I am God’s Prophet Solomon._”—

See W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 273. No doubt the fame of his wisdom has earned for the Hebrew monarch this distinction among the dusky wizards of the East.

M254 General conclusion. Human gods, on whom the welfare of the community is believed to depend, are obliged to observe many rules to ensure their own safety and that of their people. M255 A study of these rules affords us an insight into the philosophy of the savage. Our debt to our savage forefathers.

1551 “The mind of the savage is not a blank; and when one becomes familiar with his beliefs and superstitions, and the complicated nature of his laws and customs, preconceived notions of his simplicity of thought go to the winds. I have yet to find that most apocryphal of beings described as the ‘unsophisticated African.’ We laugh at and ridicule his fetishes and superstitions, but we fail to follow the succession of ideas and effort of mind which have created these things. After most careful observations extending over nineteen years, I have come to the conclusion that there is nothing in the customs and fetishes of the African which does not represent a definite course of reasoning” (Rev. Thomas Lewis, “The Ancient Kingdom of Kongo,” _The Geographical Journal_, xix. (1902) p. 554). “The study of primitive peoples is extremely curious and full of surprises. It is twenty years since I undertook it among the Thonga and Pedi tribes of South Africa, and the further I advance, the more I am astonished at the great number, the complexity, and the profundity of the rites of these so-called savages. Only a superficial observer could accuse their individual or tribal life of superficiality. If we take the trouble to seek the reason of these strange customs, we perceive that at their base there are secret, obscure reasons, principles hard to grasp, even though the most fervent adepts of the rite can give no account of it. To discover these principles, and so to give a true explanation of the rites, is the supreme task of the ethnographer,—a task in the highest degree delicate, for it is impossible to perform it if we do not lay aside our personal ideas to saturate ourselves with those of primitive peoples” (Rev. H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des Bantou sud-africains et leurs tabous,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 126). These weighty words, the fruit of ripe experience, deserve to be pondered by those who fancy that the elaborate system of savage custom can have grown up instinctively without a correspondingly elaborate process of reasoning in the minds of its founders. We may not, indeed, always be able to discover the reason for which a particular custom or rite was instituted, for we are only beginning to understand the mind of uncivilised man; but all that we know of him tends to shew that his practice, however absurd it may seem to us, originated in a definite train of thought and for a definite and very practical purpose.

1552 See above, pp. 159 _sq._

1553 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 513.

1554 John Ramsay, _Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century_ (Edinburgh, 1888), ii. 456.

1555 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, ii. 175.

1556 J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_ (London, 1890), p. 209.

1557 Rev. J. Roscoe, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 59.

1558 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_, pp. 24 _sq._, 36. In these cases the harm is thought to fall on the person who steps over, not on the thing which is stepped over.

1559 Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Customs of the Lower Congo People,” _Folk-lore_, xx. (1909) p. 474.

1560 B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” _Globus_, lxxxix. (1906) p. 199.

1561 E. Aymonier, _Voyage dans le Laos_, i. (Paris, 1895) p. 144.

1562 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 435.

1563 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 50.

1564 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 402.

1565 Father Lambert, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_, pp. 192 _sq._

1566 P. von Stenin, “Das Gewohnheitsrecht der Samojeden,” _Globus_, lx. (1891) p. 173.

1567 J. Richardson, in _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, _Reprint of the First Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1885), p. 529; _id._, _Reprint of the Second Four Numbers_ (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 296; J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_, p. 288; compare De Flacourt, _Histoire de la grande isle Madagascar_ (Paris, 1658), p. 99.

1568 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, pt. i. (Washington, 1900) p. 424.

1569 H. A. Junod, “Les Conceptions physiologiques des Bantou sud-africains,” _Revue d’Ethnographie et de Sociologie_, i. (1910) p. 138, note 3.

1570 F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 52.

1571 See L. F. Sauvé, _Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_, p. 226, compare pp. 219 _sq._; E. Monseur, _Le Folk-lore Wallon_, p. 39; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 603; J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 208, § 42; J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch_, etc., _im Voigtlande_, p. 423; A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 462, § 461; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 85; R. H. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_, p. 5; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 109, §§ 798, 799; Eijüb Abêla, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, vii. (1884) p. 81; compare B. Chemali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 741.