part ii. (Leyden and New York) pp. 487 _sqq._; Crabouillet, “Les

Lolos,” _Missions Catholiques_, v. (1873) p. 72; W. G. Aston, _Shinto_, p. 339; R. Andree, “Scapulimantia,” in _Boas Anniversary Volume_ (New York, 1906), pp. 143-165.

726 C. F. Gordon Cumming, _In the Hebrides_, p. 226; E. J. Guthrie, _Old Scottish Customs_ (London and Glasgow, 1885), p. 223.

727 1 Kings vi. 7; Exodus xx. 25.

728 Dionysius Halicarnasensis, _Antiquit. Roman._ iii. 45, v. 24; Plutarch, _Numa_, 9; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvi. 100.

_ 729 Acta Fratrum Arvalium_, ed. G. Henzen, p. 132; _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, i. No. 603.

730 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvi. 100.

_ 731 Indian Antiquary_, x. (1881) p. 364.

M146 Everything new excites the awe and fear of the savage.

732 Prof. W. Ridgeway ingeniously suggests that the magical virtue of iron may be based on an observation of its magnetic power, which would lead savages to imagine that it was possessed of a spirit. See _Report of the British Association for 1903_, p. 816.

733 Frank Hatton, _North Borneo_ (1886), p. 233.

734 A. E. Pratt, “Two Journeys to Ta-tsien-lu on the eastern Borders of Tibet,” _Proceedings of the R. Geographical Society_, xiii. (1891) p. 341.

735 W. Svoboda, “Die Bewohner des Nikobaren-Archipels,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, vi. (1893) p. 13.

_ 736 The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in __A.D.__ 1547-1555_, translated by A. Tootal (London, 1874), pp. 85 _sq._

737 E. H. Fraser, “The Fish-skin Tartars,” _Journal of the China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society for the Year 1891-92_, N.S. xxvi. p. 15.

738 Fr. Kreutzwald und H. Neus, _Mythische und magische Lieder der Ehsten_ (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 113.

739 Alexand. Guagninus, “De ducatu Samogitiae,” in _Respublica sive status regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae_, etc. (Elzevir, 1627) p. 276; Johan. Lasicius, “De diis Samogitarum caeterorumque Sarmatum,” in _Respublica_, etc. (_ut supra_), p. 294 (p. 84, ed. W. Mannhardt, in _Magazin herausgegeben von der Lettisch—Literärischen Gesellschaft_, vol. xiv.).

740 L. von Ende, “Die Baduwis von Java,” _Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xix. (1889) p. 10.

M147 The dislike of spirits to iron allows men to use the metal as a weapon against them. Iron used as a charm against fairies in the Highlands of Scotland. Iron used as a protective charm by Scotch fishermen and others. Iron used as a protective charm against devils and ghosts in India, Annam. Africa, and Scotland.

741 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), pp. 46 _sq._

742 E. J. Guthrie, _Old Scottish Customs_, p. 149; Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1884-1886), iii. 218.

743 J. Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_, p. 91.

744 W. Gregor, _Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_ (London, 1881), p. 201. The fishermen think that if the word “pig,” “sow,” or “swine” be uttered while the lines are being baited, the line will certainly be lost.

745 A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_ (London, 1876), p. 273.

746 Wickremasinghe, in _Am Urquell_, v. (1894) p. 7.

747 G. F. D’Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 114.

748 W. Crooke, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, iii. 431.

749 F. Jagor, “Bericht über verschiedene Volksstämme in Vorderindien,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxvi. (1894) p. 70.

750 E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_ (Madras, 1906), p. 341.

751 E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 31.

752 L. R. P. Cadière, “Coutumes populaires de la vallée du Nguôn-So’n,” _Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient_, ii. (1902) pp. 354 _sq._

753 Baudin, “Le Fétichisme,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 249; A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 113.

_ 754 Il Fetha Nagast o legislazione dei re, codice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia_, tradotto e annotato da Ignazio Guidi (Rome, 1899), p. 140.

755 The reader may observe how closely the taboos laid upon mourners resemble those laid upon kings. From what has gone before, the reason of the resemblance is obvious.

_ 756 Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 61, § 282.

757 G. F. D’Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.

758 W. Gregor, _Folk-lore of the North-East of Scotland_, p. 206.

759 This is expressly said in _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 202, § 846. On iron as a protective charm see also F. Liebrecht, _Gervasius von Tilbury_, pp. 99 _sqq._; _id._, _Zur Volkskunde_, p. 311; L. Strackerjan, _Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg_, i. pp. 354 _sq._ § 233; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 § 414 _sq._; E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 i. 140; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 132 note. Many peoples, especially in Africa, regard the smith’s craft with awe or fear as something uncanny and savouring of magic. Hence smiths are sometimes held in high honour, sometimes looked down upon with great contempt. These feelings probably spring in large measure from the superstitions which cluster round iron. See R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, pp. 153-159; G. McCall Theal, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. 447; O. Lenz, _Skizzen aus West-Afrika_ (Berlin, 1878), p. 184; A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, ii. 217; M. Merkel, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), pp. 110 _sq._; A. C. Hollis, _The Masai_ (Oxford, 1905), pp. 330 _sq._; _id._, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), pp. 36 _sq._; J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_ (Berlin, 1906), p. 776; E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 40 _sqq._; Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas, die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1896), p. 30; _id._, _Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas, die materielle Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1893), p. 202; Th. Levebvre, _Voyage en Abyssinie_, i. p. lxi.; A. Cecchi, _Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa_, i. (Rome, 1886) p. 45; M. Parkyns, _Life in Abyssinia_2 (London, 1868), pp. 300 _sq._; J. T. Bent, _Sacred City of the Ethiopians_ (London, 1893), p. 212; G. Rohlf, “Reise durch Nord-Afrika,” _Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 25 (Gotha, 1868), pp. 30, 54; G. Nachtigal, “Die Tibbu,” _Zeitschrift für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, v. (1870) pp. 312 _sq._; _id._, _Sahara und Sudan_, i. 443 _sq._, ii. 145, 178, 371, iii. 189, 234 _sq._ The Kayans of Borneo think that a smith is inspired by a special spirit, the smith’s spirit, and that without this inspiration he could do no good work. See A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. 198.

M148 The use of sharp-edged weapons is sometimes forbidden lest they should wound spirits. Sharp-edged weapons removed from a room where there is a lying-in woman.

760 A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, i. (Leipsic, 1866) p. 136.

761 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 312. Compare _ibid._ pp. 315, 364; W. H. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 146; _id._, in _American Naturalist_, xii. 7; _id._, in _The Yukon Territory_ (London, 1898), p. 146.

762 See above, p. 205.

763 A. Woldt, _Captain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste Americas 1881-1883_ (Leipsic, 1884), p. 243.

764 W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1866), p. 40; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 312.

765 J. H. Gray, _China_ (London, 1878), i. 288.

766 Jo. Meletius (Maeletius, Menecius), “De religione et sacrificiis veterum Borussorum,” in _De Russorum Muscovitarum et Tartarorum religione, sacrificiis, nuptiarum, funerum ritu_ (Spires, 1582), p. 263; _id._, reprinted in _Scriptores rerum Livonicarum_, vol. ii. (Riga and Leipsic, 1848) pp. 391 _sq._, and in _Mitteilungen der Litterarischen Gesellschaft Masovia_, viii. (Lötzen, 1902) pp. 194 _sq._ Compare Chr. Hartknoch, _Alt und neues Preussen_ (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1684), pp. 187 _sq._

767 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p. 136.

768 Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_, p. 285; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 iii. 454, compare pp. 441, 469; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 198, § 1387.

769 Franz Vormann, “Zur Psychologie, Soziologie und Geschichte der Monumbo-Papua, Deutsch-Neuginea,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 410.

770 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), i. 61; _id._, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 69.

771 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 184.

772 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iii. 1045 (Leyden, 1897).

M149 Raw meat tabooed because the life or spirit is in the blood.

773 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 110; Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 12. See above, p. 13.

_ 774 Grihya-Sutras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 81, 141 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxix.).

775 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 53.

776 J. Kubary, _Die socialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer_ (Berlin, 1885), pp. 126 _sq._

777 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äussern Leben der Ehsten_ (St. Petersburg, 1876), pp. 448, 478.

778 James Adair, _History of the American Indians_ (London, 1775), pp. 134, 117. The Indians described by Adair are the Creek, Cherokee, and other tribes in the south-east of the United States.

779 A. G. Morice, “The Western Dénés, their Manners and Customs,” _Proceedings of the Canadian Institute_, Third Series, vii. (1888-89) p. 164.

780 E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_ (Paris, 1876), p. 76.

781 Schlömann, “Die Malepa in Transvaal,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1894, p. (67).

782 Leviticus xvii. 10-14. The Hebrew word (נפש) translated “life” in the English version of verse 11 means also “soul” (marginal note in the Revised Version). Compare Deuteronomy xii. 23-25.

783 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ v. 79; compare _id._ on _Aen._ iii. 67.

784 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_ (Berlin, 1887), p. 217.

785 J. J. M. de Groot, _Religious System of China_, iv. 80-82.

786 A. Goudswaard, _De Papoewa’s van de Geelvinksbaai_ (Schiedam, 1863), p. 77.

M150 Royal blood may not be spilt on the ground; hence kings and princes are put to death by methods which do not involve bloodshed.

787 Hamilton’s “Account of the East Indies,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, viii. 469. Compare W. Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_,2 i. 369, note 1.

788 De la Loubere, _Du royaume de Siam_ (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 317.

789 Pallegoix, _Description du royaume Thai ou Siam_, i. 271, 365 _sq._

790 Marco Polo, translated by Col. H. Yule (Second Edition, 1875), i. 335.

791 Col. H. Yule on Marco Polo, _l.c._

792 A. Fytche, _Burma, Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 217 note. Compare _Indian Antiquary_, xxix. (1900) p. 199.

_ 793 Indian Antiquary_, xx. (1891) p. 49.

794 Baron’s “Description of the Kingdom of Tonqueen,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, ix. 691.

795 T. E. Bowdich, _Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee_ (London, 1873), p. 207.

796 A. B. Ellis, _Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 224, compare p. 89.

797 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_ (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 313.

798 J. Sibree, _Madagascar and its People_, p. 430.

799 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 50.

800 C. T. Wilson and R. W. Felkin, _Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan_ (London, 1882), i. 200.

801 J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ p. 67. There is an Arab legend of a king who was slain by opening the veins of his arms and letting the blood drain into a bowl; not a drop might fall on the ground, otherwise there would be blood revenge for it. Robertson Smith conjectured that the legend was based on an old form of sacrifice regularly applied to captive chiefs (_Religion of the Semites_,2 p. 369 note, compare p. 418 note).

802 Rev. E. Gottschling, “The Bawenda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxv. (1905) p. 366.

M151 Reluctance to shed any human blood on the ground. Reluctance to allow human blood to fall on the ground.

803 Marco Polo, i. 399, Yule’s translation, Second Edition.

804 Sir Walter Scott, note 2 to _Peveril of the Peak_, ch. v.

805 Charlotte Latham, “Some West Sussex Superstitions,” _Folk-lore Record_, i. (1878) p. 17.

_ 806 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 230; E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_, ii. 335; R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 75 note.

807 D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony of New South Wales_ (London, 1798), p. 580.

_ 808 Native Tribes of South Australia_, pp. 224 _sq._; G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_ (London, 1847), i. 110 _sq._

_ 809 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. p. 256.

810 Edmund Spenser, _View of the State of Ireland_, p. 101 (reprinted in H. Morley’s _Ireland under Elizabeth and James the First_, London, 1890).

811 “Futuna, or Horne Island and its People,” _Journal of the Polynesian Society_, vol. i. No. 1 (April 1892), p. 43.

812 Max Radiguet, _Les Derniers Sauvages_ (Paris, 1882), p. 175.

813 B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_, p. 53.

814 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 795.

815 Miss Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, pp. 440, 447.

816 A. Kropf, “Die religiösen Anschauungen der Kaffern,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1888, p. (46).

817 R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), p. 83.

818 Le R. P. Guis, “Les _Nepu_ ou Sorciers,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxxvi. (1904) p. 370. See also _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. p. 205.

819 A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, p. 338, quoting J. Sibree, “Remarkable Ceremonial at the Decease and Burial of a Betsileo Prince,” _Antananarivo Annual_, No. xxii. (1898) pp. 195 _sq._

820 Brun-Rollet, _Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan_ (Paris, 1855), pp. 239 _sq._

M152 Unwillingness to shed the blood of animals.

821 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 169.

822 Lieut. Emery, in _Journal of the R. Geographical Society_, iii. 282.

823 Ch. Andersson, _Lake Ngami_ (London, 1856), p. 224.

824 Ch. New, _Life, Wanderings, and Labours in Eastern Africa_, p. 124; Francis Galton, “Domestication of Animals,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 135. On the original sanctity of domestic animals see, above all, W. Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_,2 pp. 280 _sqq._, 295 _sqq._

825 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 796.

826 L. Linton Palmer, “A Visit to Easter Island,” _Journal of the R. Geographical Society_, xl. (1870) p. 171.

827 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 129.

828 Strabo, xv. 1. 54, p. 710.

M153 Anything on which a Maori chief’s blood falls becomes sacred to him.

829 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 pp. 194 _sq._

M154 The prohibition to pass under a trellised vine is probably based on the idea that the juice of the grape is the blood or spirit of the vine. This notion is confirmed by the intoxicating or inspiring effect of wine.

830 Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 112; Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 13. See above, p. 14.

_ 831 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. ii. pp. 18, 20.

832 Compare W. Robertson Smith, _Religion of the Semites_,2 p. 230.

833 “_Dialis cotidie feriatus est_,” Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 16.

M155 Wine treated as blood, and intoxication as inspiration.

834 Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 6. A myth apparently akin to this has been preserved in some native Egyptian writings. See Ad. Erman, _Ägypten und ägyptisches Leben im Altertum_, p. 364. Wine might not be taken into the temple at Heliopolis (Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 6). It was apparently forbidden to enter the temple at Delos after drinking wine (Dittenberger, _Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum_,2 No. 564). When wine was offered to the Good Goddess at Rome it was not called wine but milk (Macrobius, _Saturn_, i. 12. 5; Plutarch, _Quaest. Rom._ 20). It was a rule of Roman religion that wine might not be poured out in libations to the gods which had been made either from grapes trodden with bleeding feet or from the clusters of a vine beside which a human body had hung in a noose (Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xiv. 119). This rule shews that wine was supposed to be defiled by blood or death.

835 Bernardino de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_, traduite par Jourdanet et Siméon (Paris, 1880), pp. 46 _sq._ The native Mexican wine (_pulque_) is made from the sap of the great American aloe. See the note of the French translators of Sahagun, _op. cit._ pp. 858 _sqq._; E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i. 374 _sqq._ The Chiquites Indians of Paraguay believed that the spirit of _chica_, or beer made from maize, could punish with sickness the person who was so irreverent or careless as to upset a vessel of the liquor. See Charlevoix, _Histoire du Paraguay_ (Paris, 1756), ii. 234.

836 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 381 _sqq._

_ 837 Op. cit._ vol. i. pp. 384 _sq._

M156 Fear of passing under women’s blood.

838 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_ (Melbourne and London, 1887), iii. 179.

839 H. B. Guppy, _The Solomon Islands and their Natives_ (London, 1887), p. 41.

840 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv. (1854) p. 312.

841 A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 230.

M157 Disastrous effect of women’s blood on men.

842 For the reason, see E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, pp. 112 _sq._, 292; E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 118.

843 F. J. Gillen, in _Report of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_, pt. iv. p. 182.

_ 844 Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 186.

845 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.

846 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 450.

847 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 139, compare p. 209.

848 F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten_, p. 475.

849 Miss Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, p. 447. Conversely among the central Australian tribes women are never allowed to witness the drawing of blood from men, which is often done for purposes of decoration; and when a quarrel has taken place and men’s blood has been spilt in the presence of women, it is usual for the man whose blood has been shed to perform a ceremony connected with his own or his father or mother’s totem. See Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 463.

M158 The head sacred because a spirit resides in it.

850 A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, pp. 125 _sq._

851 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv. (1854) pp. 311 _sq._

852 A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 256, iii. 71, 230, 235 _sq._ The spirit is called _kwun_ by E. Young (_The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_, pp. 75 _sqq._). See below, pp. 266 _sq._

853 Herodotus, ix. 110. This passage was pointed out to me by the late Mr. E. S. Shuckburgh of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

854 Plutarch, _Quaestiones Romanae_, 100. Plutarch’s words (μάλιστα ῥύπτεσθαι τὰς κεφαλὰς καὶ καθαίρειν ἐπιτηδεύουσι) leave room to hope that the ladies did not strictly confine their ablutions to one day in the year.

855 P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpación de la Idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), pp. 28, 29.

M159 Objection to have any one overhead.

856 A. Bastian, _op. cit._ ii. 150; Sangermano, _Description of the Burmese Empire_ (Rangoon, 1885), p. 131; C. F. S. Forbes, _British Burma_, p. 334; Shway Yoe, _The Burman_ (London, 1882), i. 91.

857 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p. 131.

858 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 178, 388.

859 Duarte Barbosa, _Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century_ (Hakluyt Society, 1866), p. 197.

860 This I learned in conversation with Messrs. Roscoe and Miller, missionaries to Uganda. The system of totemism exists in full force in Uganda. No man will eat his totem animal or marry a woman of his own totem clan. Among the totems of the clans are the lion, leopard, elephant, antelope, mushroom, buffalo, sheep, grasshopper, crocodile, otter, beaver, and lizard. See _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 472 _sqq._

M160 Sanctity of the head, especially of a chief’s head, in Polynesia and elsewhere.

861 David Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean in the U.S. Frigate __“__Essex__”_ (New York, 1822), ii. 65.

862 Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz _Îles Marquises_ (Paris, 1843), p. 262.

863 Le P. Matthias G——, _Lettres sur les Îles Marquises_ (Paris, 1843), p. 50.

864 G. H. von Langsdorff, _Reise um die Welt_ (London, 1812), i. 115 _sq._

865 Max Radiguet, _Les Derniers Sauvages_ (Paris, 1882), p. 156.

866 Capt. James Cook, _Voyages_, v. 427 (London, 1809).

867 Jules Remy, _Ka Mooolelo Hawaii, Histoire de l’Archipel Havaiien_ (Paris and Leipsic, 1862), p. 159.

868 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_2 (London, 1832-36), iii. 102.

869 James Wilson, _A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean_ (London, 1799), pp. 354 _sq._

870 W. Colenso, “The Maori Races of New Zealand,” p. 43, in _Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute_, 1868, vol. i. (separately paged).

871 R. Taylor, _To Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 p. 165. We have seen that under certain special circumstances common persons also are temporarily forbidden to touch their heads with their hands. See above, pp. 146, 156, 158, 160, 183.

872 R. Taylor, _l.c._

873 E. Shortland, _The Southern Districts of New Zealand_ (London, 1851), p. 293; _id._, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, pp. 107 _sq._

874 J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse, exécuté sous son commandement sur la corvette __“__Austrolabe__”__: histoire du voyage_, ii. 534.

875 R. A. Cruise, _Journal of a Ten Months’ Residence in New Zealand_ (London, 1823), p. 187; J. Dumont D’Urville, _op. cit._ ii. 533; E. Shortland, _The Southern Districts of New Zealand_, p. 30.

876 Herodotus, i. 187.

877 H. France, “Customs of the Awuna Tribes,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 17 (October, 1905), p. 39.

M161 When the head is sacred, the cutting of the hair becomes a difficult and dangerous operation. The hair of kings, priests, chiefs, sorcerers, and other tabooed persons is sometimes kept unshorn. Hair kept unshorn on various occasions, such as a wife’s pregnancy, a journey, and war.

878 Agathias, _Hist._ i. 3; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer_,3 pp. 239 _sqq._ Compare F. Kauffmann, _Balder_ (Strasburg, 1902), pp. 209 _sq._ The story of the Phrygian king Midas, who concealed the ears of an ass under his long hair (Aristophanes, _Plutus_, 287; Ovid, _Metam._ xi. 146-193) may perhaps be a distorted reminiscence of a similar custom in Phrygia. Parallels to the story are recorded in modern Greece, Ireland, Brittany, Servia, India, and among the Mongols. See B. Schmidt, _Griechische Märchen, Sagen und Volkslieder_, pp. 70 _sq._, 224 _sq._; Grimm’s _Household Tales_, ii. 498, trans. by M. Hunt; Patrick Kennedy, _Legendary Fictions of the Irish Celts_, pp. 248 _sqq._ (ed. 1866); A. de Nore, _Coutumes, mythes, et traditions des provinces de la France_, pp. 219 _sq._; W. S. Karadschitsch, _Volksmärchen der Serben_, No. 39, pp. 225 _sqq._; _North Indian Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 104, § 218; B. Jülg, _Mongolische Märchen-Sammlung_, No. 22, pp. 182 _sqq._; _Sagas from the Far East_, No. 21, pp. 206 _sqq._

879 Gregory of Tours, _Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs_, iii. 18, compare vi. 24 (Guizot’s translation).

880 Dr. Hahl, “Mitteilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” _Ethnologisches Notizblatt_, ii. Heft 2 (Berlin, 1901), p. 6.

_ 881 Manuscrit Ramirez, Histoire de l’origine des Indiens qui habitent la Nouvelle Espagne_ (Paris, 1903), p. 171; J. de Acosta, _Natural and Moral History of the Indies_, ii. 365 (Hakluyt Society); A. de Herrera, _General History of the vast Continent and Islands of America_, iii. 216 (Stevens’s translation). The author of the _Manuscrit Ramirez_ speaks as if the rule applied only to the priests of the god Tezcatlipoca.

882 G. M. Dawson, “On the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands,” in _Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-79_, p. 123 B.

883 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 229.

_ 884 Missions Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 266.

885 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), pp. 21, 22, 143.

886 A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 68.

_ 887 Satapatha Brahmana_, translated by J. Eggeling, part iii. pp. 126, 128, with the translator’s note on p. 126 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xli.).

888 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, vii. (1863) p. 126.

889 R. P. Ashe, _Two Kings of Uganda_ (London, 1889), p. 109.

890 Fr. Boas, in _Tenth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 45 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1895_).

891 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 137.

892 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 292 _sq._

893 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 44.

894 Diodorus Siculus, i. 18.

895 W. Robertson Smith, _Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia_ (Cambridge, 1885), pp. 152 _sq._

896 Homer, _Iliad_, xxiii. 141 _sqq._ This Homeric passage has been imitated by Valerius Flaccus (_Argonaut._ i. 378). The Greeks often dedicated a lock of their hair to rivers. See Aeschylus, _Choephori_, 5 _sq._; Philostratus, _Heroica_, xiii. 4; Pausanias, i. 37. 3, viii. 20. 3, viii. 41. 3. The lock might be at the side or the back of the head or over the brow; it received a special name (Pollux, ii. 30).

897 S. W. Tromp, “Een Dajaksch Feest,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 38.

898 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Relation d’un voyage d’exploration_, p. 565.

M162 Hair unshorn during a vow. The nails of infants should not be pared. Child’s hair left unshorn as a refuge for its soul.

899 D. Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean_, ii. 120.

900 Tacitus, _Germania_, 31. Vows of the same sort were occasionally made by the Romans (Suetonius, _Julius_, 67; Tacitus, _Hist._ iv. 61).

901 Paulus Diaconus, _Hist. Langobard._ iii. 7; Gregory of Tours, _Histoire ecclésiastique des Francs_, v. 15, vol. i. p. 268 (Guizot’s translation, Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1874).

902 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 iv. 387.

903 Numbers vi. 5.

904 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch_, etc., _im Voigtlande_, p. 424; W. Henderson, _Folk-lore of the Northern Counties_, pp. 16 _sq._; F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 258, § 23; I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2 §§ 46, 72; J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 208, § 45, p. 209 § 53; O. Knoop, _Volkssagen, Erzählungen_, etc., _aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern_, p. 157, § 23; E. Veckenstedt, _Wendische Sagen, Märchen und abergläubische Gebräuche_, p. 445; J. Haltrich, _Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger Sachsen_, p. 313; E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 84.

_ 905 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 205, § 1092.

906 G. Gibbs, “Notes on the Tinneh or Chepewyan Indians of British and Russian America,” in _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution_, 1866, p. 305; W. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 202. The reason alleged by the Indians is that if the girls’ nails were cut sooner the girls would be lazy and unable to embroider in porcupine quill-work. But this is probably a late invention like the reasons assigned in Europe for the similar custom, of which the commonest is that the child would become a thief if its nails were cut.

907 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 30.

908 Lieut. Herold, “Religiöse Anschauungen und Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. 148 _sq._

909 S. J. Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_ (Chicago, etc., 1902), p.153.

910 A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der konink. Akademie van Wetenschapen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, iv. Reeks, iii. 198 n2 (Amsterdam, 1899).

911 R. Römer, “Bijdrage tot de Geneeskunst der Karo-Batak’s,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, i. (1908) p. 216.

912 O. Knoop, _Volkssagen, Erzählungen, etc., aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern_ (Posen, 1885), p. 157, § 23.

913 J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 209, § 57.

M163 Solemn ceremonies observed at hair-cutting.

914 Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898.

915 From the report of a lecture delivered in Melbourne, December 9, 1898, by the Rev. H. Worrall, of Fiji, missionary. The newspaper cutting from which the above extract is quoted was sent to me by the Rev. Lorimer Fison in a letter, dated Melbourne, January 9, 1899. Mr. Fison omitted to give the name and date of the newspaper.

916 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_2 (London, 1870), pp. 206 _sqq._

917 Richard A. Cruise, _Journal of a Ten Months’ Residence in New Zealand_ (London, 1823), pp. 283 _sq._ Compare J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du monde et à la recherche de La Pérouse: histoire du voyage_ (Paris, 1832), ii. 533.

918 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, pp. 108 _sqq._; R. Taylor, _l.c._

919 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_ (London, 1847), ii. 90 _sq._

920 J. Moura, _Le Royaume du Cambodge_, i. 226 _sq._

921 See above, p. 3.

M164 Ceremonies at cutting the hair of Siamese children.

922 See above, p. 252.

923 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), pp. 64 _sq._, 67-84. I have abridged the account of the ceremonies by omitting some details. For an account of the ceremonies observed at cutting the hair of a young Siamese prince, at the age of thirteen or fourteen, see Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (1831) pp. 197 _sq._

M165 Belief that people may be bewitched through the clippings of their hair, the parings of their nails, and other severed parts of their persons.

924 The aboriginal tribes of Central Australia form an exception to this rule; for among them no attempt is made to injure a person by performing magical ceremonies over his shorn hair. See Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 478.

925 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 52-54, 174 _sqq._

926 C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, ix. (1877) p. 177.

927 Vincendon-Dumoulin et C. Desgraz, _Îles Marquises_ (Paris, 1843), pp. 247 _sq._

928 D. Porter, _Journal of a Cruise made to the Pacific Ocean_2 (New York, 1882), ii. 188.

929 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,2 pp. 203 _sq._; A. S. Thomson, _The Story of New Zealand_ (London, 1859), i. 116 _sq._

930 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 468 _sq._

931 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 36.

932 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 27. Compare _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 360 _sq._

933 E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 293.

934 Lucian, _Dial. meretr._ iv. 4 _sq._

935 Apuleius, _Metamorph._ iii. 16 _sqq._ For more evidence of the same sort, see Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 248; James Bonwick, _Daily Life of the Tasmanians_, p. 178; James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 187; J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 282; A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, iii. 270; G. H. von Langsdorff, _Reise um die Welt_, i. 134 _sq._; W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 364; A. B. Ellis, _Ewe-speaking peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 99; R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 203; K. von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, p. 343; Miss Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, p. 447; I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2 § 178; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge, pp. 12 _sqq._; E. S. Hartland, _Legend of Perseus_, ii. 64-74, 132-139.

M166 Clipped hair may cause headache.

936 R. F. Kaindl, “Neue Beiträge zur Ethnologie und Volkeskunde der Huzulen,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 94.

937 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 509; A. Birlinger, _Volksthümliches aus Schwaben_, i. 493; F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. 258; J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch_, etc., _im Voigtlande_, p. 425; A. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 282; I. V. Zingerle, _op. cit._ § 180; J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 224, § 273. A similar belief prevails among the gypsies of Eastern Europe (H. von Wlislocki, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner_, p. 81).

938 I. V. Zingerle, _op. cit._ § 181.

939 Charlotte Latham, “Some West Sussex Superstitions,” _Folk-lore Record_, i. (1878) p. 40.

940 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), p. 237.

941 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_ (London, 1906), pp. 268 _sq._

M167 Cut hair may cause rain, hail, thunder and lightning. Magical uses of cut hair.

942 I. V. Zingerle, _op. cit._ §§ 176, 179.

943 A. Krause, _Die Tlinkit-Indianer_ (Jena, 1885), p. 300.

944 Petronius, _Sat._ 104.

945 J. G. Campbell, _op. cit._ pp. 236 _sq._

946 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, i. 231 _sq._; _id._, _Ein Besuch in San Salvador_, pp. 117 _sq._

947 P. B. du Chaillu, _Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa_ (London, 1861), pp. 426 _sq._

948 O. Baumann, _Usambara und seine Nachbargebiete_ (Berlin, 1891), p. 141.

949 A. Junod, _Les Ba-Ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 398-400.

950 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 300.

M168 Cut hair and nails may be used as hostages for good behaviour of the persons from whose bodies they have been taken.

951 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), pp. 30, 74 _sq._

952 Le P. A. Jaussen, _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), pp. 94 _sq._

953 2 Samuel, x. 4.

954 2 Samuel, x., xii. 26-31.

955 R. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Notes on the Ethnography of the Ba-Yaka,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 49.

M169 Cut hair and nails are deposited in sacred places, such as temples and cemeteries, to preserve them from injury. Cut hair and nails buried under certain trees or deposited among the branches.

956 François Pyrard, _Voyages to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil_, translated by Albert Gray (Hakluyt Society, 1887), i. 110 _sq._

957 E. Shortland, _Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders_, p. 110.

958 J. S. Polack, _Manners and Customs of the New Zealanders_, i. 38 _sq._ Compare G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_ (London, 1847), ii. 108 _sq._

959 James Wilson, _A Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean_ (London, 1799), p. 355.

960 R. A. Freeman, _Travels and Life in Ashanti and Jaman_ (Westminster, 1898), pp. 171 _sq._

961 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_, p. 79.

962 Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 15. The ancients were not agreed as to the distinction between lucky and unlucky trees. According to Cato and Pliny, trees that bore fruit were lucky, and trees which did not were unlucky (Festus, ed. C. O. Müller, p. 29, _s.v._ _Felices_; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xvi. 108); but according to Tarquitius Priscus those trees were unlucky which were sacred to the infernal gods and bore black berries or black fruit (Macrobius, _Saturn_, ii. 16, but iii. 20 in L. Jan’s edition, Quedlinburg and Leipsic, 1852).

963 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xvi. 235; Festu, p. 57 ed. C. O. Müller, _s.v._ _Capillatam vel capillarem arborem_.

964 M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halbreligiöse Bruderschaft bei den Marokkanern,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1886, p. (680).

965 A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 pp. 294 _sq._, § 464.

966 W. Mannhardt, _Germanische Mythen_ (Berlin, 1858), p. 630.

967 W. Henderson, _Folk-lore of the Northern Counties_ (London, 1879), p. 17.

968 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 74.

969 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 265.

970 G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 634-637.

971 W. Dall, _Alaska and its Resources_ (London, 1870), p. 54; F. Whymper, “The Natives of the Youkon River,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., vii. (1869) p. 174.

M170 Cut hair and nails may be stowed away for safety in any secret place.

972 E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 509; A. Birlinger, _Volksthümliches aus Schwaben_, i. 493.

973 W. Mannhardt, _Germanische Mythen_, p. 630.

974 H. B. Guppy, _The Solomon Islands and their Natives_ (London, 1887), p. 54.

975 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 203.

976 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 249.

977 J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, _Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States_, part i. vol. ii. p. 37.

_ 978 The Zend-Avesta, Vendîdâd_ Fargaard, xvii. (vol. i. pp. 186 _sqq._, translated by J. Darmesteter, _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. iv.).

_ 979 Grihya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 57; compare _id._, pp. 303, 399, part ii. p. 62 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vols. xxix., xxx.). Compare H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, p. 487.

_ 980 Grihya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. pp. 165 _sq._, 218.

981 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Madi or Moru Tribe of Central Africa,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xii. (1882-84) p. 332.

982 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 185 note. The same thing was told me in conversation by the Rev. J. Roscoe, missionary to Uganda; but I understood him to mean that the hair was not carelessly disposed of, but thrown away in some place where it would not easily be found.

983 Fr. Stuhlmann, _op. cit._ pp. 516 _sq._

984 J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, p. 209; _id._, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131.

985 A. Steedman, _Wanderings and Adventures in the Interior of Southern Africa_ (London, 1835), i. 266.

_ 986 Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his Letters and Journals_ (London, 1888), p. 74.

987 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 625.

988 M. Merkel, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 243.

989 J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_, p. 215.

990 Ch. Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), pp. 8, 203 _sq._

991 James Teit, “The Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

992 N. P. Wilken en J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 322.

993 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_2 (Innsbruck, 1871), §§ 176, 580; _Mélusine_, 1878, col. 79; E. Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p. 91.

994 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._, xxviii. 35; Theophrastus, _Characters_, “The Superstitious Man”; Theocritus, _id._ vi. 39, vii. 127; Persius, _Sat._ ii. 31 _sqq._ At the siege of Danzig in 1734, when the old wives saw a bomb coming, they used to spit thrice and cry, “Fi, ti, fi, there comes the dragon!” in the persuasion that this secured them against being hit (Tettau und Temme, _Die Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), p. 284). For more examples, see J. E. B. Mayor on Juvenal, _Sat._ vii. 112; J. E. Crombie, “The Saliva Superstition,” _International Folk-lore Congress_, 1891, _Papers and Transactions_, pp. 249 sq.; C. de Mensignac, _Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat_ (Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 50 _sqq._; F. W. Nicolson, “The Saliva Superstition in Classical Literature,” _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, viii. (1897) pp. 35 _sqq._

M171 Cut hair and nails kept against the resurrection.

995 Garcilasso de la Vega, _First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_, bk. ii. ch. 7 (vol. i. p. 127, Markham’s translation).

_ 996 Mélusine_, 1878, coll. 583 _sq._

_ 997 The People of Turkey_, by a Consul’s daughter and wife, ii. 250.

998 M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 68.

999 G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), p. 214.

1000 M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halbreligiöse Bruderschaft bei den Marokkanern,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1886, p. (680).

1001 Le P. A. Jaussen, _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), p. 94 note 1.

1002 Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 139; F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem innern und äussern Leben der Ehsten_, p. 491.

1003 L. F. Sauvé, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_ (Paris, 1889), p. 41.

1004 Miss A. H. Singleton, in a letter to me, dated Rathmoyle House, Abbeyleix, Ireland, 24th February 1904.

1005 Dr. Antoine Petit, in Th. Lefebvre, _Voyage en Abyssinie_, i. 373.

1006 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 342 _sq._ (Leyden, 1892).

1007 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For Tribe of Central Africa,” _Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-86) p. 230.

M172 Cut hair and nails burnt to prevent them from falling into the hands of sorcerers.

1008 A. D’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale_, ii. 93; Lieut. Musters, “On the Races of Patagonia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, i. (1872) p. 197; J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 36. The Patagonians sometimes throw their hair into a river instead of burning it.

1009 L. F. Sauvé, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_, p. 170.

1010 Z. Zanetti, _La Medicina delle nostre donne_ (Città di Castello, 1892), pp. 234 _sq._

1011 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 99; Miss Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_, p. 447; R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), p. 83; A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _British Nigeria_ (London, 1902), p. 286; David Livingstone, _Narrative of Expedition to the Zambesi_, pp. 46 _sq._; W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 365. In some parts of New Guinea cut hair is destroyed for the same reason (H. H. Romilly, _From my Verandah in New Guinea_, London, 1889, p. 83).

1012 W. H. Furness, _The Island of Stone Money, Uap of the Carolines_ (Philadelphia and London, 1910), P. 137.

1013 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 451.

1014 W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_ (Brisbane, 1903), p. 21.

1015 Captain R. Fitzroy, _Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle_, i. (London, 1839). pp. 313 _sq._

1016 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 360.

1017 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_2 (Innsbruck, 1871), p. 28, §§ 177, 179, 180.

1018 U. Jahn, _Hexenwesen und Zauberei in Pommern_ (Breslau, 1886), p. 15; _Mélusine_, 1878, col. 79; E. Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p. 91.

1019 E. H. Meyer, _Indogermanische Mythen_, ii. _Achilleis_ (Berlin, 1877), p. 523.

1020 P. Lowell, _Chosön, the Land of the Morning Calm, a Sketch of Korea_ (London, Preface dated 1885), pp. 199-201; Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), ii. 55 _sq._

M173 Inconsistency in burning cut hair and nails. M174 Hair is sometimes cut because it is infected with the virus of taboo. In these cases hair-cutting is a form of purification. Hair of mourners cut to rid them of the pollution of death.

1021 Above, p. 276.

1022 Above, pp. 4, 131, 139, 145, 156.

1023 W. Ridley, “Report on Australian Languages and Traditions,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, ii. (1873) p. 268.

1024 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_, p. 795.

1025 F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud_, v. (Paris, 1851) p. 46.

1026 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 34.

1027 See G. A. Wilken, _Über das Haaropfer und einige andere Trauergebräuche bei den Völkern Indonesiens_, pp. 94 _sqq._ (reprinted from the _Revue Coloniale Internationale_, Amsterdam, 1886-87); H. Ploss, _Das Kind in Brauch und Sitte der Völker_,2 i. 289 _sqq._; K. Potkanski, “Die Ceremonie der Haarschur bei den Slaven und Germanen,” _Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Krakau_, May 1896, pp. 232-251.

1028 Above, p. 261.

1029 Above, pp. 111 _sqq._

1030 J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London, 1822), ii. 205.

1031 H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 426 _sq._

1032 L. F. Alfred Maury, “Les Populations primitives du nord de l’Hindoustan,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IVme Série, vii. (1854) p. 197.

1033 Lucian, _De dea Syria_, 53.

1034 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 160.

1035 W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899; privately printed), p. 28.

1036 B. Gutmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” _Globus_, lxxxix. (1906) p. 198.

1037 Miss A. Werner, _The Natives of British Central Africa_ (London, 1906), pp. 165, 166, 167.

1038 J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbarn,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, x. (1878) p. 395. Children who are born in an unusual position, the second born of twins, and children whose upper teeth appear before the lower, are similarly exposed by the Akikuyu. The mother is regarded as unclean, not so much because she has exposed, as because she has given birth to such a child.

1039 Monier Williams, _Religious Thought and Life in India_, p. 375.

1040 Strabo, xii. 2. 3, p. 535; Pausanias, viii. 34. 3. In two paintings on Greek vases we see Apollo in his character of the purifier preparing to cut off the hair of Orestes. See _Monumenti inediti_, 1847, pl. 48; _Annali dell’ Instituto di Corrispondenza Archeologica_, 1847, pl. x.; _Archaeologische Zeitung_, 1860, pll. cxxxvii. cxxxviii.; L. Stephani, in _Compte rendu de la Commission archéologique_ (St. Petersburg), 1863, pp. 271 _sq._

M175 People may be bewitched by means of their spittle. Hence people take care of their spittle to prevent it from falling into the hands of sorcerers.

1041 C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, ix. (1877) pp. 177 _sq._

1042 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), pp. 392 _sq._

1043 B. C. A. J. van Dinter, “Eenige geographische en ethnographische aanteekeningen betreffende het eiland Siaoe,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xii. (1899) p. 381.

1044 A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 27; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-east Australia_, p. 365.

1045 E. Dieffenbach, _Travels in New Zealand_ (London, 1843), ii. 59.

1046 Rev. J. Macdonald, _Light in Africa_, p. 209; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131.

1047 C. le Gobin, _Histoire des Isles Marianes_ (Paris, 1700), p. 52. The writer confesses his ignorance of the reason of the custom.

1048 C. de Mensignac, _Recherches ethnographiques sur la salive et le crachat_ (Bordeaux, 1892), pp. 48 _sq._

1049 Vahness, reported by F. von Luschan, in _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1900, p. (416).

1050 K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 9 _sq._

_ 1051 Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) pp. 83 _sq._

M176 Precautions taken by chiefs, kings, and wizards to guard their spittle from being put to evil uses by magicians.

1052 W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 365.

1053 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 99.

1054 C. Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), p. 8.

1055 A. Raffenel, _Voyage dans l’Afrique occidentale_ (Paris, 1846), p. 338.

1056 C. de Mensignac, _op. cit._ p. 48.

_ 1057 Mission Evangelica al reyno de Congo por la serafica religion de los Capuchinos_ (Madrid, 1649), p. 70 verso.

1058 R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_, Neue Folge (Leipsic, 1889), p. 13.

1059 F. W. Christian, _The Caroline Islands_ (London, 1899), pp. 289 _sq._

1060 R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, i.2 (London, 1822) pp. 127, 138.

M177 Use of spittle in making a covenant.

1061 J. Raum, “Blut und Speichelbünde bei den Wadschagga,” _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, x. (1907) pp. 290 _sq._

M178 Certain foods are tabooed to sacred persons, such as kings, chiefs, priests, and other sacred persons.

1062 Above, pp. 13 _sq._

1063 Porphyry, _De abstinentia_, iii. 18.

1064 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_, ii. 170. The blood may perhaps be drunk by them as a medium of inspiration. See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. i. pp. 381 _sqq._

1065 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 336.

1066 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858), p. 198.

1067 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 21.

1068 J. G. Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 526 _sqq._, from information furnished by the Rev. J. Roscoe.

1069 G. Watt (quoting Col. W. J. M’Culloch), “The Aboriginal Tribes of Manipur,” in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 360.

1070 T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 306.

_ 1071 Indian Antiquary_, xxi. (1892) pp. 317 _sq._; (Sir) J. G. Scott and J. P. Hardiman, _Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States_, part ii. vol. i. p. 308.

1072 “Die Pschawen und Chewsuren im Kaukasus,” _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, ii. (1857) p. 76.

1073 A. Senfft, “Ethnographische Beiträge über die Karolineninsel Yap,” _Petermanns Mitteilungen_, xlix. (1903) p. 54. In Gall, another village of the same island, the people grow bananas for sale, but will not eat them themselves, fearing that if they did so the women of the village would be barren (_ibid._).

M179 Knots and rings not worn by certain sacred persons. Knots loosed and locks unlocked at childbirth to facilitate delivery.

1074 Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 6 and 9. See above, p. 13.

1075 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 87 _sq._

1076 J. Hillner, _Volksthümlicher Brauch und Glaube bei Geburt und Taufe im Siebenbürger Sachsenlande_, p. 15. This tractate (of which I possess a copy) appears to be a programme of the High School (_Gymnasium_) at Schässburg in Transylvania for the school year 1876-1877.

1077 C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiac eorumque lingua, vita, et religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 494.

1078 W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_ (Amsterdam, 1900), p. 108.

1079 Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 518.

1080 J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxvi. (1892) p. 114; C. M. Pleyte, “Plechtigheden en gebruiken uit den cyclus van het familienleven der volken van den Indischen Archipel,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xli. (1892) p. 586.

1081 H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 98.

1082 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 170.

1083 J. G. F. Riedel, “Alte Gebräuche bei Heirathen, Geburt und Sterbefällen bei dem Toumbuluh-Stamm in der Minahasa (Nord Selebes),” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, viii. (1895) pp. 95 _sq._

1084 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 606 _sq._

M180 On the principles of homoeopathic magic knots are impediments which tie up the mother and prevent her from bringing the child to the birth. All locks, doors, drawers, windows, etc. opened in order to facilitate childbirth.

1085 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 692.

1086 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, pp. 433 _sq._

1087 J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande_, pp. 435 _sq._; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 p. 355, § 574.

1088 J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_, p. 37. note 1.

1089 Festus, p. 56, ed. C. O. Müller.

1090 G. F. D’Penha, “Superstitions and Customs in Salsette,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 115.

1091 H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvi. (1896) p. 503. Compare A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden Sumatra_, p. 266.

1092 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 117.

1093 H. K[ern], “Bijgeloof onder de inlanders in den Oosthoek van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvi. (1880) 310; J. Kreemer, “Hoe de Javaan zijne zieken verzorgt,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxvi. (1892) pp. 120, 124; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en opvoeding hunner kinderen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 253.

1094 A. W. P. V. Pistorius, _Studien over de inlandsche huishouding in de Padangsche Bovenlanden_ (Zalt-Bommel, 1871), pp. 55 _sq._; A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_ (Leyden, 1882), p. 266; J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_ (the Hague, 1886), pp. 135, 207, 325.

1095 Th. Bérengier, “Croyances superstitieuses dans le pays de Chittagong,” _Missions Catholiques_, xiii. (1881) p. 515.

1096 Damien Grangeon, “Les Chams et leurs superstitions,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 93.

1097 A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Singhalese Social Life,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxxi. (1902) p. 378.

1098 B. Pilsudski, “Schwangerschaft, Entbindung und Fehlgeburt bei den Bewohnern der Insel Sachalin,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 759.

1099 E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 39.

1100 R. Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_ (London, 1908), p. 169.

M181 On the principles of homoeopathic magic the crossing of the legs is also thought to impede childbirth and other things.

1101 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 59. Compare Hippocrates, _De morbo sacro_, μηδὲ πόδα ἐπὶ ποδὶ ἔχειν, μηδὲ χεῖρα ἐπὶ χειρί; ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα κωλύματα εἶναι (vol. i. p. 589, ed. Kühn, Leipsic, 1825, quoted by E. Rohde, _Psyche_,3 ii. 76 note 1).

1102 Ovid, _Metam._ ix. 285 _sqq._ Antoninus Liberalis, quoting Nicander, says it was the Fates and Ilithyia who impeded the birth of Hercules, but though he says they clasped their hands, he does not say that they crossed their legs (_Transform._ 29). Compare Pausanias, ix. 11. 3.

1103 A. Strausz, _Die Bulgaren_ (Leipsic, 1898), p. 293.

1104 F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. 303.

M182 Knots are supposed to prevent the consummation of marriage. Knots loosed in the costume of bride and bridegroom in order to ensure the consummation of the marriage. Knots tied by enchanters to render the bridegroom impotent.

1105 J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 897, 983; J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, iii. 299; J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, pp. 302, 306 _sq._; B. Souché, _Croyances, présages et traditions diverses_, p. 16; J. G. Bourke, in _Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 567.

1106 J. G. Dalyell, _ll.cc._

1107 Rev. Dr. Th. Bisset, in Sir John Sinclair’s _Statistical Account of Scotland_, v. (Edinburgh, 1793) p. 83. In his account of the second tour which he made in Scotland in the summer of 1772, Pennant says that “the precaution of loosening every knot about the new-joined pair is strictly observed” (Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 382). He is here speaking particularly of the Perthshire Highlands.

1108 Pennant, “Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 91. However, at a marriage in the island of Skye, the same traveller observed that “the bridegroom put all the powers of magic to defiance, for he was married with both shoes tied with their latchet” (Pennant, “Second Tour in Scotland,” Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 325). According to another writer the shoe-tie of the bridegroom’s _right_ foot was unloosed at the church-door (Ch. Rogers, _Social Life in Scotland_, iii. 232).

1109 Eijüb Abela, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins_, vii. (1884) pp. 91 _sq._

1110 Georgeakis et Pineau, _Folk-lore de Lesbos_, pp. 344 _sq._

1111 E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 288-292.

M183 Use of knots at marriage in the island of Rotti.

1112 “Eenige mededeelingen betreffende Rote door een inlandischen Schoolmeester,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 554; N. Graafland, “Eenige aanteekeningen op ethnographisch gebied ten aanzien van het eiland Rote,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxiii. (1889) pp. 373 _sq._

M184 Knots may be used to inflict disease.

1113 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 533.

1114 M. Jastrow, _The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, pp. 268, 270.

1115 J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 307.

_ 1116 Al Baidawī’s Commentary on the Koran_, chap. 113, verse 4. I have to thank my friend Prof. A. A. Bevan for indicating this passage to me, and furnishing me with a translation of it.

1117 E. Palmer, “Notes on some Australian Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 293. The Tahitians ascribed certain painful illnesses to the twisting and knotting of their insides by demons (W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_,2 i. 363).

M185 Knots may be used to cure disease.

1118 Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 48.

1119 C. Fossey, _La Magie assyrienne_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 83 sq.; R. Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_ (London, 1908), pp. 164 _sqq._

1120 R. Campbell Thompson, _Semitic Magic_, pp. 168 _sq._

1121 E. O’Donovan, _The Merv Oasis_ (London, 1882), ii. 319.

1122 J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stämme_, p. 531.

1123 R. C. Maclagan, M.D., “Notes on Folklore Objects collected in Argyleshire,” _Folk-lore_, vi. (1895) pp. 154-156. In the north-west of Ireland divination by means of a knotted thread is practised in order to discover whether a sick beast will recover or die. See E. B. Tylor, in _International Folk-lore Congress_, 1891, _Papers and Transactions_, pp. 391 _sq._

1124 R. Chambers, _Popular Rhymes of Scotland_, New Edition, p. 349. Grimm has shewn that the words of this charm are a very ancient spell for curing a lame horse, a spell based on an incident in the myth of the old Norse god Balder, whose foal put its foot out of joint and was healed by the great master of spells, the god Woden. See J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 i. 185, ii. 1030 _sq._ Christ has been substituted for Balder in the more modern forms of the charm both in Scotland and Germany.

1125 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 279.

M186 Knots may be used to win a lover or capture a runaway slave.

1126 Virgil, _Ecl._ viii. 78-80. Highland sorcerers also used three threads of different colours with three knots tied on each thread. See J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 306.

1127 J. Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentums_2 (Berlin, 1897), p. 163.

1128 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 263.

1129 C. Velten, _Sitten und Gebräuche der Suaheli_ (Göttingen, 1903), p. 317.

M187 Knots tied by hunters and travellers.

1130 David Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_ (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 147.

_ 1131 Gríhya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. p. 432, part ii. p. 127 (Sacred Books of the East, vols. xxix., xxx.).

1132 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal and the Zulu Country_ (London, 1857), pp. 217 _sq._

1133 E. Aymonier, _Notes sur le Laos_ (Saigon, 1885), pp. 23 _sq._

1134 Vetter, in _Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xii. (1893) p. 95.

M188 Knots and locks used as protective amulets in Russia and elsewhere.

1135 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 388-390.

1136 Ovid, _Fasti_, ii. 577 _sqq._; compare W. Warde Fowler, _Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic_, pp. 309 _sq._

_ 1137 Geoponica_, i. 14.

1138 M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 115.

1139 M. Abeghian, _op. cit._ p. 91.

1140 V. Titelbach, “Das heilige Feuer bei den Balkanslaven,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xiii. (1900) p. 3.

1141 A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 9.

1142 C. J. R. Le Mesurier, “Customs and Superstitions connected with the Cultivation of Rice in the Southern Province of Ceylon,” _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, N.S., xvii. (1885) p. 371.

1143 J. G. Dalyell, _Darker Superstitions of Scotland_, p. 307.

1144 J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 231 (Bohn’s edition); R. Hunt, _Popular Romances of the West of England_, p. 379; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, _English Folk-lore_, pp. 229 _sq._ On the other hand the Karaits, a Jewish sect in the Crimea, lock all cupboards when a person is in the last agony, lest their contents should be polluted by the contagion of death. See S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” _Globus_, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143.

1145 Extract from _The Times_ of 4th September 1863, quoted in _Folk-lore_, xix. (1908) p. 336.

1146 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 98.

M189 The magical virtue of a knot is always that of an impediment or hindrance whether for good or evil.

1147 H. Runge, “Volksglaube in der Schweiz,” _Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde_, iv. (1859) p. 178, § 25. The belief is reported from Zurich.

1148 J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_, p. 174; _id._, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_, p. 241.

1149 E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 208.

1150 R. F. Kaindl, “Volksüberlieferungen der Pidhireane,” _Globus_, lxxiii. (1898) p. 251.

1151 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), pp. 89 _sq._ The tying and untying of magic knots was forbidden by the Coptic church, but we are not told the purposes for which the knots were used. See _Il Fetha Nagast o legislazione dei re, codice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia_, tradotto e annotato da Ignazio Guidi (Rome, 1899), p. 140.

M190 The rule that at certain magical and religious rites the hair should be loose and the feet bare is probably based on a fear of the impediment which is thought to be caused by any knot or constriction. Custom of going on certain solemn occasions with one shoe on and one shoe off.

1152 For examples see Horace, _Sat._ i. 8, 23 _sq._; Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 370, iv. 509; Ovid, _Metam._ vii. 182 _sq._; Tibullus, i. 3. 29-32; Petronius, _Sat._ 44; Aulus Gellius, iv. 3. 3; Columella, _De re rustica_, x. 357-362; Athenaeus, v. 28, p. 198 E; Dittenberger, _Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum_,2 Nos. 653 (lines 23 _sq._) and 939; Ch. Michel, _Recueil d’inscriptions grecques_, No. 694. Compare Servius on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 518, “_In sacris nihil solet esse religatum._”

1153 Ovid, _Fasti_, iii. 257 _sq._

1154 Thucydides, iii. 22.

1155 Schol. on Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 133.

1156 Virgil, _Aen._ vii. 689 _sq._

1157 Pindar, _Pyth._ iv. 129 _sqq._: Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonaut._ i. 5 _sqq._; Apollodorus, i. 9. 16.

1158 Artemidorus, _Onirocrit._ iv. 63. At Chemmis in Upper Egypt there was a temple of Perseus, and the people said that from time to time Perseus appeared to them and they found his great sandal, two cubits long, which was a sign of prosperity for the whole land of Egypt. See Herodotus, ii. 91.

_ 1159 Gazette archéologique_, 1884, plates 44, 45, 46 with the remarks of De Witte and F. Lenormant, pp. 352 _sq._ The skin on which the man is crouching is probably the so-called “fleece of Zeus” (Διὸς κώδιον), as to which see Hesychius and Suidas, _s.v._; Polemo, ed. Preller, pp. 140-142; C. A. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, pp. 183 _sqq._ Compare my note on Pausanias, ii. 31. 8.

1160 Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 517 _sqq._

1161 I. Goldziher, “Der Dîwân des Garwal b. Aus Al-Hutej’ a,” _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xlvi. (1892) p. 5.

M191 The intention of going with one shoe on and one shoe off on such occasions seems to be to free the man so attired from magical constraint and to lay it on his enemy.

1162 See Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iii. 370: “_In ratione sacrorum par est et animae et corporis causa: nam plerumque quae non possunt circa animam fieri fiunt circa corpus, ut solvere vel ligare, quo possit anima, quod per se non potest, ex cognatione sentire._”

1163 Livy, i. 18. 7.

1164 “_UNUM EXUTA PEDEM quia id agitur, ut et ista solvatur et implicetur Aeneas_,” Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 518.

M192 Rings also are regarded as magical fetters which prevent the egress or ingress of spirits.

1165 “On a Far-off Island,” _Blackwood’s Magazine_, February 1886, p. 238.

1166 Clement of Alexandria, _Strom._ v. 5. 28, p. 662, ed. Potter; Jamblichus, _Adhortatio ad philosophiam_, 23; Plutarch, _De educatione puerorum_, 17. According to others, all that Pythagoras forbade was the wearing of a ring on which the likeness of a god was engraved (Diogenes Laertius, viii. 1. 17; Porphyry, _Vit. Pythag._ 42; Suidas, _s.v._ Πυθαγόρας); according to Julian a ring was only forbidden if it bore the names of the gods (Julian, _Or._ vii. p. 236 D, p. 306 ed. Dindorf). I have shewn elsewhere that the maxims or symbols of Pythagoras, as they were called, are in great measure merely popular superstitions (_Folk-lore_, i. (1890) pp. 147 _sqq._).

1167 This we learn from an inscription found on the site. See Ἐφημερὶς ἀρχαιολογική, Athens, 1898, col. 249; Dittenberger, _Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum_,2 No. 939.

1168 Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 657 _sq._

M193 Rings worn as amulets against demons, witches, and ghosts. Reason why the Flamen Dialis might not wear knots and rings.

1169 I. V. Zingerle, _Sitten, Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,2 p. 3.

1170 J. Scheffer, _Lapponia_ (Frankfort, 1673), p. 313.

1171 R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 89; _id._, “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 386.

1172 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), ii. 13, 16.

1173 M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 143.

1174 M. Merker, _op. cit._ pp. 200 _sq._, 202; compare, _id._ p. 250.

1175 Above, p. 267.

1176 Above, pp. 32, 51.

1177 Above, p. 31.

1178 De la Borde, “Relation de l’origine, etc., des Caraibes sauvages,” p. 15, in _Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1684).

1179 A considerable body of evidence as to rings and the virtues attributed to them has been collected by Mr. W. Jones in his work _Finger-ring Lore_ (London, 1877). See also W. G. Black, _Folk-medicine_, pp. 172-177.

1180 Aulus Gellius, x. 15. 8. See above, p. 14.

1181 Marcellinus on Hermogenes, in _Rhetores Graeci_, ed. Walz, iv. 462; Sopater, _ibid._ viii. 67.

1182 Demosthenes, _Contra Androt._ 68, p. 614; P. Foucart, _Le Culte de Dionysos en Attique_ (Paris, 1904), p. 168.

1183 H. A. Oldfield, _Sketches from Nipal_ (London, 1880), ii. 342 _sq._

M194 The Gordian knot was perhaps a royal talisman.

1184 Arrian, _Anabasis_, ii. 3; Quintus Curtius, iii. 1; Justin, xi. 7; Schol. on Euripides, _Hippolytus_, 671.

1185 Public talismans, on which the safety of the state was supposed to depend, were common in antiquity. See C. A. Lobeck, _Aglaophamus_, pp. 278 _sqq._, and my note on Pausanias, viii. 47. 5.

M195 The savage confuses words and things, and hence regards his name as a vital part of himself, and fancies that he can be magically injured through it.

1186 On the primitive conception of the relation of names to persons and things, see E. B. Tylor, _Early History of Mankind_,3 pp. 123 _sqq._; R. Andree, _Ethnographische Parallelen und Vergleiche_ (Stuttgart, 1878), pp. 165 _sqq._; E. Clodd, _Tom-tit-tot_ (London, 1898), pp. 53 _sqq._, 79 _sqq._ In what follows I have used with advantage the works of all these writers.

1187 J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), p. 343.

1188 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1189 A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) pp. 61 _sq._

1190 Professor (Sir) J. Rhys, “Welsh Fairies,” _The Nineteenth Century_, xxx. (July-December 1891) pp. 566 _sq._

M196 The Australian savages keep their names secret lest sorcerers should injure them by means of their names.

1191 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 377; compare _id._ p. 440.

1192 R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 469, note.

1193 C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_ (London, 1889), p. 280.

1194 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 736.

1195 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 133.

1196 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 46.

1197 J. Bulmer, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 94. The writer appears to mean that the natives feared they would die if any one, or at any rate, an enemy, learned their real names.

1198 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 139; compare _ibid._ p. 637; _id._, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 584 _sq._

M197 The same fear of sorcery has led people to conceal their names in Egypt, Africa, Asia, and the East Indies.

1199 E. Lefébure, “La Vertu et la vie du nom en Égypte,” _Mélusine_, viii. (1897) coll. 226 _sq._

1200 Mansfield Parkyns, _Life in Abyssinia_ (London, 1868), pp. 301 _sq._

_ 1201 Grihya Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 50, 183, 395, part ii. pp. 55, 215, 281; A. Hillebrandt, _Vedische Opfer und Zauber_, pp. 46, 170 _sq._; W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_, p. 162, note 20; D. C. J. Ibbetson, _Outlines of Punjáb Ethnography_ (Calcutta, 1883), p. 118; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 24, ii. 5; _id._, _Natives of Northern India_ (London, 1907), p. 199.

1202 A. B. Ellis, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_, p. 109.

1203 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_, p. 98.

1204 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuples de la Sénégambie_ (Paris, 1879), p. 28.

1205 E. Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nías_ (Milan, 1890), p. 465.

1206 T. C. Hodson, “The _genna_ amongst the Tribes of Assam,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi. (1906) p. 97.

1207 C. de Sabir, “Quelques notes sur les Manègres,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), Vme Série, i. (1861) p. 51.

1208 A. Schadenburg, “Die Bewohner von Süd-Mindanao und der Insel Samal,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xvii. (1885) p. 30.

1209 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 455; J. W. Meerburg, “Proeve einer beschrijving van land en volk van Midden-Manggarai (West-Flores), Afdeeling Bima,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxiv. (1891) p. 465.

1210 F. Kauffmann, _Balder_ (Strasburg, 1902), p. 198.

M198 The South and Central American Indians also keep their names secret from fear of sorcery.

1211 This I learned from my wife, who spent some years in Chili and visited the island of Chiloe.

1212 E. R. Smith, _The Araucanians_ (London, 1855), p. 222.

1213 E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_ (London, 1883), p. 220.

1214 F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, N.S., vii. (1885) p. 790.

1215 Dr. Cullen, “The Darien Indians,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 265.

1216 A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l’État de Panama,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, vi. (1887) p. 44.

1217 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, i. 462.

M199 Similar superstition as to personal names among the Indians of North America.

1218 H. R. Schoolcraft, _The American Indians, their History, Condition, and Prospects_ (Buffalo, 1851), p. 213. Compare _id._, _Oneóta, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America_ (New York and London, 1845), p. 456.

1219 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 217.

1220 J. G. Bourke, “Notes upon the Religion of the Apache Indians,” _Folk-lore_ ii. (1891) p. 423.

1221 A. S. Galschet, _The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas_ (_Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University_, vol. i. No. 2), p. 69.

1222 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_ (Washington, 1877), p. 315.

1223 G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_, p. 194.

_ 1224 Relations des Jésuites_, 1633, p. 3 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

1225 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 162. Compare A. P. Reid, “Religious Beliefs of the Ojibois or Sauteux Indians,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 107.

M200 Sometimes savages, though they will not utter their own names, do not object to other people’s doing so. M201 Men who will not mention their own names will yet invite other people to do so for them.

1226 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London, 1880), p. 289.

1227 H. W. Grainge, “Journal of a Visit to Mojanga on the North-West Coast,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, No. i. p. 25 (reprint of the first four numbers, Antananarivo and London, 1885).

1228 J. G. Bourke, “Medicine-men of the Apaches,” _Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), p. 461.

1229 R. C. Mayne, _Four Years in British Columbia and Vancouver Island_ (London, 1862), pp. 278 _sq._

1230 J. G. Bourke, _On the Border with Crook_, pp. 131 _sq._

1231 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_ (Vienna, 1784), ii. 498.

1232 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, part i. (Washington, 1899) p. 289.

1233 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, p. 221. Compare J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 172 _sq._ The custom is reported for the British settlements in the Straits of Malacca by T. J. Newbold (_Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca_, London, 1839, ii. 176); for Sumatra in general by W. Marsden (_History of Sumatra_, pp. 286 _sq._), and A. L. van Hasselt (_Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 271); for the Battas by Baron van Hoëvell (“Iets over ’t oorlogvoeren der Batta’s,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië_, N.S., vii. (1878) p. 436, note); for the Dyaks by C. Hupe (“Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. p. 250), and W. H. Furness (_Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 16); for the island of Sumba by S. Roos (“Bijdrage tot de Kennis van Taal, Land en Volk op het Eiland Soemba,” p. 70, _Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi.); and for Bolang Mongondo, in the west of Celebes, by N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz (“Allerlei over het land en volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356).

1234 J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 187. If a Motumotu man is hard pressed for his name and there is nobody near to help him, he will at last in a very stupid way mention it himself.

1235 O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12. Compare M. Krieger, _Neu Guinea_ (Berlin, 1899), p. 172.

1236 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902) p. 279. The Nufoors are a Papuan tribe on Doreh Bay, in Dutch New Guinea. See _id._, in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) p. 287.

1237 J. Graf Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee_ (Brunswick, 1899), p. 78; P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel_ (Hiltrup bei Münster, preface dated Christmas, 1906), pp. 237 _sq._

1238 J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Superstitions, and Religions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 131.

1239 V. L. Cameron, _Across Africa_ (London, 1877), ii. 61.

1240 S. L. Hinde and H. Hinde, _The Last of the Masai_ (London, 1901), pp. 48 _sq._ Compare Sir H. Johnston, _The Uganda Protectorate_ (London, 1902), ii. 826 _sq._; M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), p. 56.

1241 P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxiv. (1889) p. 258.

1242 J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 29.

1243 E. Torday and T. A. Joyce, “Note on the Southern Ba-Mbala,” _Man_, vii. (1907) p. 81.

M202 Sometimes the prohibition to mention personal names is not permanent but temporary and contingent.

1244 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 43.

1245 Rev. J. H. Weeks, “Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxix. (1909) pp. 128, 459.

1246 R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, p. 198.

1247 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 73.

M203 In order to avoid the use of people’s own names, parents are sometimes named after their children, uncles and aunts after their nephews and nieces, and so forth. The common custom of naming parents after their children seems to arise from a reluctance to mention the real names of persons addressed or directly referred to.

1248 E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, iii. 545. Similarly among the Dacotas “there is no secrecy in children’s names, but when they grow up there is a secrecy in men’s names” (H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iii. 240).

1249 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902) p. 278.

1250 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xl. (1896) pp. 273 _sqq._

1251 G. Mansveld (Kontroleur van Nias), “Iets over de namen en Galars onder de Maleijers in de Padangsche Bovenlanden, bepaaldelijk in noordelijk Agam,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxiii. (1876) pp. 443, 449.

1252 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 208.

1253 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 202.

1254 L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmapootra Valley,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (1901) pp. 52, 69, compare 46.

1255 H. Callaway, _Religious System of the Amazulu_, part iii. p. 316, note.

1256 W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folk-lore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), ii. 5 _sq._ Compare _id._, _Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh_, ii. 251.

1257 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 216-219; E. B. Tylor, “On a Method of Investigating the Developement of Institutions,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xviii. (1889) pp. 248-250 (who refers to a series of papers by G. A. Wilken, “Over de primitieve vormen van het huwelijk,” published in _Indische Gids_, 1880, etc., which I have not seen). Wilken’s theory is rejected by Mr. A. C. Kruijt (_l.c._), who explains the custom by the fear of attracting the attention of evil spirits to the person named. Other explanations are suggested by Mr. J. H. F. Kohlbrugge (“Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170), and by Mr. E. Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, London, 1902, pp. 428-433).

1258 For evidence of the custom of naming parents after their children in Australia, see E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_ (London, 1845), ii. 325 _sq._: in Sumatra, see W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_, p. 286; Baron van Hoëvell, “Iets over ’t oorlogvoeren der Batta’s,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië_, N.S. vii. (1878) p. 436, note; A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_, p. 274: in Nias, see J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von Rosenberg, _Verslag omtrent het eiland Nias_, p. 28 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. Batavia, 1863): in Java, see P. J. Veth, _Java_, i. (Haarlem, 1875) p. 642; J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischen Volksstamm,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, liii. (1901) p. 121; in Borneo, see C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii. p. 249; H. Low, _Sarawak_, p. 249; Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 208; M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische Beschrijving der Dajaks_, p. 42; C. Hose, “The Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiii. (1894) p. 170; W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899, privately printed), p. 26; _id._, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, pp. 17 _sq._, 55; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. 75: among the Mantras of Malacca, see W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, ii. 16 _sq._: among the Negritos of Zambales in the Philippines, see W. A. Reed, _Negritos of Zambales_ (Manilla, 1904), p. 55: in the islands between Celebes and New Guinea, see J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, pp. 5, 137, 152 _sq._, 238, 260, 353, 392, 418, 450; J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 444; in Celebes and other parts of the Indian Archipelago, see J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, “Naamgeving in Insulinde,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lii. (1901) pp. 160-170; G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 216 _sqq._: in New Guinea, see P. W. Schmidt, “Ethnographisches von Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxx. (1899) p. 28: among the Kasias of North-eastern India, see Col. H. Yule, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, ix. (1880) p. 298; L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, lxix. part iii. (Calcutta, 1901) p. 46: among some of the indigenous races of southern China, see P. Vial, “Les Gni ou Gnipa, tribu Lolote du Yun-Nan,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 270; _La Mission lyonnaise d’exploration commerciale en Chine_ (Lyons, 1898), p. 369: in Corea, see Mrs. Bishop, _Korea and her Neighbours_ (London, 1898), i. 136: among the Yukagirs of north-eastern Asia, see W. Jochelson, “Die Jukagiren im äussersten Nordosten Asiens,” xvii. _Jahresbericht der Geographischen Gesellschaft von Bern_ (Bern, 1900), pp. 26 _sq._; P. von Stenin, “Jochelson’s Forschungen unter den Jukagiren,” _Globus_, lxxvi. (1899) p. 169: among the Masai, see M. Merker, _Die Masai_ (Berlin, 1904), pp. 59, 235: among the Bechuanas, Basutos, and other Caffre tribes of South Africa, see D. Livingston, _Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa_ (London, 1857), p. 126; J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), pp. 220 _sq._; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_2 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 171 _sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London, 1886), p. 225; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 300: among the Hos of Togoland in West Africa, see J. Spieth, _Die Ewe-Stāmme_, p. 217: among the Patagonians, see G. C. Musters, _At Home with the Patagonians_ (London, 1871), p. 177: among the Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco, see G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” _Mittheilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 28: among the Mayas of Guatemala, see H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, ii. 680: among the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, see J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. v. part i. (Leyden and New York, 1905) p. 118: and among the Tinneh and occasionally the Thlinkeet Indians of north-west America, see E. Petitot, _Monographie des Dènè-Dindjié_ (Paris, 1876), p. 61; H. J. Holmberg, “Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des russischen Amerika,” _Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae_, iv. (1856) p. 319.

M204 The names of persons related to the speaker by blood and especially by marriage may often not be mentioned. Women’s speech among the Caffres.

1259 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), p. 221.

1260 Maclean, _Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs_ (Cape Town, 1866), pp. 92 _sq._; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_,2 pp. 141 _sq._, 172; M. Kranz, _Natur- und Kulturleben der Zulus_ (Wiesbaden, 1880), pp. 114 _sq._; G. M’Call Theal, _Kaffir Folk-lore_2 (London, 1886), p. 214; _id._, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. 435; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 236-243; Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d’un missionaire du Basutoland,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 233.

1261 Rev. Francis Fleming, _Kaffraria and its Inhabitants_ (London, 1853), p. 97; _id._, _Southern Africa_ (London, 1856), pp. 238 _sq._ This writer states that the women are forbidden to pronounce “any word which may happen to contain a sound similar to any one in the names of their nearest male relatives.”

1262 Maclean, _op. cit._ p. 93; D. Leslie, _Among the Zulus and Amatongas_,2 pp. 46, 102, 172. The extensive system of taboos on personal names among the Caffres is known as _Ukuhlonipa_, or simply _hlonipa_. The fullest account of it with which I am acquainted is given by Leslie, _op. cit._ pp. 141 _sq._, 172-180. See further Miss A. Werner, “The Custom of _Hlonipa_ in its Influence on Language,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 15 (April, 1905), pp. 346-356.

1263 Sir H. H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_ (London, 1897), p. 452.

1264 A. Merensky, “Das Konde-volk im deutschen Gebiet am Nyassa-See,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte_, 1893, p. (296).

1265 W. Munzinger, _Ostafrikanische Studien_ (Schaffhausen, 1864), p. 526; _id._, _Sitten und Recht der Bogos_ (Winterthur, 1859), p. 95.

1266 G. A. Krause, “Merkwürdige Sitten der Haussa,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 375.

1267 Herodotus, i. 146.

1268 Servius, on Virgil, _Aen._ iv. 58.

1269 K. Rhamm, “Der Verkehr der Geschlecter unter den Slaven in seinen gegensätzlichen Erscheinungen,” _Globus_, lxxxii. (1902) p. 192.

1270 W. Radloff, _Proben der Volkslitteratur der türkischen Stämme Süd-Sibiriens_, iii. (St. Petersburg, 1870) p. 13, note 3.

1271 J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp. 226, 249 _sq._, 252.

1272 Bringaud, “Les Karins de la Birmanie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xx. (1888) p. 308.

1273 W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 626.

1274 E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_, p. 533.

1275 Peter Jones, _History of the Ojebway Indians_, p. 162.

1276 E. James, _Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains_ (London, 1823), i. 232.

1277 S. R. Riggs, _Dakota Grammar, Texts, and Ethnography_ (Washington, 1893), p. 204.

1278 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 315.

M205 Names of relations, especially of persons related to the speaker by marriage, may not be mentioned in the East Indies.

1279 Willer, “Verzameling der Battasche Wetten en Instellingen in Mandheling en Pertibie,” _Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië_, 1846, dl. ii. 337 _sq._

1280 J. H. Meerwaldt, “Gebruiken der Bataks in het maatschappelijk leven,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) pp. 123, 125.

1281 J. E. Neumann, “Kemali, Pantang en Rĕboe bij de Karo-Bataks,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlviii. (1906) p. 510.

1282 C. Hupe, “Korte Verhandeling over de Godsdienst, Zeden, enz. der Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indie_, 1846, dl. iii. pp. 249 _sq._

1283 “De Dajaks op Borneo,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xiii. (1869) p. 78; G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, p. 599.

1284 R. Shelford, “Two Medicine-baskets from Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 78 _sq._

1285 M. C. Schadee, “Bijdrage tot de kennis van den godsdienst der Dajaks van Landak en Tajan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsche-Indië_, lvi. (1904) p. 536.

1286 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xl. (1896) pp. 273 _sq._ The word for taboo among these people is _kapali_. See further A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnographische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en Tomori,” _op. cit._ xliv. (1900) pp. 219, 237.

1287 G. A. Wilken, _Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, pp. 599 _sq._

1288 G. A. Wilken, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Alfoeren van het Eiland Boeroe,” p. 26 (_Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxxvi.). The words for taboo among these Alfoors are _poto_ and _koin_; _poto_ applies to actions, _koin_ to things and places. The literal meaning of _poto_ is “warm,” “hot” (Wilken, _op. cit._ p. 25).

1289 J. H. W. van der Miesen, “Een en ander over Boeroe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 455.

1290 N. P. Wilken and J. A. Schwarz, “Allerlei over het Land en Volk van Bolaang Mongondou,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xi. (1867) p. 356.

1291 C. F. H. Campen, “De godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 450.

1292 K. F. Holle, “Snippers van den Regent van Galoeh,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) pp. 101 _sq._ The precise consequence supposed to follow is that the _oebi_ (?) plantations would have no bulbs (_geen knollen_). The names of several animals are also tabooed in Sunda. See below, p. 415.

M206 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in New Guinea.

1293 Above, p. 332.

1294 Th. J. F. van Hasselt, “Gebruik van vermomde Taal door de Nufooren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlv. (1902) pp. 278 _sq._ The writer explains that “to eat well” is a phrase used in the sense of “to be decent, well-behaved,” “to know what is customary.”

1295 M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 171 _sq._

1296 K. Vetter, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92. For more evidence of the observance of this custom in German New Guinea see O. Schellong, “Über Familienleben und Gebräuche der Papuas der Umgebung von Finschhafen,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12; M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 379 _sq._

1297 B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,” _British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 54 _sq._ Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, pp. 313 _sq._

M207 Names of persons related by marriage to the speaker are tabooed in Melanesia.

_ 1298 Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. 142 _sq._

1299 Dr. Hahl, “Über die Rechtsanschauungen der Eingeborenen eines Teiles der Blanchebucht und des Innern der Gazelle Halbinsel,” _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 80; O. Schellong, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxi. (1889) p. 12.

1300 P. A. Kleintitschen, _Die Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel_, pp. 190, 238.

1301 Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904) pp. 223 _sq._

1302 Father Lambert, “Mœurs et superstitions de la tribu Belep,” _Missions Catholiques_, xii. (1880) pp. 30, 68; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 94 _sq._

1303 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, pp. 43 _sq._

M208 Names of relations tabooed in Australia.

1304 E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions_, ii. 339.

1305 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 29. Specimens of this peculiar form of speech are given by Mr. Dawson. For example, “It will be very warm by and by” was expressed in the ordinary language _Baawan kulluun_; in “turn tongue” it was _Gnullewa gnatnæn tirambuul_.

1306 Joseph Parker, in Brough Smyth’s _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 156.

1307 J. Macgillivray, _Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Rattlesnake_ (London, 1852), ii. 10 _sq._ It is obvious that the example given by the writer does not illustrate his general statement. Apparently he means to say that Nuki is the son-in-law, not the son, of the woman in question, and that the prohibition to mention the names of persons standing in that relationship is mutual.

1308 Mrs. James Smith, _The Booandik Tribe_, p. 5.

1309 D. Stewart, in E. M. Curr’s _Australian Race_, iii. 461.

M209 These taboos can hardly be accounted for by the intermarriage of tribes speaking different languages. Differences of language between husbands and wives. Intermixture of races speaking different languages would hardly account for the taboos on the names of relations.

1310 C. W. Schürmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_ (Adelaide, 1879), p. 249.

1311 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, pp. 27, 30 _sq._, 40. So among the Gowmditch-mara tribe of western Victoria the child spoke his father’s language, and not his mother’s, when she happened to be of another tribe (Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 276). Compare A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 250 _sq._

1312 A. Hale, “On the Sakais,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) p. 291.

1313 H. A. Coudreau, _La France équinoxiale_ (Paris, 1887), ii. 178.

1314 De Rochefort, _Histoire naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles de l’Amerique_2 (Rotterdam, 1665), pp. 349 _sq._; De la Borde, “Relation de l’origine, etc., des Caraibs sauvages des Isles Antilles de l’Amerique,” pp. 4, 39 (_Recueil de divers voyages faits en Afrique et en Amerique, qui n’ont point esté encore publiez_, Paris, 1684); Lafitau, _Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains_, i. 55. On the language of the Carib women see also Jean Baptiste du Tertre, _Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1654), p. 462; Labat, _Nouveau Voyage aux isles de l’Amerique_ (Paris, 1713), vi. 127 _sq._; J. N. Rat, “The Carib Language,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxvii. (1898) pp. 311 _sq._

1315 See C. Sapper, “Mittelamericanische Caraiben,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, x. (1897) pp. 56 _sqq._; and my article, “A Suggestion as to the Origin of Gender in Language,” _Fortnightly Review_, January 1900, pp. 79-90; also _Totemism and Exogamy_, iv. 237 _sq._

1316 P. Ehrenreich, “Materialien zur Sprachenkunde Brasiliens,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxvi. (1894) pp. 23-35.

M210 The names of the dead are in general not mentioned by the Australian aborigines.

1317 Strabo, xi. 4. 8, p. 503.

1318 G. Grey, _Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western Australia_ (London, 1841), ii. 232, 257. The writer is here speaking especially of western Australia, but his statement applies, with certain restrictions which will be mentioned presently, to all parts of the continent. For evidence see D. Collins, _Account of the English Colony in New South Wales_ (London, 1804), p. 390; Hueber, “À travers l’Australie,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), Vme Série, ix. (1865) p. 429; S. Gason, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 275; K. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 120, ii. 297; A. L. P. Cameron, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p. 363; E. M. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 88, 338, ii. 195, iii. 22, 29, 139, 166, 596; J. D. Lang, _Queensland_ (London, 1861), pp. 367, 387, 388; C. Lumholtz, _Among Cannibals_ (London, 1889), p. 279; _Report on the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_ (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 137, 168. More evidence is adduced below.

1319 On this latter motive see especially the remarks of A. W. Howitt, in _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 249. Compare also C. W. Schurmann, in _Native Tribes of South Australia_, p. 247; F. Bonney, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 127.

1320 A. Oldfield, “The Aborigines of Australia,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iii. (1865) p. 238.

1321 A. Oldfield, _op. cit._ p. 240.

1322 W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 299.

1323 A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 191; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 440.

_ 1324 Id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 469.

1325 G. F. Angas, _Savage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand_ (London, 1847), i. 94.

1326 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 498.

1327 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 526.

1328 E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian Aborigines,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xvi. (1904) p. 9.

M211 The names of the dead are not uttered by the American Indians.

1329 L. H. Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_ (Rochester, U.S., 1851), p. 175.

1330 A. S. Gatschett, _The Klamath Indians of South-Western Oregon_ (Washington, 1890) (_Contributions to North American Ethnology_, vol. ii. pt. 1), p. xli; Chase, quoted by H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, i. 357, note 76.

1331 S. Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 33; compare p. 68.

1332 S. Powers, _op. cit._ p. 240.

1333 F. A. Simons, “An Exploration of the Goajira Peninsula, U.S. of Colombia,” _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, vii. (1885) p. 791.

1334 M. Dobrizhoffer, _Historia de Abiponibus_, ii. 301, 498. For more evidence of the observance of this taboo among the American Indians see A. Woldt, _Captain Jacobsen’s Reise an der Nordwestküste Americas_ (Leipsic, 1884), p. 57 (as to the Indians of the north-west coast); W. Colquhoun Grant, “Description of Vancouver’s Island,” _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxvii. (1857) p. 303 (as to Vancouver Island); Capt. Wilson, “Report on the Indian Tribes,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 286 (as to Vancouver Island and neighbourhood); C. Hill Tout, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxv. (1905) p. 138; _id._, _The Far West, the Land of the Salish and Déné_, p. 201; A. Ross, _Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia River_, p. 322; H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_, iv. 226 (as to the Bonaks of California); Ch. N. Bell, “The Mosquito Territory,” _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xxxii. (1862) p. 255; A. Pinart, “Les Indiens de l’Etat de Panama,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, vi. (1887) p. 56; G. C. Musters, in _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_, xli. (1871) p. 68 (as to Patagonia). More evidence is adduced below.

M212 Many other peoples are reluctant to mention the names of the dead. This reluctance seems to be based on a fear of the ghosts, whose attention might be attracted by the mention of their names.

1335 See P. S. Pallas, _Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs_, iii. 76 (Samoyeds); J. W. Breeks, _Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris_ (London, 1873), p. 19; W. E. Marshall, _Travels amongst the Todas_, p. 177; W. H. R. Rivers, _The Todas_, pp. 462, 496, 626; Plan de Carpin (de Plano Carpini), _Relation des Mongols ou Tartares_, ed. D’Avezac, cap. iii. § iii.; H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_ (Paris, 1864), p. 415; Lieut. S. C. Holland, “The Ainos,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 238; J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp. 252, 564; J. M. Hildebrandt, “Ethnographische Notizen über Wakamba und ihre Nachbarn,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, x. (1878) p. 405; A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 71; F. Blumentritt, _Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen_ (Gotha, 1882), p. 38 (_Petermann’s Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 67); N. Fontana, “On the Nicobar Isles,” _Asiatick Researches_, iii. (London, 1799) p. 154; W. H. Furness, _Folk-lore in Borneo_ (Wallingford, Pennsylvania, 1899), p. 26; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_, pp. 70 _sq._; J. E. Calder, “Native Tribes of Tasmania,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 23; J. Bonwick, _Daily Life of the Tasmanians_, pp. 97, 145, 183.

1336 H. Duveyrier, _Exploration du Sahara, les Touareg du nord_, p. 431.

1337 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 42.

1338 K. Vetter, _Komm herüber und hilf uns!_ iii. (Barmen, 1898) p. 24; _id._, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, p. 92.

1339 Dr. L. Loria, “Notes on the ancient War Customs of the Natives of Logea,” _British New Guinea, Annual Report for 1894-95_, pp. 45, 46 _sq._ Compare M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 322.

1340 Myron Eels, “The Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam Indians of Washington Territory,” _Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute for 1887_,