letter 29.

M41 Abduction of souls by demons in the Moluccas.

200 Fr. Valentyn, _Oud- en nieuw Oost-Indiën_, iii. 13 _sq._

201 Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, benevens de vooroordeelen en bijgelovigheden der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut, en van een gedeelte van de zuidkust van Ceram,” in _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1843, dl. ii. 511 _sqq._

M42 Abduction of souls by demons in Celebes and Siberia.

202 A. C. Kruijt, “Een en ander aangaande het geestelijk en maatschappelijk leven van den Poso-Alfoer,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxxix. (1895) pp. 5-8.

203 A. Bastian, _Die Seele und ihre Erscheinungswesen in der Ethnographie_ (Berlin, 1868), pp. 36 _sq._; J. G. Gmelin, _Reise durch Sibirien_, ii. 359 _sq._ This mode of curing sickness, by inducing the demon to swap the soul of the patient for an effigy, is practised also by the Dyaks and by some tribes on the northern coast of New Guinea. See H. Ling Roth, “Low’s Natives of Borneo,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) p. 117; E. L. M. Kühr, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii. (1897) pp. 62 _sq._; F. S. A. de Clercq, “De West- en Noordkust van Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea,” _Tijdschrift van het kon. Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 633 _sq._

204 V. Priklonski, “Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,” _Globus_, lix. (1891) pp. 81 _sq._ Compare _id._, “Über das Schamenthum bei den Jakuten,” in A. Bastian’s _Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde_, i. 218 _sq._

M43 Souls rescued from demons at a house-warming in Minahassa.

205 P. N. Wilken, “Bijdragen tot de kennis van de zeden en gewoonten der Alfoeren in de Minahassa,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, vii. (1863) pp. 146 _sq._ Why the priest, after restoring the soul, tells it to go away again, is not clear.

206 J. G. F. Riedel “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 523.

207 N. Graafland, _De Minahassa_ (Rotterdam, 1869), i. 327 _sq._

M44 Souls carried off by the sun and other gods.

208 Fr. Kramer, “Der Götzendienst der Niasser,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxiii. (1890) pp. 490 _sq._

209 J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 357.

210 G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 142 _sq._

M45 Lost souls extracted from a fowl.

211 J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), p. 302.

M46 Lost souls brought back in a visible form. Soul lost by a fall and recovered from the earth.

212 R. H. Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, x. (1881) p. 281; _id._, _The Melanesians_, p. 267.

213 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 229

214 Horatio Hale, _United States Exploring Expedition, Ethnography and Philology_ (Philadelphia, 1846), pp. 208 _sq._ Compare Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition_ (London, 1845), iv. 448 _sq._ Similar methods of recovering lost souls are practised by the Haidas, Nootkas, Shuswap, and other Indian tribes of British Columbia. See Fr. Boas, in _Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 58 _sq._ (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1889_); _id._ in _Sixth Report_, etc., pp. 30, 44, 59 _sq._, 94 (separate reprint of the _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1890_); _id._ in _Ninth Report_, etc., p. 462 (in _Report of the Brit. Assoc. for 1894_). Kwakiutl medicine-men exhibit captured souls in the shape of little balls of eagle down. See Fr. Boas, in _Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895_, pp. 561, 575.

215 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, pp. 77 _sq._

216 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 356 _sq._

217 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 376.

218 Spenser St. John, _Life in the Forests of the Far East_,2 i. 189; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 261. Sometimes the souls resemble cotton seeds (Spenser St. John, _l.c._). Compare _id._ i. 183.

219 Nieuwenhuisen en Rosenberg, “Verslag omtrent het Eiland Nias,” _Verhandel. van het Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen_, xxx. (Batavia, 1863) p. 116; H. von Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_, p. 174; E. Modigliani, _Viaggio a Nías_ (Milan, 1890), p. 192.

220 “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan à son évêque sur les mœurs et coutumes des Indiens soumis à ses soins,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) p. 178.

221 W. Camden, _Britannia_ (London, 1607), p. 792. The passage has not always been understood by Camden’s translators.

M47 Recovery of the soul in ancient Egypt.

222 A. Moret, _Le Rituel du culte divin journalier en Égypte_ (Paris, 1902), pp. 32-35, 83 _sq._

M48 Souls stolen or detained by sorcerers in Fiji and Polynesia.

223 Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_2 (London, 1860), i. 250.

224 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, p. 171; _id._, _Life in the Southern Isles_, pp. 181 _sqq._ Cinet, sinnet, or sennit is cordage made from the dried fibre of the coco-nut husk. Large quantities of it are used in Fiji. See Th. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 69.

225 J. Williams, _Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands_ (London, 1838), pp. 93, 466 _sq._ A traveller in Zombo-land found traps commonly set at the entrances of villages and huts for the purpose of catching the devil. See Rev. Th. Lewis, “The Ancient Kingdom of Kongo,” _The Geographical Journal_, xix. (1902) p. 554.

_ 226 Relations des Jésuites_, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

M49 Detention of souls by sorcerers in Africa.

227 L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud, _Les Peuplades de la Sénégambie_ (Paris, 1879), p. 277.

228 Delafosse, in _L’Anthropologie_, xi. (1895) p. 558.

229 W. H. Bentley, _Life on the Congo_ (London, 1887), p. 71.

230 Mary H. Kingsley, _Travels in West Africa_ (London, 1897), pp. 461 _sq._

M50 Taking the souls of enemies first and their heads afterwards.

231 E. L. M. Kühr, in _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii. (1889) p. 163; _id._, “Schetsen uit Borneo’s Westerafdeeling,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvii. (1897) pp. 59 _sq._ Among the Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands “every war-party must be accompanied by a shaman, whose duty it was to find a propitious time for making an attack, etc., but especially to war with and kill the souls of the enemy. Then the death of their natural bodies was certain.” See J. R. Swanton, “Contributions to the Ethnology of the Haida” (Leyden and New York, 1905), p. 40 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. v. part i.). Some of the Dyaks of south-eastern Borneo perform a ceremony for the purpose of extracting the souls from the bodies of prisoners whom they are about to torture to death. See F. Grabowsky, “Der Tod, das Begräbnis, etc., bei den Dajaken,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii. (1889) p. 199.

M51 Injuries of various sorts done to captured souls by wizards.

232 A. Bastian, _Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde_ (Berlin, 1888), i. 119.

_ 233 Relations des Jésuites_, 1637, p. 50 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).

234 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_ (the Hague, 1886), pp. 78 _sq._

235 E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv. (1854) p. 307.

M52 Abduction of human souls by Malay wizards.

236 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_ (London, 1900), pp. 568 _sq._

237 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 569 _sq._

238 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 574 _sq._

239 W. W. Skeat, _op. cit._ pp. 576 _sq._

M53 Athenian curse accompanied by the shaking of red cloths.

240 Lysias, _Or._ vi. 51, p. 51 ed. C. Scheibe. The passage was pointed out to me by my friend Mr. W. Wyse. As to the mutilation of the Hermae, see Thucydides, vi. 27-29, 60 _sq._; Andocides, _Or._ i. 37 _sqq._; Plutarch, _Alcibiades_, 18.

241 Above, p. 69.

M54 Extracting a patient’s soul from the stomach of his doctor.

242 J. B. McCullagh, in _The Church Missionary Gleaner_, xiv. No. 164 (August 1887), p. 91. The same account is copied from the “North Star” (Sitka, Alaska, December 1888) in _Journal of American Folk-lore_, ii. (1889) pp. 74 _sq._ Mr. McCullagh’s account (which is closely followed in the text) of the latter part of the custom is not quite clear. It would seem that failing to find the soul in the head-doctor’s box it occurs to them that he may have swallowed it, as the other doctors were at first supposed to have done. With a view of testing this hypothesis they hold him up by the heels to empty out the soul; and as the water with which his head is washed may possibly contain the missing soul, it is poured on the patient’s head to restore the soul to him. We have already seen that the recovered soul is often conveyed into the sick person’s head.

243 Fr. Boas in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 571 (_Report of the British Association for 1896_). For other examples of the recapture or recovery of lost, stolen, and strayed souls, in addition to those which have been cited in the preceding pages, see J. N. Vosmaer, _Korte Beschrijving van het Zuid-oostelijk Schiereiland van Celebes_, pp. 119-123 (this work, of which I possess a copy, forms part of a Dutch journal which I have not identified; it is dated Batavia, 1835); J. G. F. Riedel, “De Topantunuasu of oorspronkelijke volksstammen van Central Selebes,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxv. (1886) p. 93; J. B. Neumann, “Het Pane- en Bilastroom-gebeid,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl. iii., Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2 (1886), pp. 300 _sq._; J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bei den Minangkabauer,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) pp. 51 _sq._; H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvi. (1896) p. 529; C. Snouck Hurgronje, _De Atjéhers_ (Batavia and Leyden, 1893-4), i. 426 _sq._; W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 49-51, 452-455, 570 _sqq._; _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiv. (1895) pp. 128, 287; Chimkievitch, “Chez les Bouriates de l’Amoor,” _Tour du monde_, N.S. iii. (1897) pp. 622 _sq._; Father Ambrosoli, “Notice sur l’île de Rook,” _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xxvii. (1855) p. 364; A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, ii. 388, iii. 236; _id._, _Völkerstämme am Brahmaputra_, p. 23; _id._, “Hügelstämme Assam’s,” _Verhandlungen der Berlin. Gesell. für Anthropol., Ethnol. und Urgeschichte_, 1881, p. 156; Shway Yoe, _The Burman_, i. 283 _sq._, ii. 101 _sq._; G. M. Sproat, _Scenes and Studies of Savage Life_, p. 214; J. Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_, pp. 110 _sq._ (ed. Paxton Hood); T. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 242; E. B. Cross, “On the Karens,” _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv. (1854) pp. 309 sq.; A. W. Howitt, “On some Australian Beliefs,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) pp. 187 _sq._; _id._, “On Australian Medicine Men,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ xvi. (1887) p. 41; E. P. Houghton, “On the Land Dayaks of Upper Sarawak,” _Memoirs of the Anthropological Society of London_, iii. (1870) pp. 196 _sq._; L. Dahle, “Sikidy and Vintana,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Annual_, xi. (1887) pp. 320 _sq._; C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae eorumque lingua, vita et religione pristina commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), pp. 416 _sq._; A. E. Jenks, _The Bontoc Igorot_ (Manilla, 1905), pp. 199 _sq._; C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_ (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 185 _sq._ My friend W. Robertson Smith suggested to me that the practice of hunting souls, which is denounced in Ezekiel xiii. 17 _sqq._, may have been akin to those described in the text.

M55 A man’s soul conceived as his shadow, so that to injure the shadow is to injure the man.

244 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 440.

245 A. Bastian, _Die Völker des östlichen Asien_, v. 455.

246 J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 340.

247 N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) p. 511; compare A. C. Kruijt, _ib._ xliv. (1900) p. 247.

248 A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _op. cit._ xliv. (1900) p. 226.

_ 249 Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, iv. (1830) p. 481.

250 Rev. J. Roscoe, in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, May 26, 1904.

251 R. E. Dennett, “Bavili Notes,” _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) p. 372; _id._, _At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind_ (London, 1906), p. 79.

252 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 84.

253 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 68.

254 C. W. Hobley, “British East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiii. (1903) pp. 327 _sq._

255 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. 84 _sq._

256 E. Modigliani, _Viaggio a Nías_, p. 620, compare p. 624.

M56 Danger to a person of letting his shadow fall on certain things. Animals and trees also may be injured through their shadows.

257 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 184.

258 R. H. Codrington, _op. cit._ p. 176.

259 Fr. Boas, in _Ninth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 461 _sq._ (_Report of the British Association for 1894_).

260 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 94, 210 _sq._

261 E. H. Man, “Notes on the Nicobarese,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) pp. 257-259. Compare Sir R. C. Temple, in _Census of India, 1901_, iii. 209.

262 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 143.

263 J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 54.

264 Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, _Voyage au Darfour_, traduit de l’Arabe par le Dr. Perron (Paris, 1845), p. 347.

265 W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 306.

266 [Aristotle] _Mirab. Auscult._ 145 (157); _Geoponica_, xv. 1. In the latter passage, for κατάγει ἑαυτήν we must read κατάγει αὐτόν, an emendation necessitated by the context, and confirmed by the passage of Damïrï quoted and translated by Bochart, _Hierozoicon_, i. col. 833, “_cum ad lunam calcat umbram canis, qui supra tectum est, canis ad eam_ [scil. hyaenam] _decidit, et ea illum devorat_.” Compare W. Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_,2 p. 129.

267 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 71.

M57 Danger of being overshadowed by certain birds or people.

268 W. Crooke, in _Indian Antiquary_, xix. (1890) p. 254.

269 Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 612.

270 M. R. Pedlow, in _Indian Antiquary_, xxix. (1900) p. 60.

271 W. Cornwallis Harris, _The Highlands of Aethiopia_ (London, 1844), i. 158.

272 Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, p. 313.

273 D. Kidd, _op. cit._ p. 356.

274 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_, p. 70.

_ 275 Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 15, § 122.

M58 The shadows of certain persons are regarded as peculiarly dangerous. The savage’s dread of his mother in-law.

276 Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 92, 94 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_); compare _id._ in _Seventh Report_, etc., p. 13 (separate reprint from the _Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1891_).

277 A. W. Howitt, “The Jeraeil, or Initiation Ceremonies of the Kurnai Tribe,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiv. (1885) p. 316.

278 Miss Mary E. B. Howitt, _Folk-lore and Legends of some Victorian Tribes_ (in manuscript).

279 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 266.

280 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 267.

281 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ pp. 256 _sq._

282 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ pp. 280 _sq._ Compare J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, pp. 32 _sq._

283 Partly from notes sent me by my friend the Rev. J. Roscoe, partly from Sir H. Johnston’s account (_The Uganda Protectorate_, ii. 688). In his printed notes (_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 39) Mr. Roscoe says that the mother-in-law “may be in another room out of sight and speak to him through the wall or open door.”

284 Father Picarda, “Autour du Mandera, Notes sur l’Ouzigoua, l’Oukwéré et l’Oudoé (Zanguebar),” _Missions Catholiques_, xviii. (1886) p. 286.

285 Father Porte, “Les Réminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 318.

286 H. H. Romily and Rev. George Brown, in _Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society_, N.S. ix. (1887) pp. 9, 17.

287 R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 43.

288 J. G. Bourke, _On the Border with Crook_, p. 132. More evidence of the mutual avoidance of mother-in-law and son-in-law among savages is collected in my _Totemism and Exogamy_; see the Index, _s.v._ “Mother-in-law.” The custom is probably based on a fear of incest between them. To the almost universal rule of savage life that a man must avoid his mother-in-law there is a most remarkable exception among the Wahehe of German East Africa. In that tribe a bridegroom must sleep with his mother-in-law before he may cohabit with her daughter. See Rev. H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 312.

289 O. Dapper, _Description de l’Afrique_, p. 312; H. Ling Roth, _Great Benin_, p. 119; _Missions Catholiques_, xv. (1883) p. 110; J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 67.

M59 A man’s health and strength supposed to vary with the length of his shadow. Fear of the loss of the shadow. Fear of the resemblance of a child to its parents.

290 Dio Chrysostom, _Or._ lxvii. vol. ii. p. 230, ed. L. Dindorf.

291 J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 61.

292 W. W. Gill, _Myths and Songs of the South Pacific_, pp. 284 _sqq._

293 W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden. _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_ (London, 1906), ii. 110.

294 The Rev. J. Roscoe, in a letter to me dated Mengo, Uganda, May 26, 1904.

295 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration_ (Paris, 1842), p. 291; Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, pp. 83, 303; _id._, _Savage Childhood_, p. 69. In the last passage Mr. Kidd tells us that “the mat was _not_ held up in the sun, but was placed in the hut at the marked-off portion where the _itongo_ or ancestral spirit was supposed to live; and the fate of the man was divined, not by the _length_ of the shadow, but by its _strength_.”

296 Theocritus, i. 15 _sqq._; Philostratus, _Heroic._ i. 3; Porphyry, _De antro nympharum_, 26; Lucan, iii. 423 _sqq._; Drexler, _s.v._ “Meridianus daemon,” in Roscher’s _Lexikon der griech. und röm. Mythologie_, ii. 2832 _sqq._; Bernard Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_, pp. 94 _sqq._, 119 _sq._; Georgeakis et Pineau, _Folk-lore de Lesbos_, p. 342; A. de Nore, _Coutumes, mythes, et traditions des provinces de France_, pp. 214 _sq._; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,4 ii. 972; C. L. Rochholz, _Deutscher Glaube und Brauch_, i. 62 _sqq._; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, i. 331; “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) p. 180; N. von Stenin, “Die Permier,” _Globus_, lxxi. (1897) p. 374; D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door die Javanen worden in acht genomen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) p. 257.

297 Schol. on Aristophanes, _Frogs_, 293.

298 Pausanias, viii. 38. 6; Polybius, xvi. 12. 7; Plutarch, _Quaestiones Graecae_, 39.

299 Th. Vernaleken, _Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich_, p. 341; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Das festliche Jahr_, p. 401; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 p. 207, § 314.

300 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 459.

301 J. H. Weeks, “Notes on some Customs of the Lower Congo People,” _Folk-lore_, xix. (1908) p. 422.

M60 The shadows of people built into foundations to strengthen the edifices.

302 B. Schmidt, _Das Volksleben der Neugriechen_ (Leipsic, 1871), pp. 196 _sq._

303 Georgeakis et Pineau, _Folk-lore de Lesbos_, pp. 346 _sq._

304 A. Strausz, _Die Bulgaren_ (Leipsic, 1898), p. 199; W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 127.

305 W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1866), p. 27; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 17 _sq._ Compare F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 161.

306 Mgr. Bruguière, in _Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (1831) pp. 164 _sq._; Pallegoix, _Description du royaume Thai ou Siam_, ii. 50-52.

307 A. Fytche, _Burma, Past and Present_ (London, 1878), i. 251 note.

308 On such practices in general, see E. B. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_,2 i. 104 _sqq._; F. Liebrecht, _Zur Volkskunde_, pp. 284-296; F. S. Krauss, “Der Bauopfer bei den Südslaven,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xvii. (1887) pp. 16-24; P. Sartori, “Über das Bauopfer,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxx. (1898) pp. 1-54; E. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_ (London, 1906-1908), i. 461 _sqq._ For some special evidence, see H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 363 _sqq._ (as to ancient India); Sonnerat, _Voyage aux Indes Orientales et à la Chine_, ii. 47 (as to Pegu); Guerlach, “Chez les sauvages Bahnars,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 82 (as to the Sedans of Cochin-China); W. H. Furness, _Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters_, p. 3 (as to the Kayans and Kenyahs of Burma); A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) p. 56 note (as to central Celebes); L. Hearn, _Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan_ (London, 1894), i. 148 _sq._; H. Ternaux-Compans, _Essai sur l’ancien Cundinamarca_, p. 70 (as to the Indians of Colombia). These customs are commonly called foundation-sacrifices. But the name is inappropriate, as Prof. H. Oldenberg has rightly observed, since they are not sacrifices but charms.

309 D. F. van Braam Morris, in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxiv. (1891) p. 224.

M61 Deification of a measuring tape.

310 J. H. de Vries, “Reis door eenige eilandgroepen der Residentie Amboina,” _Tijdschrift van het koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweedie Serie, xvii. (1900) pp. 612 _sq._

M62 The soul sometimes supposed to be in the reflection. Dangers to which the reflection-soul is exposed.

311 E. H. Mann, _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 94.

312 T. Williams, _Fiji and the Fijians_,2 i. 241. However, the late Mr. Lorimer Fison wrote to me that this reported belief in a bright soul and a dark soul “is one of Williams’ absurdities. I inquired into it on the island where he was, and found that there was no such belief. He took the word for ‘shadow,’ which is a reduplication of _yalo_, the word for soul, as meaning the dark soul. But _yaloyalo_ does not mean the soul at all. It is not part of a man as his soul is. This is made certain by the fact that it does not take the possessive suffix _yalo-na_ = his soul; but _nona yaloyalo_ = his shadow. This settles the question beyond dispute. If _yaloyalo_ were any kind of soul, the possessive form would be _yaloyalona_” (letter dated August 26, 1898).

313 James Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_ (London, 1887), p. 170.

314 Father Lambert, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 45 _sq._

315 M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 462.

316 B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_ (Paris, 1880), p. 314. The Chinese hang brass mirrors over the idols in their houses, because it is thought that evil spirits entering the house and seeing themselves in the mirrors will be scared away (_China Review_, ii. 164).

317 G. Vuillier, “Chez les magiciens et les sorciers de la Corrèze,” _Tour du monde_, N.S. v. (1899) pp. 522, 524.

318 H. Callaway, _Nursery Tales, Traditions, and Histories of the Zulus_ (Natal and London, 1868), p. 342.

319 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’exploration au nord-est de la colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_, p. 12; T. Lindsay Fairclough, “Notes on the Basuto,” _Journal of the African Society_, No. 14 (January 1905), p. 201.

320 R. H. Codrington, “Religious Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia,” _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ x. (1881) p. 313; _id._, _The Melanesians_, p. 186.

M63 Dread of looking at one’s reflection in water.

_ 321 Fragmenta philosophorum Graecorum_, ed. F. G. A. Mullach, i. 510; Artemidorus, _Onirocr._ ii. 7; _Laws of Manu_, iv. 38 (p. 135, G. Bühler’s translation, _Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxv.).

M64 Reason for covering up mirrors or turning them to the wall after a death.

322 See above, p. 37.

323 A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,2 pp. 429 _sq._, § 726.

324 A. Wuttke, _l.c._; E. Monseur, _Le Folklore Wallon_, p. 40.

_ 325 Folk-lore Journal_, iii. (1885) p. 281; T. F. Thiselton Dyer, _English Folk-lore_, p. 109; J. Napier, _Folk-lore, or Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland_, p. 60; W. Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, i. 238. Compare A. Grandidier, “Des rites funéraires chez les Malgaches,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, v. (1886) p. 215.

326 S. Weissenberg, “Die Karäer der Krim,” _Globus_, lxxxiv. (1903) p. 143; _id._ “Krankheit und Tod bei den südrussischen Juden,” _Globus_, xci. (1907) p. 360.

_ 327 Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 169, § 906.

328 J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 151, § 1097; _Folk-lore Journal_, vi. (1888) pp. 145 _sq._: _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 61, § 378.

329 J. G. Frazer, “On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 82 _sqq._ Among the heathen Arabs, when a man had been stung by a scorpion, he was kept from sleeping for seven days, during which he had to wear a woman’s bracelets and earrings (Rasmussen, _Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum_, p. 65, compare p. 69). The old Mexican custom of masking and the images of the gods so long as the king was sick (Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale_, iii. 571 _sq._) may perhaps have been intended to prevent the images from drawing away the king’s soul.

330 W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 117. The objection, however, may be merely Puritanical. W. Robertson Smith informed me that the peculiarities of the Raskolniks are largely due to exaggerated Puritanism.

M65 The soul sometimes supposed to be in the portrait. This belief among the Esquimaux and American Indians.

331 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part I. (Washington, 1899) p. 422.

332 J. Owen Dorsey, “A Study of Siouan Cults,” _Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1894), p. 484; _id._ “Teton Folk-lore,” _American Anthropologist_, ii. (1889) p. 143.

333 Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, _Reise in das innere Nord-America_, i. 417.

_ 334 Ibid._ ii. 166.

335 C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 459 _sq._

336 A. Simson, “Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, ix. (1880) p. 392.

337 D. Forbes, in _Journal of the Ethnological Society of London_, ii. (1870) p. 236.

338 E. R. Smith, _The Araucanians_ (London, 1855), p. 222.

M66 The same belief in Africa.

339 Rev. A. Hetherwick, “Some Animistic Beliefs among the Yaos of British Central Africa,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 89 _sq._

340 W. A. Elmslie, _Among the Wild Ngoni_ (Edinburgh and London, 1899), pp. 70 _sq._

341 J. Thomson, _Through Masai Land_ (London, 1885), p. 86.

342 E. Clodd, in _Folk-lore_, vi. (1895) pp. 73 _sq._, referring to _The Times_ of March 24, 1891.

M67 The same belief in Asia and the East Indies.

343 L. A. Waddell, _Among the Himalayas_ (Westminster, 1899), pp. 85 _sq._

344 E. Young, _The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe_ (Westminster, 1898), p. 140.

345 Ch. Dallet, _Histoire de l’Église de Corée_ (Paris, 1874), i. p.