ii. 371;

presages as to shadows on St. Sylvester’s Day and Christmas Eve in, iii. 88; mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; belief as to combing and cutting children’s hair in, iii. 263 _sq._; disposal of cut hair in, iii. 275 _sq._; certain animals not to be called by their proper names between Christmas and Twelfth Night in, iii. 396; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to a man’s star in, iv. 66; harvest custom in, v. 237; leaping over Midsummer fires in, v. 251; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70 _sqq._; popular superstition as to the influence of the moon in, vi. 133, 140 _sq._, 149; peasants regulate their sowing and planting by the moon in, vi. 135; the Corn-mother in, vii. 132 _sqq._; the last sheaf called the Old Woman in, vii. 136; the last sheaf called the Old Man in, vii. 137; the last sheaf at harvest called the Bride in, vii. 162; treatment of passing strangers by reapers and threshers in, vii. 225; cries of reapers in, vii. 269; the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 273; the last corn as a cock in, vii. 276, 277; the last sheaf called the Hare in, vii. 279, 280; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295; corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296; pigs’ bones in connexion with sowing in, vii. 300; the harvest-cock in, viii. 44; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; cure for warts in, ix. 54; cure for toothache in, by transplanting it to a tree, ix. 59; dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238; “Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268 _sq._; custom of young people beating each other on Holy Innocents’ Day in, ix. 270; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; weather of the twelve months thought to be determined by the weather of the Twelve Days in, ix. 322; weather forecasts by means of a peeled onion in, ix. 323; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Night in, ix. 329; the festival of Fools in, ix. 336 _n._ 1; Lenten fires in, x. 115 _sq._; Easter bonfires in, x. 140 _sqq._; custom at eclipses in, x. 162 _n._; the Midsummer fires in, x. 163 _sqq._; the Yule log in, x. 247 _sqq._; belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, x. 321 _n._ 2; colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in, x.344 _sq._; mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59; orpine gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62 _n._; fern-seed at Midsummer thought to be endowed with marvellous properties in, xi. 65; mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83; the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, xi.91; oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, xi. 91 _sq._; stories of the external soul in, xi. 116 _sqq._; birth-trees in, xi. 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, xi. 170 _sqq._

Germany, ancient, the forests of, ii. 353

_Gerontocracy_, the rule of old men, in Australia, i. 335

Gervasius of Tilbury, on a rain-producing spring, i. 301

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, xi. 125 _sq._

Getae, human god among the, i. 392; priestly kings of the, iii. 21

Gewar, king of Norway, his daughter Nanna wooed by Balder, x. 103

Gezer, Canaanitish city, excavations at, v. 108

Gezo, King, restricts the benefit of clergy on the Slave Coast, v. 68

Ghansyam Deo, a deity of the Gonds, protector of the crops, ix. 217

Ghats, the Eastern, use of scapegoats in the, ix. 191

_Ghennabura_, religious head of village in Manipur, iii. 292

Ghera, a Galla kingdom, birth names of kings not to be pronounced in, iii. 375

Ghineh, monument of Adonis at, v. 29

Ghost of afterbirth thought to adhere to navel-string, vi. 169 _sq._

—— of husband kept from his widow, iii. 143; fear of evoking the ghost by mentioning his name, iii. 349 _sqq._; chased into the grave at the end of mourning, iii. 373 _sq._

——, the Holy, regarded as female, iv. 5 _n._ 3

——, oracular, in a cave, xi. 312 _sq._

——, precaution against, i. 142, 154

Ghosts, supernatural power of chiefs in Melanesia thought to be derived from, i. 338 _sq._; draw away the souls of their kinsfolk, iii. 51 _sqq._; sacrifices to, iii. 56, 247; draw out men’s shadows, iii. 80; as guardians of gates, iii. 90 _sq._; exorcized after funerals, iii. 106 _sq._; kept off by thorns, iii. 142; the purification of homicides and murderers designed to free them from the ghosts of their victims, iii. 186 _sq._; and demons averse to iron, iii. 232 _sqq._; fear of wounding, iii. 237 _sq._; swept out of house, iii. 238; names changed in order to deceive ghosts or to avoid attracting their attention, iii. 354 _sqq._; easily duped, iii. 355; propitiated with blood, iv. 92; propitiated with games, iv. 96; dearth and famine attributed to the anger of, iv. 103; thought to impregnate women, v. 93, ix. 18; of the dead personated by living men, vi. 52, 53, 58; who preside over gardens, fear of offending the, viii. 85; deceived by the substitution of effigies for livingpersons, viii. 94 _sqq._, 97 _sqq._; first-fruits offered to, viii. 126 _sq._; offerings to ancestral, viii. 127; disabled by the mutilation of their bodies, viii. 271 _sqq._; of suicides feared, ix. 17 _sq._; shut up in wood, ix. 60 _sq._; nailed into the ground, ix. 63; diseases caused by, ix. 85; epidemics thought to be caused by, ix. 116; periodically expelled, ix. 123 _sq._; driven off by blows, ix. 260 _sqq._; extracted from wooden posts, x. 8; fire used to get rid of, xi. 17 _sqq._; mugwort a protection against, xi. 59; kept off by thorn bushes, xi. 174 _sq._; creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, xi. 174 _sqq._ _See also_ Ancestral Spirits _and_ Dead

Ghosts of animals, dread of, iii. 223, viii. 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224,227 _sq._, 229, 231 _sq._, 235, 236, 237, 241, 245, 267 _sq._, 269, 271

——, Roman festival of, in May, ix. 54 _sq._

—— of the slain haunt their slayers, iii. 165 _sqq._; sacrifices to, iii. 166; scaring away the, iii. 168, 170, 171, 172, 174 _sq._; as birds, iii. 177 _sq._; precautions against, iii. 240

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, xi. 96 _sqq._, 119 _sq._; mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, xi. 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213

Giants, myths of, based on discovery of fossil bones, v. 157 _sq._

—— and gods, their battle, v. 157

—— of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, xi. 33 _sqq._; burnt in the summer bonfires, xi. 38

Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite sculptures at, v. 138 _n._

Giddiness, transferred to flax, ix. 53

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, x. 144

Gigha, island off Argyleshire, wind-charm in, i. 323

Gilbert, O., on the _lapis manalis_ at Rome, i. 310 _n._ 3

Gilbert Islands, treatment of the navel-string in the, i. 185 _sq._; sacred stones in the, v. 108 _n._ 1

Giles, Professor H. A., on reported substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275

Gilgamesh, the epic of, ix. 371, 398 _sq._; a Babylonian hero, beloved by the goddess Ishtar, ix. 371 _sq._, 398 _sq._; his name formerly read as Izdubar, ix. 372 _n._ 1

Gilgamus, a Babylonian king, ix. 372 _n._ 1

Gilgenburg in Masuren, “Easter Smacks” at, ix. 269

Gilgit, custom at felling a tree in, ii. 44; the sacred _chili_ (a kind of cedar) at, ii. 49, 50; in the Hindoo Koosh, custom at wheat harvest at, viii. 56

Gill, Captain W., on a tribe in China governed by a woman, vi. 211 _n._ 3

Gill, W. W., on the observation of the Pleiades in the Hervey Islands,