x. 133;

tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, ii. 253 _sqq._; people reported to be ignorant of the use of, ii. 254 _n._ 1; discovery of, by mankind, ii. 255 _sqq._; kindled by natural causes, ii. 256; kindled by lightning, beliefs and customs concerning, ii. 256 _n._ 1, 263, xi. 297 _sq._; art of making fire by friction, how discovered, ii. 256 _sq._; carried about by savages, ii. 257 _sqq._; kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, ii. 260 _sqq._; extinguished on the death of the king, ii. 261 _sqq._; carried before king or chief, ii. 263 _sq._; a symbol of life, ii. 265; leaping over a, ii. 327, 329; sheep driven over, as a purification, ii. 327; rule as to removing fire from priest’s house, iii. 13; purification by, iii. 108, 109, 111, 114, 168, 197, v. 115 _n._ 1, 179 _sqq._, xi. 19; tabooed, iii. 178, 182, 256 _sq._; not to be blown upon by sacred chiefs, iii. 256; of a kiln called by a special name in the Outer Hebrides, iii. 395; not to be called by its proper name, iii. 411; voluntary death by, iv. 42 _sqq._; Persian reverence for, v. 174 _sq._; death in the, as an apotheosis, v. 179 _sq._; not given out, vii. 249; leaping through, as a form of purification, viii. 249; girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, x. 29, 45, 46; menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, x. 84, 85; extinguished at menstruation, x. 87; in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, x. 112 _sq._; made by flints or by flint and steel, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159; made by a burning-glass, x. 121, 127; made by a metal mirror, x. 132, 137, 138 _n._ 5; year called a fire, x. 137; thought to grow weak with age, x. 137; pretence of throwing a man into, x. 148, 186, xi. 25; carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, x. 151 _n._; used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, x. 170; as a protection against evil spirits, x. 282, 285 _sq._; made by means of a wheel, x. 335 _sq._, xi. 91; as a destructive and purificatory agent, x. 341; used as a charm to produce sunshine, x. 341 _sq._; employed as a barrier against ghosts, xi. 17 _sqq._; used to burn or ban witches, xi. 19 _sq._; extinguished by mistletoe, xi. 78, 84 _sq._, 293; of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 _n._ 4; life of man bound up with a, xi. 157; conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, xi. 295; primitive ideas as to the origin of, xi. 295 _sq._ _See also_ Bonfires, Extinction, Fires, Need-fire, _and_ New Fire

Fire, Feast of, at winter solstice, among the Indians of Arizona, iv. 215

Fire, the god of, among the Huichol Indians, i. 124, viii. 93

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, x. 334, 335

——, holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241

—— and lightning averted from houses by crossbills, i. 82

——, “living,” made by friction of wood, ii. 237, x. 220; a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

——, Mexican god of, ix. 300; human sacrifices to, ix. 300 _sqq._

——, “new,” sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 _sq._, x. 138; made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290; at taking possession of new house, ii. 237 _sq._; made at Midsummer in Peru, ii. 243, x. 132; made at beginning of king’s reign, ii. 262, 267; made by friction of wood, iii. 286, viii. 65, 74, 78; at eating new fruits, among the Caffres, viii. 65; among the Indians of Alabama, viii. 72 _n._ 2; among the Creek Indians, viii. 74; among the Yuchi Indians, viii. 75; among the Natchez Indians, viii. 77, 135 _sqq._; at New Year, ix. 209, x. 134, 135, 138; Chinese festival of the, ix. 359, x. 136 _sq._; kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 _sqq._; at Candlemas, x. 131; festivals of, x. 131 _sqq._; among the Peruvians, x. 132; among the Mexicans, x. 132; among the Zuñi Indians, x. 132 _sq._; among the Iroquois, x. 133 _sq._; among the Esquimaux, x. 134; in Wadai, x. 134; in the Egyptian Sudan, x. 134; among the Swahili, x. 135; in Benametapa, x. 135; among some tribes of British Central Africa, x. 135 _sq._; among the Todas, x. 136; among the Nagas, x. 136; at Karma in Burma, x. 136; in Japan, x. 137 _sq._; in Lemnos, x. 138; at Rome, x. 138; among the Celts of Ireland, x. 139; near Moscow, x. 139; made by the friction of wood at Christmas, x. 264

——, perpetual, of oak wood at Novgorod, ii. 365; in front of holy oak in Prussia, iv. 42; in Zoroastrian religion, v. 191; worshipped, v. 191 _sqq._; in Cappadocia, v. 191; at Jualamukhi, v. 192; at Baku, v. 192; in the temples of dead king, vi. 174; of oak-bark, viii. 135; of oak-wood, xi. 285 _sq._

——, sacred, annually extinguished at Rome and rekindled by friction of wood, ii. 186 _n._ 1, 267; in charge of a married pair, ii. 235; new, made by friction of wood at intervals of fifty-two years, vii. 311; new, made by striking stones together, viii. 75; kindled by friction of wood, viii. 127, 314, ix. 391 _n._ 4; in the sweating-house among the Karok Indians, viii. 255; of king of Uganda, ix. 195

Fire of St. Lawrence, viii. 318

—— of Vesta at Rome fed with oak-wood, ii. 186

——, Vestal, at Alba, i. 13; at Rome, rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207

—— and Water, Kings of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 _sqq._, iv. 14; kingships of, iii. 17

Fire-bearer, the, at Delphi, i. 33; of Spartan king, ii. 264

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 _sq._

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 _sqq._; compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 _sqq._, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 263; the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual intercourse, ii. 208 _sqq._, 218, 233, 235 _sq._, 239, 249 _sq._; of the Herero, ii. 217 _sq._; used to kindle need-fire, x. 292

—— -festivals of Europe, x. 106 _sqq._; interpretation of the, x. 328 _sqq._, xi. 15 _sqq._; at the solstices, x. 331 _sq._; solar theory of the, x. 331 _sqq._; purificatory theory of the, x. 341 _sqq._; regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 342; the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, xi. 346; elsewhere than in Europe, xi. 1 _sqq._; in India, xi. 1 _sqq._, 5 _sqq._; in China, xi. 3 _sqq._; in Japan, xi. 9 _sq._; in Fiji, xi. 10 _sq._; in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, xi. 11; in Africa, xi. 11 _sqq._; in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, xi. 14 _sq._; their relation to Druidism, xi. 33 _sqq._, 45

—— -god, married to a human virgin, ii. 195 _sqq._; the Indian (Agni), ii. 249, xi. 1, 296; the father of Romulus, Servius Tullius, and Caeculus, vi. 235; Armenian, x. 131 _n._ 3; of the Iroquois, prayers to the, x. 299 _sq._

—— -priests in Roman religion, ii. 235; (_Agnihotris_) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 _sqq._

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, ix. 141

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 _sqq._, 235, 238, 239, 248 _sqq._, ix. 391 _n._ 4; called “husband and wife,” viii. 65

—— -sticks, sacred, ii. 217 _sqq._

Fire-walk, the, of king of Tyre, v. 114 _sq._; of priestesses at Castabala, v. 168; in India, Japan, China, Fiji, etc., xi. 1 _sqq._; a remedy for disease, xi. 7; the meaning of, xi. 15 _sqq._

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221; in Cappadocia, India, and on the Caspian, v. 191 _sq._

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, xi. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110, 114

Firefly, soul in form of, iii. 67

“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, viii. 265, 266

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33, viii. 73, 74, ix. 172; kept burning at home in absence of hunters, fishers, traders, and warriors, i. 120 _sq._, 125, 128 _sq._; lighted to warm absent warriors by telepathy, i. 127; leaping over, to make hemp grow tall, i. 138; extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 _sqq._, 267; extinguished at any death, ii. 267 _sq._, 267 _n._ 4; extinguished at driving herds out to pasture for the first time in spring, ii. 341; passing between two, as a purification, iii. 114; to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), ix. 163, x. 159 _sq._; to burn witches on Twelfth Night, ix. 319; to burn fiends, ix. 320; extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, x. 5; annually extinguished and relit, x. 132 _sqq._; autumn, x. 220 _sqq._; the need-fire, x. 269 _sqq._; extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, x. 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 _sq._, 290, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._; cattle driven between two fires to rid them of vampyres, x. 285; of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, x. 329, 331 _sq._; explained as purificatory, x. 329 _sq._, 341 _sqq._; the burning of human beings in the, xi. 21 _sqq._; the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292; extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, xi. 297 _sq._ _See also_ Fire, Bonfires, Need-fire

——, the Beltane, x. 146 _sqq._; cattle driven between, x. 157

——, ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, ii. 372

——, the Easter, x. 120 _sqq._

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 _sqq._, x. 107

——, Hallowe’en, x. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._

——, the Lenten, x. 106 _sqq._

——, Midsummer, x. 160 _sqq._; a protection against witches, x. 180; supposed to stop rain, x. 188, 336; supposed to be a preventive of back-ache in reaping, x. 189, 344 _sq._; a protection against fever, x. 190

Fires, Midwinter, x. 246 _sqq._

——, perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 _sq._; in Ireland, ii. 240 _sqq._; in Peru and Mexico, ii. 243 _sqq._; origin of, ii. 253 _sqq._; associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 _sqq._; of oak-wood, ii. 365, 366, 372, xi. 91; fed with pine-wood, xi. 91 _n._ 7

—— of St. John in France, x. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

Firing guns to repel demons, viii. 99. _See_ Guns

Firmicus Maternus on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 86; on use of a pine-tree in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108; on the murder of Dionysus by the Titans, vii. 13; on Demeter and Persephone, vii. 40 _n._ 3

Firs, sacred grove of, ii. 11, 32

——, Scotch, in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 351, 352

First-born, sacrifice of the, among the Hebrews, iv. 171 _sqq._; among various races, iv. 179 _sqq._; among the Semites, v. 110; at Jerusalem, vi. 219 _sq._

—— -born killed and eaten, iv. 179 _sq._

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, x. 17

—— -born son never called by his parents by his name, iii. 337

—— -born sons make need-fire, x. 294; special magical virtue attributed to, x. 295

—— -fruits offered to Apollo at Delos, i. 32; of the chase dedicated to the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 _sq._; offered to sacred pontiffs, iii. 5, 21; of the corn offered at Lammas, iv. 101 _sq._; offered to the dead, iv. 102; of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283; offered to the Baalim, v. 27; offered to the Mother of the Gods, v. 280 _n._ 1; offered to dead chiefs, vi. 191; offered to Demeter, vii. 46 _sqq._; sent to Athens, vii. 51; offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53 _sqq._; offered to gods or spirits, vii. 235; offered to the sun, vii. 237; primitive reluctance to taste, viii. 6; sacrament of, viii. 48 _sqq._; offered to goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 58; why savages scruple to eat the, viii. 82 _sq._; sacrifice of, viii. 109 _sqq._; presented to the king, viii. 109, 116, 122; offered to the spirits or souls of the dead, viii. 109 _sq._, 111 _sqq._, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124 _sqq._, xi. 243

Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, iv. 172 _sq._; Irish sacrifice of, iv. 183; offered to the Baalim, v. 27

Fish worshipped in Egypt, i. 30; magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90; spirits of the dead thought to lodge in, i. 105; magical images to procure, i. 108; magical stones to ensure a catch of, i. 163; in rain-charm, i. 288 _sq._; thought to cause winds, i. 320 _sq._; souls of dead in certain, ii. 30, v. 95 _sq._, viii. 285, 291, 295; not to be eaten, iii. 10; offered by fisherman to his canoe, iii. 195; descent of the Dyaks from a, iv. 126; descent of a totem clan from a, iv. 129; sacred, viii. 26; the first caught, sacrificed, viii. 132; reason for not eating, viii. 140; treated with respect by fishing tribes, viii. 249 _sqq._; preachers to, viii. 250 _sq._; invited to come and be caught, viii. 250 _sq._, 312 _n._; not to be eaten by persons who have eaten bear’s flesh, viii. 251; compensated by fishermen, viii. 252; first of the season, treated ceremoniously, viii. 253 _sqq._; frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, x. 77, 93; external soul in a, xi. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._; lives of people bound up with, xi. 200, 202, 204, 209

——, bones of, not burned, viii. 250, 251; not to be broken, viii. 255

——, golden, external soul of girl in a, xi. 147 _sq._

Fish-traps, magic of, i. 109; continence observed at making, iii. 196, 202

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 77, 78, 90 _sq._, 93

Fishermen, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 233; names of, not mentioned, iii. 330 _sq._; words tabooed by, iii. 394 _sq._, 396, 408 _sq._, 415; their superstitions as to herring, viii. 251 _sq._

——, Shetland, their use of magical images, i. 69 _sq._

Fishermen’s magic in the East Indies, i. 109, 113

Fishers and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 _sq._; tabooed, iii. 190 _sqq._

Fishing for a lost soul, iii. 38, 64

—— and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 _sqq._; telepathy in, i. 120 _sqq._

Fishing line, superstitious observances in connexion with, iii. 194 _sq._

—— nets, taboos observed by sacred man at the making of, iii. 192

Fishtown, in Guinea, monkeys sacred at, viii. 287

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 389 _n._ 3, ii. 13 _n._ 1; on Fijian treatment of navel-string, i. 184; on Fijian way of detaining the sun, i. 316; on Fijian belief as to whirlwinds, i. 331 _n._ 2; on inspiration of priests in Fiji, i. 378; on the Sacred King and the War King of Fiji, iii. 21; on the Fijian conception of the soul as a mannikin, iii. 30 _n._ 1; on Fijian belief as to absence of soul in dreams, iii. 40 _n._ 1; on the Fijian conception of the soul, iii. 92 _n._ 3; as to chief’s dishes and clothes in Fiji, iii. 131; on Fijian custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 _n._ 1; on the cutting of a chief’s hair in Fiji, iii. 264; on custom of grave-diggers in Fiji, iv. 156 _n._ 2; on Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 _n._; on secret burial of chiefs in Fiji, vi. 105; on offerings of first-fruits in Fiji, viii. 125; on Fijian religion, xi. 244 _ns._ 1, 2, 3, 246 _n._ 1

Fits and convulsions set down to demons, iii. 59

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi. 169 _sq._

Five days’ reign of mock king at the Sacaea, iv. 114, ix. 355, 357; of Semiramis, ix. 369

—— days’ duration of mock king’s reign perhaps an intercalary period, ix. 407 _n._ 1

—— knots in magic, iii. 306

—— years, despotic power for period of, iv. 53

Flacourt, De, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Fladda, island of, stone of swearing in, i. 161; the chapel of, wind-stone in the, i. 322 _sq._

Fladdahuan, one of the Hebrides, i. 322

Flaget, Mgr., on a professed incarnation of the Son of God, i. 409 _n._ 3

Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, vii. 149, 150, 230

—— or scourge, an emblem of Osiris, vi. 108, 153; for collecting incense, vi. 109 _n._ 1

Flamen, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

Flamen Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247; an embodiment of Jupiter, ii. 191 _sq._; taboos observed by the, ii. 248, iii. 13 _sq._, 239, 248, 257, 275, 291, 293, 315 _sq._; interpreted as a living image of Jupiter, iii. 13; the widowed, vi. 227 _sqq._; forbidden to touch a dead body, but allowed to attend a funeral, vi. 228; bound to be married, vi. 229; forbidden to divorce his wife, vi. 229; inaugurates the vintage at Rome, viii. 133

Flamen Dialis and Flaminica, v. 45 _sq._, vi. 228; assisted by boy and girl of living parents, vi. 236

—— Virbialis, i. 20 _n._ 3

—— of Vulcan, vi. 232

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, x. 159, 165, 336

Flamingoes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235; rules observed by the, iii. 14; and her husband the Flamen Dialis, v. 45 _sq._, vi. 228, 236

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, x. 194; the Yule log in, x. 249; wicker giants in, xi. 35

Flannan Islands off the Lewis, iii. 392 _sq._; certain words tabooed in the, iii. 393 _sq._

Flathead Indians. _See_ Salish

Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 136; charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 _sq._, ii. 86, 164, x. 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180; omens from the growth of, v. 244; pigs’ ribs used to make flax grow tall, vii. 300; dances to make the flax thrive, viii. 326, 328; giddiness transferred to, ix. 53; bells rung to make flax grow, ix. 247 _sq._; leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, x. 119, 165, 166, 166 _sq._, 173, 174

Flax crop, prayers and offerings of the old Prussians for the, iv. 156; omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 165

—— -mother, near Magdeburg, vii. 133

—— -pulling, persons wrapt up in flax at, vii. 225

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11; sown in direction of flames of bonfire, x. 140, 337

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, ix. 296 _sqq._

Fleabane as a cure for headache, x. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, x. 211, 212, 217

“Fleece of Zeus,” Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 _n._ 3

Flemish cure for ague by transferring it to a willow, ix. 56

Flesh, boiled, not to be eaten by tabooed persons, iii. 185; of men eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 _sqq._

—— of human victim eaten, vii. 240, 244, 251; buried in field, vii. 248, 250

Flesh diet, restricted or forbidden, iii. 291 _sqq._; homoeopathic magic of a, viii. 138 _sqq._

Fleuriers, in Switzerland, May-bridegroom at, ii. 91

Flies, in homoeopathic magic, i. 152; mock burial of, by Russian girls, on the first of September, viii. 279 _sq_.; charms against, viii. 281; souls of dead in, viii. 290 _sq_.

Flight of the priestly king (_Regifugium_) at Rome, ii. 308 _sqq_., 311 _n._ 4, iv. 213; in religious ritual, ii. 309 _n._ 2; from the demons of disease, ix. 122 _sq_.

—— into Egypt, the, xi. 69 _n._

—— of the People at Rome, ii. 319 _n._ 1

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, ix. 162

Flint implements supposed to be thunder-bolts, ii. 374

Flints, not iron, cuts in manslayer or lion-slayer to be made with, iii. 176; sharp, circumcision performed with, iii. 227; fire kindled by, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Flood, the great, ix. 399 _n._ 1; early account of, ix. 356

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, x. 261

Floquet, A., on the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 168, 169

Flora of Italy, change in the, i. 8

Florence, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 _sq_.; ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 126 _sq_.

Flores, island, treatment of the placenta in, i. 191; spiritual ruler in, iii. 24; the Manggarais of, iii. 324

Florida, American State, sacrifice of first-born male children by the Indians of, iv. 184; the Seminoles of, iv. 199, viii. 76

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, viii. 85, 126; ghosts that draw out men’s shadows in, iii. 80; magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127; first-fruits of canarium nuts offered to the dead in, viii. 126; alligator-ghost in, viii. 297; cuscus-ghost in, viii. 297 _sq_.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, x. 220

Flower of the banana, women impregnated by the, v. 93

—— of plantain in fertility ceremony, ii. 102

“—— of Zeus,” v. 186, 187

Flower-bearers in the service of Hera, ii. 143 _n._ 2

Flowering plants called Mothers, vii. 130

Flowers, omens from, i. 128; divination by, on St. George’s Day, ii. 339, 345; the goddess of, ix. 278; thrown on bonfire among the Badagas, xi. 8; external souls in, xi. 117 _sq_. _See also_ Crown _and_ Garlands

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, x. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 _sq._, x. 183

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs asa protection against fire and lightning, x. 169, xi. 48; Midsummer festivalof, in Riga, x. 177 _sq._; magical virtue attributed to flowers that have been passed across the Midsummer fires, x. 183, 184, 190; crown of fresh, suspended over Midsummer fire, x. 188; wreaths of, hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201; garlands or crowns of, placed on mouths of wells at Midsummer, xi. 28; divination by, at Midsummer, xi. 50 _sq._

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, x. 171; garlands of, thrown into water on Midsummer Eve as an offering to the water-spirits, xi. 28; the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, xi. 45 _sqq._; used in divination, xi. 52 _sq._; used to dream upon, xi. 52, 54

Flowery Dionysus, vii. 4

Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, i. 148; skill of Marsyas on the, v. 288

Flute music, its exciting influence, v. 54

—— players dressed as women at Rome, vi. 259 _n._ 3

Flutes played in the laments for Tammuz, v. 9; for Adonis, v. 225 _n._ 3

——, sacred, played at initiation, xi. 241

Fly, soul in form of, iii. 36, 39

Fly River, in British New Guinea, xi. 232

Fly-catcher Zeus, viii. 282

Flying-fish, the first of the season offered to the dead, viii. 127

—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

“—— -rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, xi. 281; used to make a divining-rod, xi. 281 _sq._

—— Spirits, the, at Lhasa, ix. 197 _sq._

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, xi. 3 _sqq._

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, xi. 280; the totem of a clan in India, xi. 281

Fog, charms to disperse, i. 314

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, xi. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, xi. 153 _sqq._

—— -tales, of virgins sacrificed to monsters, ii. 155; tongues of wild beasts cut out in, viii. 269; reflect primitive customs and beliefs, viii. 269; the external soul in, xi. 95 _sqq._

Follies of Dunkirk, xi. 34 _sq._

Foo-chow, the Chinese of, their use of a winnowing-sieve in superstitious rites, vii. 6, 9

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 _sqq._; eaten dry on principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 114, 144; to be eaten dry by rain-doctor when he wishes to avert rain, i. 271; remnants of, buried as a precaution against sorcery, iii. 118, 119, 127 _sq._, 129; magic wrought by means of refuse of, iii. 126 _sqq._; taboos on leaving food over, iii. 127 _sqq._; not to be touched with hands, iii. 133, 134 _n._ 1, 138 _sqq._, 146 _sqq._, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 203, 265; objection to have food over head, iii. 256, 257; as a cause of conception in women, v. 96, 102, 103, 104, 105; set out for ghosts, ix. 154; girls at puberty not allowed to handle, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 _sq._, 42

——, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13 _sq._

Foods, forbidden, x. 4, 7, 19, 36 _sq._, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94; to enchanters of crops, vii. 100; to meet in stomach of eater, viii. 83 _sqq._

—— tabooed, on homoeopathic principles, i. 117 _sqq._, 135, 155, iii. 291 _sqq._

Fool, the Carnival, burial of, iv. 231 _sq._; one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 330

Fool-hen, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 195

Fools, festival of, in France, ix. 334 _sqq._; in Germany, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 _n._ 1

—— in processions of maskers, ix. 243

Foot, custom of going with only one foot shod, iii. 311 _sqq._, viii. 11; custom of standing on one, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156; limping on one, vii. 232, 284. _See also_ Feet

Foot-race at Olympia, iv. 287; of boys at Lhasa, ix. 221 _n._ 1

—— -races at Whitsuntide in Germany, ii. 69

Football, suggested origin of, ix. 184

Footprint of Buddha, iii. 275

Footprints of absent hunter not to be looked at by his sister, i. 122; contagious magic of, i. 207-212, iii. 74

Forbes, C. J. F. S., on the worship of demons in Burma, ix. 95 _sq._

Forbidden thing of clan, xi. 313

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238. _See_ Need-fire

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter at, x. 143

Fords, offerings and prayers at, ix. 27 _sq._

Forefathers expected to give rain, i. 353. _See also_ Ancestors

Forehead, skin of, regarded as the seat of perseverance, viii. 148; and eye-brow of enemy eaten, viii. 152

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270 _sqq._; as kings, v. 16 _n._

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 _sq._, 95; magical virtue attributed to, i. 95; used in rain-making, i. 256 _sq._; of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, xi. 243 _sq._

Forespeaking men and cattle, x. 303

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 _sq._

——, demons of, abduct human souls, iii. 60 _sq._, 67

Forgetfulness, pretence of, by men who have partaken of human flesh, iii. 189; of the past after initiation, xi. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 _sq._

Forked shape of divining-rod, xi. 67 _n._ 3

Forks used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 148, 168, 169, 203

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, x. 292

Formosa, demon of smallpox transferred to sow in, ix. 33

Fornication thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107

Fors, the, of Central Africa, their superstition as to nail-parings, iii. 281

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 _n._ 1, 272

—— Primigenia, goddess of Praeneste, daughter of Jupiter, vi. 234

Fortune of the city on coins of Tarsus, v. 164; the guardian of cities, v. 164

——, a man’s, determined by the day or hour of his birth, i. 173

Forty days, man treated as a god during, ix. 281; man personating god during, ix. 297; of Lent, possible pagan origin of the, ix. 348 _sq._

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, ix. 348

Forum at Rome, temple of Vesta in the, i. 13, ii. 186, 200; sacred fig-tree of Romulus in the, ii. 10, 318; funeral processions in the, ii. 178; prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202; funeral games and gladiatorial fights in the, iv. 96

Fossil bones in limestone caves, v. 152 _sq._; a source of myths about giants, v. 157 _sq._

Foucart, G., on the legend of the origin of the supplementary Egyptian days, ix. 341 _n._ 1

Foucart, P., on the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 139 _n._ 1; identifies Dionysus with Osiris, vi. 113 _n._ 3; on the resurrection of Dionysus, vii. 32 _n._ 6

Foul language at festival of Demeter, vii. 58

Foulahs of Senegambia, their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214

_Foulères_, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Foulkes, Captain, on external souls among the Angass of Nigeria, xi. 210

Foundation sacrifices, iii. 89 _sqq._

Founding cities, Etruscan ceremony at, iv. 157

Fountains Abbey, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Four Comely Ones, church of the, ii. 161

—— -handed Apollo, vi. 250 _n._ 2

—— -horse car of the sun-god, iv. 91

—— kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69, 291

—— -leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316; at Midsummer useful for magic, xi. 62 _sq._

—— years, many Greek games held every, iv. 96, vii. 79 _sq._

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, xi. 36 _n._ 2

Fowl in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; sacrificed on roof of new house, ii. 39; used in exorcism, iii. 106; in purificatory rite, iii. 177; used to divert evil spirits from pregnant woman, ix. 31. _See also_ Fowls

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 327 _n._ 2, 329 _n._ 6, ix. 67 _n._ 2; on the derivation of June from Juno, ii. 190 _n._ 2; on the date of the Saturnalia, ii. 311 _n._ 4; on the death of Romulus, ii. 319 _n._ 1; on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 _n._ 3; on the celibacy of the Roman gods, vi. 230, 232 _n._ 1, 234 _n._, 236 _n._ 1; on Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229 _n._ 1; on a Midsummer custom, x. 206 _n._ 2; on _sexta luna_, xi. 77 _n._ 1; on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, xi. 195 _n._ 4; on the oak and the thunder-god, xi. 298, 299 _n._ 2, 300

Fowlers, words tabooed by, iii. 393, 407 _sq._

Fowls, the ghosts of, dreaded by Baganda women, viii. 231 _sq._; as scapegoats, ix. 31, 33, 36, 52 _sq._; sacrificed, ix. 136. _See also_ Fowl

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, x. 112, 338

Fox, intestines of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 _sq._; asked to give a new tooth, i. 180; guardian spirit as a, i. 200; stuffed, vii. 287, 297, viii. 258 _n._ 1; corn-spirit as, vii. 296 _sq._; carried from house to house in spring, vii. 297; Koryak ceremony at killing a, viii. 223, 244; Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, viii. 267; soul of dead in a, viii. 286; prayed to spare lambs, x. 152. _See also_ Foxes

Fox Indians, iii. 163 _n._ 2

Fox’s skin worn by mummer on Plough Monday, viii. 330

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

—— teeth as an amulet, i. 180

—— tongue as amulet, viii. 270

Foxes not to be mentioned by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398; with burning torches tied to their tails at a festival, vii. 297 _n._ 5; skulls of, consulted as oracles, viii. 181; burnt in Midsummer fires, xi. 39, 41; witches turn into, xi. 41. _See also_ Fox

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 _n._ 1

Foxy Dionysus, viii. 282

Fra Angelico, his influence on Catholicism, v. 54 _n._ 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi. 318

Framin in West Africa, dance of women at, i. 132

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, mistletoe on the oak at, xi. 316

France, prehistoric cave-paintings in, i. 87 _n._ 1; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; images of saints dipped in water in, as a rain-charm, i. 307; kings of, touch for scrofula, i. 370; May customs in, ii. 63; leaf-encased mummer in, ii. 83; the May Queen in, ii. 87; acorns eaten in, ii. 356; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to meteors in, iv. 67; “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 241 _sq._; harvest customs in, v. 237; timber felled in the wane of the moon in, vi. 136; the Corn-mother in, vii. 135; the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271, 272, 275; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; omens from the cry of the quail in, vii. 295; corn-spirit as fox in, vii. 296; superstitions as to the wren in, viii. 318; hunting the wren in, viii. 320 _sq._; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15; cure for warts in, ix. 48; cure for toothache in, ix. 59; dances or leaps to make the crops grow high in, ix. 238; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313 _sqq._; divination on Christmas Day in, ix. 316 _n._ 1; weather forecasts for the year in, ix. 323 _sq._; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329; Festival of Fools in, ix. 334 _sqq._; the Boy Bishop in, ix. 336 _sq._; Lenten fires in, x. 109 _sqq._; Midsummer fires in, x. 181 _sqq._; fires on All Saints’ Day in, x. 245 _sq._; the Yule log in, x. 249 _sqq._; wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, xi. 45 _sqq._; mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, xi. 58 _sq._; fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 65; judicial treatment of sorcerers in, xi. 158; birth-trees in, xi. 165; children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, xi. 170. _See also_ French

Franche-Comté, dances in, to make hemp grow, i. 137; girl called “the spouse” on May Day in, ii. 88 _n._; effigies of Shrove Tuesday destroyed in, iv. 227; “catching or killing the cat” at harvest in, vii. 281; the goat at threshing in, vii. 286 _sq._; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; bonfires on the Eve of Twelfth Night in, ix. 316; the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, ix. 330; continence during Lent in, ix. 348 _n._ 1; Lenten fires in, x. 110 _sq._; fires of St. John in, x. 189; the Yule log in, x. 254

Franconia (Franken), the King of the Bean in, ix. 315 _n._

Franken, Bavaria, customs at threshing in, vii. 148

——, Middle, the “Carrying out of Death” in, iv. 233 _sq._; fire custom at Easter in, x. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, xi. 20 _n._

Frankenwald Mountains, ix. 160; the _Walber_ on the 2nd of May in the, ii. 65; the Wood-woman at harvest in the, vii. 232

Frankfort, the feast of Purim at, ix. 363 _sq._, 394

Frankish kings, their unshorn hair, iii. 258 _.sq_

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, x. 47

—— River, Indians of the, their conception of the soul, iii. 27 _sq._; their belief as to the shadow, iii. 80; asked pardon of the porcupines which they killed, viii. 243; their respectful treatment of the first sockeye-salmon of the season, viii. 253 _sq._

_Fratres Arvales_, ii. 122, vi. 239, ix. 232. _See_ Arval Brothers

Frauenkirche, the, at Munich, ix. 215

Fravashis, the souls of the dead in the Iranian religion, vi. 67 _n._ 2, 68

Frazer, Lady, on personal names among the Indians of Chiloe, iii. 324 _n._ 4; on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 337 _n._ 2

Free Spirit, Brethren of the, i. 408

Freiburg in Baden, St. George as the patron of horses in villages near,