ii. 237, 238;

at king’s death, ii. 261 _sqq._, 267; in houses after any death, ii. 267 _sq._; annual, of the sacred fire at Rome, ii. 267; of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, x. 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289, 289 _sq._, 291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._; of fires after tree has been kindled by lightning, xi. 297 _sq._

Extinguishing fire, power of, ascribed to priests, i. 231, and to chaste women, ii. 240 _n._ 2

Eye as a symbol of Osiris, vi. 121; of sacrificial ox cut out, vi. 251 _sq._ _See also_ Eyes

——, the Evil, precautions against the, at meals, iii. 116 _sq._; boys dressed as girls to avert the, vi. 260; bride-groom disfigured in order to avert, vi. 261; cast on cattle, x. 302, 303; oleander a remedy for sickness caused by, xi. 51. _See also_ Evil Eye

Eye of Horus, vi. 17, 121, with _n._ 3

Eyelashes offered to the sun, i. 318

Eyeo, kings of, put to death, iv. 40 _sq._

Eyeos, the, not allowed to behold the sea, iii. 9

Eyes smeared with eagle’s gall to make them sharp-sighted, i. 154; shut at prayer, viii. 81; of owl eaten to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 _sq._; of men eaten, viii. 153; of falcon used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164; of slaughtered animals cut out, viii. 267 _sqq._, 271; of dead enemies gouged out, viii. 271 _sq._; looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire thought to be good for the, x. 162, 163, 165 _sq._, 171, 174 _sq._, 344; ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, x. 214 _sq._; sore, attributed to witchcraft, x. 344; mugwort a protection against sore, xi. 59; of newly initiated lads closed, xi. 241

—— of the dead, Egyptian ceremony of opening the, vi. 15

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, x. 77

Ezekiel (viii. 10-12), on idolatrous practices of the Israelites, i. 87 _n._ 1; (xxxii. 18-32), H. Gunkel’s interpretation of, i. 101 _n._ 2; (xiii. 17 _sqq._), the hunting of souls in, iii. 77 _n._ 1; (xvi. 20 _sq._, xx. 25, 26, 31), on the burnt sacrifice of children, iv. 169 _n._ 3; (xx. 25, 26, 31), on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 171 _sq._; (viii. 14), on the mourning for Tammuz, v. 11, 17, 20; (xxiii. 5 _sq._, 12), on the Assyrian cavalry, v. 25 _n._ 3; (xxviii. 14, 16), on the king of Tyre, v. 114

E-zida, the temple of Nabu in Borsippa, iv. 110

Face of sleeper not to be painted or disfigured, lest his absent soul should not recognize his body, iii. 41; of human scapegoat painted half white half black, ix. 220

Faces veiled to avert evil influences, iii. 120 _sqq._; of warriors blackened, iii. 163; of manslayers blackened, iii. 169; of bear-hunters blackened, vii. 291, 299; blackened, vii. 302, viii. 321, 332, ix. 247, 314, 330; of bear-hunters painted red and black, viii. 226; of priests at exorcism reddened with paint and blood, ix. 189

_Faditras_ among the Malagasy, ix. 33 _sq._

_Fàdy_, taboo, iii. 327, viii. 46

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, x. 303

Fafnir, the dragon, slain by Sigurd, iii. 324, viii. 146

_Failles_, bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, x. 158. _See also_ Fairs

Fairies thought to be in eddies of wind, i. 329; averse to iron, iii. 229, 232 _sq._; let loose at Hallowe’en, x. 224 _sqq._; carry off men’s wives, x. 227; at Hallowe’en, dancing with the, x. 227; thought to kill cattle by their darts, x. 303; active on Hallowe’en and May Day, xi. 184 _n._ 4, 185

Fairs of ancient Ireland, iv. 99 _sqq._

Fairy Banner, Macleod’s, i. 368

—— changelings, x. 151 _n._; mistletoe a protection against, xi. 283

Faiths of the world, the great, their little influence on common men, ix. 89

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, xi. 283

Falcon’s eyes used to impart sharpness of sight, viii. 164

Falerii, Juno at, ii. 190 _n._ 2

Faleshas, a Jewish sect of Abyssinia, remove the vein from the thighs of slaughtered animals, viii. 266 _n._ 1

Falkenauer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near the, xi. 189

Fallacy of magic not easily detected, i. 242 _sq._; gradually detected, i. 372

Falling sickness transferred to fowl, ix. 52 _sq._; nails used in cure for, ix. 68, 330; mistletoe a remedy for, xi. 83, 84. _See also_ Epilepsy

—— star as totem, iv. 61

—— stars, superstitions as to, iv. 58 _sqq._; associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 _sqq._

Fallow, thrice-ploughed, vii. 66, 69; lands allowed to lie, vii. 117, 123

False Bride, custom of the, vi. 262 _n._ 2

—— graves and corpses to deceive demons, viii. 98 _sqq._

Falstaff, the death of, i. 168

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, x. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, xi. 196 _sq._

Families, royal, kings chosen from several, ii. 292 _sqq._

Famine attributed to the anger of ghosts, iv. 103

Fan country, West Africa, custom of throwing branches on heaps in the, ix. 30 _n._ 2

—— negro, his belief as to the effect of seeing women’s blood, iii. 251

Fan tribe of West Africa, chiefs as medicine-men in the, i. 349. _See also_ Fans

Fangola, a potent idol in Nias, viii. 102, 103

Fanning away ill luck, vii. 10

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, xi. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, xi. 200 _sqq._, 226 _n._ 1; guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, xi. 257

—— of West Africa, esteem the smith’s craft sacred, i. 349; their rule as to eating tortoises, viii. 140; their custom of adding to heaps of leafy branches, ix. 30 _n._ 2; custom at end of mourning among the, xi. 18

Fans in homoeopathic magic, i. 130 _sq._

Fantee country, succession of slaves to the kingship in the, ii. 275

Faosa, a Malagasy month, vii. 9

Farghana, rain-producing well in, i. 301

Farinaceous deities, viii. 169

Farmer, calendar of the Egyptian, vi. 30 _sqq._; saturnine temperament of the, vi. 218

Farmer’s wife, ceremony performed by her to promote the rice-crop, ii. 104; pretence of threshing, vii. 149 _sq._

Farmers, propitiation of vermin by, viii. 274 _sqq._

Farnell, Dr. L. R., on Artemis as the patroness of childbirth, i. 36 _sq._; on Plautus, _Casina_ (ii. 5, 23-29), ii. 379 _n._ 5; on Greek religious music, v. 55 _ns._ 1 and 3; on religious prostitution in Western Asia, v. 57 _n._ 1, 58 _n._ 2; on the position of women in ancient religion, vi. 212 _n._ 1; on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 227; on the children of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 _sq._; on the festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, vi. 242 _n._; on eunuch priests of Cybele, vi. 258 _n._ 1; on Thracian origin of Dionysus, vii. 3 _n._ 1; on the biennial period of certain Greek festivals, vii. 15 _n._; on the resemblance of the artistic types of Demeter and Persephone, vii. 68 _n._ 1; on Pan, viii. 2 _n._ 9

Farwardajan, a Persian festival of the dead, vi. 68

Fashoda, the capital of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18, 19, 21, 24

Faslane, on the Gareloch, Dumbartonshire, last standing corn called the Head or Maidenhead at, vii. 158, 268

Fast from bread in mourning for Attis, v. 272; in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38; before eating new fruits, viii. 73 _sq._, 76 _sq._; before the festival of the Mexican goddess of Maize, ix. 291 _sq._; from flesh, eggs, and grease at sowing, ix. 347 _n._ 4; at puberty, xi. 222 _n._ 5 _See also_ Fasts _and_ Fasting

“Fast of Esther” before Purim, ix. 397 _sq._

Fasting obligatory on woman during absence of her husband at whale-fishery, i. 121; as a means of ensuring success in hunting, i. 121, 124; obligatory on women during the absence of warriors, i. 131; obligatory on all people left in camp during absence of warriors, iii. 157 _n._ 2; rigorous, of warriors before going to war, iii. 161; of warriors as a preparation for attacking the enemy, iii. 162; of executioner after discharging his office, iii. 180; of warriors after killing enemies, iii. 182, 183; of eagle-hunters before trapping eagles, iii. 199; of Catholics before partaking of the Eucharist, viii. 83; of men and women at a dancing festival, x. 8 _sqq._; of girls at puberty, x. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66; of women at menstruation, x. 93, 94; as preparation for gathering magical plants, xi. 45, 55 _n._ 1, 58

—— and continence observed by parents of twins, i. 266; by Blackfoot priest, iii. 159 _n._; as preparation for office among the Peruvian Indians, iii. 159 _n._; of Indian warriors as preparation for war, iii. 163; of whalers before whaling, iii. 191; of hunters before hunting, iii. 198; before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15

_Fastnachtsbär_, viii. 325

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, x. 19; rules observed by Indians of Costa Rica during, x. 20

—— observed by the worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280; of Isis and Cybele, v. 302 _n._ 4 _See also_ Fast _and_ Fasting

Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, viii. 162 _sq._, 164, 165; of emu not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13; of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, x. 14

Fate of the king’s life annually determined at a festival, ix. 356, 357

Father, reborn in his son, iv. 188 _sqq._, 287 (288 in Second Impression); funeral rites performed for a, in the fifth month of his wife’s pregnancy, iv. 189; named after his son, v. 51 _n._ 4; of a god, v. 51, 52; dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 184 _sq._; the head of the family under a system of mother-kin, vi. 211

—— and child, supposed danger of resemblance between, iii. 88 _sq._, iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression)

—— of Heaven, title of the Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367

—— and mother, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 337, 341; names for, v. 281; as epithets of Roman gods and goddesses, vi. 233 _sqq._

——, Mother, and Son divinities represented at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140 _sqq._

Father-deity of the Hittites, the god of the thundering sky, v. 134 _sqq._

—— God succeeded by his divine son, iv. 5; his emblem the bull, v. 164; Attis as the, v. 281 _sqq._; often less important than Mother Goddess, v. 282

—— -in-law, his name not to be pronounced by his daughter-in-law, iii. 335 _sqq._, 343, 345, 346; by his son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344

—— Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— -kin at Rome, v. 41

—— May, leaf-clad mummer, ii. 75, 79

—— Sky fertilizes Mother Earth, v. 282

Fatherhood of God, the physical, v. 80 _sq._

Fathers named after their children, iii. 331 _sqq._, 339

Fatigue transferred to leaves, stones, or sticks, ix. 8 _sqq._; let out with blood, ix. 12

—— of the Horse, vii. 294. _See also_ Weariness

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, xi. 259

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

Fauna, rustic Roman goddess, her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

Fauns, rustic Italian gods, in relation to goats, viii. 1 _sqq._

Faunus, old Roman god, consultation of, iii. 314; his relationship to Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234

Fawckner, Captain James, on the annual expulsion of demons in Benin, ix. 131 _sq._

Fazoql or Fazolglou, on the Blue Nile, kings of, put to death, iv. 16

Fear as a source of religion, ix. 93; the source of the worship of the dead, ix. 98

—— of having a likeness taken, iii. 96 _sqq._; of spirits, taboo on common words based on a, iii. 416 _sqq._; of death entertained by the European races, iv. 135 _sq._, 146; of the dead one of the most powerful factors in religious evolution, viii. 36 _sq._

Feast. _See also_ Festival

—— of All Saints on November 1st, perhaps substituted for an old pagan festival of the dead, vi. 82 _sq._; instituted by Lewis the Pious, vi. 83

—— of All Souls, vi. 51 _sqq._, x. 223 _sq._, 225 _n._ 3; the Christian, originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81

—— of Fire at winter solstice, iv. 215

—— of Florus and Laurus on August 18th, x. 220

—— of the Golden Flower at Sardes, v. 187

——, the Great, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, vi. 65, ix. 151 _sq._

—— of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 220 _sq._

—— of Yams, iii. 123

Feathers worn by manslayers, iii. 180; red, of a parrot worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 _n._ 1; of cock mixed with seed-corn, vii. 278; of wren, virtue attributed to, viii. 319

February, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 148

—— the 1st, St. Bride’s Day, ii. 94 _sq._

—— the 2nd, Candlemas, ii. 94 _n._ 2

—— the 22nd, St. Peter’s Day, vii. 300

—— the 24th, the Flight of the King of the Sacred Rites on, ii. 308 _sq._

—— and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, ix. 346

_Fechenots_, _fechenottes_, Valentines, x. 110

“Feeding the dead,” iv. 102; in Ceram, viii. 123

Feet, homoeopathic charm to strengthen the, i. 151; washed, ceremony at reception of strangers, iii. 108; not to wet the, iii. 159; bare in certain magical and religious ceremonies, iii. 310 _sq._ _See also_ Foot

—— of enemies eaten, viii. 151

—— first, children born, superstition as to, i. 266; custom observed at their graves, v. 93; sticks or grass piled on their graves, ix. 18; curative power attributed to children so born, x. 295

Fehrle, E., as to the chastity of the Vestals, ii. 199 _n._ 5

Feilenhof, in East Prussia, wolf as corn-spirit at, vii. 272

Felkin, Dr. R. W., on the sacrament of a lamb among the Madi or Moru of Central Africa, viii. 314 _sq._

——, Dr. R. W., and C. T. Wilson, on the worship of the dead kings of Uganda, vi. 173 _n._ 2

Fellows, Ch., on flowers in Caria, v. 187 _n._ 6

Feloupes of Senegambia, curse their fetishes in drought, i. 297

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 _sqq._; in Africa, ii. 274 _sqq._; in Greece, ii. 277 _sq._; in Scandinavia, ii. 279 _sq._; in Lydia, ii. 281 _sq._; among Danes and Saxons, ii. 282 _sq._

Female kinship or mother-kin defined, ii. 271; rule of descent of the throne under, ii. 271, vi. 18; indifference to paternity of kings under, ii. 274 _sqq._; at Athens, ii. 277; indifference to paternity in general under, ii. 282; among the Aryans, ii. 283 _sqq._ _See also_ Mother-kin

—— slaves, licence accorded to them on the _Nonae Caprotinae_, ii. 313 _sq._

_Femgericht_ in Westphalia, ii. 321

Feminine weakness, infection of, dreaded by savages, iii. 164 _sq._, 202 _sq._

Fen-hall, Frigga weeping in, x. 102

Feng, king of Denmark, married the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

_Fenua_, placenta, among the Maoris, i. 182

Ferghana, a province of Turkestan, combats between champions at the New Year in, ix. 184

_Feriae Latinae_, iv. 283

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, dancing with the fairies in, x. 227

Fern growing on a tree, in a popular remedy, x. 17; the male (_Aspidium filix mas_), a protection against witchcraft, xi. 66; blooms on Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, and St. John’s Day, xi. 66; the root detects and foils sorcerers, xi. 66 _sq._

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women in Victoria, xi. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, xi. 65 _sqq._; blooms on Midsummer Eve, xi. 287; reveals treasures in the earth, xi. 287 _sqq._; blooms on Christmas Night, xi. 288 _sq._; brought by Satan on Christmas Night, xi. 289; gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, xi. 290 _sq._; procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, xi. 291; blooms at Easter, xi. 292 _n._ 2

Fernando Po, taboos observed by kings of, iii. 8 _sq._, 115, 123, 291; the cobra-capella worshipped in, viii. 174

Feronia, Italian goddess, her sanctuary at Soracte, iv. 186 _n._ 4, xi. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, xi. 66 _n._

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Ferret, in homoeopathic magic, i. 150

Fertilization of women by a rattle, i. 347; of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316; of women by the wild banana-tree, ii. 318; of women by mummers, ix. 249; of barren women by striking them with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264; of mango trees, ceremony for the, x. 10; of fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170. _See also_ Conception, Impregnation

Fertilization, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 _sq._, ix. 272 _sq._; of fig-trees, ii. 314 _sq._, vi. 98, ix. 257, 258, 259, 272 _sq._

Fertilizing influence of the corn-spirit, vii. 168

—— power ascribed to the effigy of Death, iv. 250 _sq._

—— virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 _sqq._, 316 _sqq._; attributed to sticks which have separated pairing dogs, ix. 264

Fertility, Artemis the embodiment of, i. 35; Asiatic goddesses of, i. 37; the coco-nut regarded as an emblem of, ii. 51; Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 _sqq._; the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, ii. 368 _sqq._; goddess of, served by eunuch priests, v. 269 _sq._; Osiris as god of, vi. 112 _sq._; supposed to be procured through masked dances, ix. 382

—— of the ground, thought to be promoted by prostitution, v. 39; promoted by marriage of women to serpent, v. 67; ceremonies to ensure the, viii. 332 _sqq._; magical ceremony to promote the, ix. 177; processions with lighted torches to ensure the, x. 233 _sq._; supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, xi. 32, 33, 42 _sq._

—— of women, magical images designed to ensure the, i. 70 _sqq._; magical ceremonies to ensure the, x. 23 _sq._, 31

_Ferula communis_, L., giant fennel, its stalks used to carry fire, ii. 260, 260 _n._ 1

Festival. _See also_ Feast

—— of All Souls, iv. 98

—— of the Assumption of the Virgin, August 15th, i. 14, 16

—— of “the awakening of Hercules” at Tyre, v. 111

—— of bladders among the Esquimaux, viii. 247 _sqq._

—— of the cold food in China, shifted in the calendar, x. 137

—— of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, vii. 63

—— of the Cross on 1st August, x. 220

—— of the Crowning at Delphi, iv. 78 _sq._, vi. 241

—— of the Dead, x. 223 _sq._, 225 _sq._; among the Hurons, iii. 367; among the Esquimaux, iii. 371; in Java, v. 220. _See also_ Dead

—— of Departed Spirits in Sarawak, ix. 154

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, ix. 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, ix. 296 _sqq._

—— of Flowers (_Anthesteria_), v. 234 _sq._

—— of Fools in France, ix. 334 _sqq._; in German, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 _n._ 1

—— of the Innocents, ix. 336 _sqq._

—— of Joy (_Hilaria_) in the rites of Attis, v. 273

—— of lamps, Hindoo, ix. 145

—— of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 78 _sq._, 88 _sq._

—— of Mascal or the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 _sq._

—— of the Matronalia, ix. 346

—— of New Fire, vii. 135

—— before Ploughing (_Proerosia_), at Eleusis, vii. 51 _sqq._, 60, 108

—— of the Sacaea, at Babylon, iv. 113 _sqq._, ix. 354 _sqq._

—— of Sais, vi. 49 _sqq._

—— of the Saturnalia, ix. 306 _sqq._

—— of the Threshing-floor (_Haloa_) at Eleusis, vii. 60 _sqq._, 75; obscenities in the, vii. 62

—— of the winter solstice, vii. 90

Festivals explained by myths, ii. 142 _sq._; of the Egyptian farmer, vi 32 _sqq._; of Osiris, the official, vi. 49 _sqq._; Egyptian readjustment of, vi. 91 _sqq._; of new yams, vii. 58 _sqq._; the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan festivals, ix. 328; ancient Greek resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350 _sqq._; popular, primitive character of, ix. 404; of fire in Europe, xi. 106 _sqq._

Festus, on a proposed etymology of Rome and Romulus, 11. 318 _n._ 3; on “the Sacred Spring,” iv. 186; on the Roman custom of knocking a nail into a wall, ix. 67 _ns._ 1 and 2

“Fetching the Wild Man out of the Wood,” a Whitsuntide custom, iv. 208 _sq._

_Fête des Fous_ in France, ix. 334 _sqq._

—— _des Rois_, Twelfth Day, ix. 329

Fetish of taboo rajah in Timor, iii. 24; the great, in West Africa, xi. 256

Fetish kings in West Africa, iii. 22 _sqq._

Fetishes cursed in drought, i. 297

Fetishism early in human history, vi. 43

Feuillet, Madame Octave, on the burning of Shrove Tuesday at Saint-Lô, iv. 228 _sq._

Fever cured by knotted thread, iii. 304; euphemism for, iii. 400; typhoid, transferred to tortoise, ix. 31; transferred to bald-headed widow, ix. 38; Roman cure for, ix. 47; transferred to a person by a scrap of paper or a twig, ix. 49; transferred to a dog, cat, or snipe, ix. 51; transferred to a pillar, ix. 53; transferred to a tree or bush, ix. 55 _sq._, 56, 57, 58, 59; nailed into a wall, ix. 63; driven away by firing-guns, etc., ix. 121; leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, x. 166, 173, 194; Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 190; need-fire kindled to prevent, x. 297; cure for, in India, by walking through a narrow passage, xi. 190

Fewkes, J. Walter, on the observation of the Pleiades among the Pueblo Indians, vii. 312

_Fey_, devoted, x. 231

Fez, annual temporary sultan in, iv. 152 _sq._; orgiastic rites at, vii. 21; talisman against scorpions at, viii. 281; Midsummer custom of throwing water on people at, x. 216, xi. 31

Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real burials, viii. 98 _sqq._

_Fictores Vestalium_, _fictores Pontificum_, ii. 204

_Ficus Indica_ (the _bar_ tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— _religiosa_ (the _pipal_ tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— _Ruminalis_, the fig-tree under which Romulus and Remus were suckled,