vii. 129

—— progress, a condition of intellectual progress, i. 218

Ecstasy induced by smoking, viii. 72

Ecuador, the Canelos Indians of, iii. 97, viii. 285; the Saragacos Indians of, iii. 152; human sacrifices for the crops in, vii. 236; the Zaparo Indians of, viii. 139

Edbald, king of Kent, married his stepmother, ii. 283

_Edda_, the prose, story of Balder in, x. 101; the poetic, story of Balder in, x. 102

Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, x. 275 _sq._

Eden, the tree of life in, v. 186 _n._ 4

Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, x. 169

Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, thought to be linked with the fate of the Dalhousie family, xi. 166, 284

Edom, blood royal apparently traced in the female line in, v. 16 _n._

——, the kings of, take the name of a divinity, v. 15; their bones burned by the Moabites, vi. 104

Edonians, a Thracian tribe, their king Lycurgus put to death to restore fertility to the land, i. 366, vi. 98, 99, vii. 24

Edward the Confessor, English kings said to derive their power of healing scrofula from, i. 370

Edward VI., his Lord of Misrule, ix. 332, 334

Eel-skins in homoeopathic magic, i. 155

Eels regarded as water-serpents, iv. 84; souls of dead in, viii. 289, 290, 292

Eesa, a Somali tribe, their custom of milk-drinking on the morning after a marriage, vi. 246

Effacing impressions from bed-clothes, ashes, etc., from superstitious motives, i. 213 _sq._

Effect of geographical and climatic conditions on national character, vi. 217; supposed, of killing a totem animal, xi. 220

Effeminate sorcerers or priests, order of, vi. 253 _sqq._

Effigies, substituted for human victims, iv. 215, 217 _sq._, ix. 408; disease transferred to, ix. 7; demons conjured into, ix. 204, 205; burnt in bonfires, x. 106, 107, 116, 118 _sq._, 119 _sq._, 121, 122, 159; burnt in the Midsummer fires, x. 167, 172 _sq._, 195; of witches burnt in the fires, x. 342, xi. 19, 43; of human beings burnt in the fires, xi. 21 _sqq._; of giants burnt in the summer fires, xi. 38. _See also_ Effigy, Dolls, Images, Puppets

—— of Carnival destroyed, iv. 222 _sqq._

—— of Death, iv. 233 _sq._, 246 _sqq._

—— of Judas burnt at Easter, x. 121, 127 _sq._, 130 _sq._

—— of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo drowned or buried in Russia, iv. 262 _sq._

—— of Lent, seven-legged, in Spain and Italy, iv. 244 _sq._

—— of men and women hung at doors of houses, viii. 94; buried with the dead to deceive their ghosts, viii. 97 _sq._; used to cure or prevent sickness, viii. 100 _sqq._

—— of Osiris, stuffed with corn, buried with the dead as a symbol of resurrection, vi. 90 _sq._, 114

—— of Shrove Tuesday destroyed, iv. 227 _sqq._

—— of Winter burnt at Zurich, iv. 260 _sq._

Effigy, human sacrifices carried out in, iv. 217 _sqq._; of an ox broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 _sqq._; of man used in exorcizing misfortune, ix. 8; of baby used to fertilize women, ix. 245, 249; of absent friend cut in a tree, xi. 159 _sq._

Effiks or Agalwa, the, of West Africa, their custom of carrying fire, ii. 259; their belief in external or bush souls, xi. 206

Efiat, human sacrifices offered by the fishermen of, ii. 158

Efugaos, the, of the Philippine Islands, suck the brains of dead foes to acquire their courage, viii. 152

Egbas, the, of West Africa, their custom of putting their kings to death, iv. 41

Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon among the Greenlanders, x. 76

Egeria, water nymph at Nemi, i. 17-19, 41; and Numa, i. 18, ii. 172 _sqq._, 193, 380; perhaps a local form of Diana, ii. 171 _sq._, 267, 380; an oak-nymph, ii. 172, 267; the grove of, ii. 185

Egerius Baebius or Laevius, Latin dictator, dedicated the sacred grove at Nemi, i. 22

Egg broken in water, divination by means of, x. 208 _sq._

—— -shells preserved lest chickens should die, viii. 258 _n._ 2

Egghiou, a district of Abyssinia, rain-making in, i. 258

Eggs eaten by sower to make hemp grow tall, i. 138; of raven in homoeopathic magic, i. 154; or egg-shells, painted, in spring ceremonies, ii. 63, 65; collected on May Day, ii. 64, 65; yellow and red, fastened to Midsummer trees, ii. 65; collected at spring ceremonies, ii. 78; begged for by singers or maskers at Whitsuntide, ii. 81, 84, 85, 91 _sq._; in purificatory rite, ii. 109; offered at entering a strange land, iii. 110; reason for breaking shells of, iii. 129 _sq._; reason for not eating, viii. 140; charm to make hens lay, viii. 326; charm to ensure plenty of, x. 112, 338; begged for at Midsummer, x. 169; divination by white of, x. 236 _sq._, 238; external souls of fairy beings in, xi. 106 _sqq._, 110, 125, 132 _sq._, 140 _sq._

——, Easter, ix. 269, x. 108, 122, 143, 144

Egin, in Armenia, rain-making at, i, 276; rain-pebbles at, i. 305

Egypt, the hawk the symbol of the sun and of the king in, iv. 112; wives of Ammon in, v. 72; date of the corn-reaping in, v. 231 _n._ 3; the Nativity of the Sun at the winter solstice in, v. 303; in early June, vi. 31; the gods flee into, vii. 18; ghosts of murdered men nailed into the earth in, ix. 63; Isis and Osiris in, ix. 386

——, ancient, magical images in, i. 66, 67 _sq._; theocratic despotism of, i. 218; power of magicians in, i. 225; confusion of magic and religion in, i. 230 _sq._; ceremonies for the regulation of the sun in, i. 312; kings blamed for failure of the crops in, i. 354; the sacred beasts held responsible for the course of nature in, i. 354; the royal crowns in, i. 364; king of, masquerading as Ammon, ii. 133; sacrifice to the Sun in, iii. 227 _n._; mock human sacrifices in, iv. 217; mother-kin in, vi. 213 _sqq._; human sacrifices in, vii. 259 _sqq._; stratification of religion in, viii. 35; story of the external soul in, xi. 134 _sqq._

——, the Flight into, xi. 69 _n._

——, kings of, derive their titles from the sun-god, i. 418. _See_ Egyptian

——, Lower, the Red Crown of, vi. 21 _n._ 1; Sais in, vi. 50

——, modern, magicians work enchantments through the name of God in, iii. 390; headache nailed into a door in, ix. 63; belief in the jinn in, ix. 104

——, Queen of, married to the god Ammon, ii. 131 _sq._

——-, Upper, temporary kings in, iv. 151 _sq._; the White Crown of, vi. 21 _n._ 1; new-born babes placed in corn-sieves in, vii. 7

Egyptian calendar, the official, vi. 24 _sqq._; date of its introduction, vi. 36 _n._ 2

—— ceremony to help the sun-god against demons, i. 67 _sq._

—— custom of drowning a girl as a sacrifice to the Nile, ii. 151

—— deities arranged in trinities, iv. 5 _n._ 3

—— doctrine that a woman can conceive by a god, ii. 135

—— farmer, calendar of the, vi. 30 _sqq._; his festivals, vi. 32 _sqq._

—— festivals, their dates shifting, vi. 24 _sq._, 92 _sqq._; readjustment of, vi. 91 _sqq._

—— gods, mortality of the ancient, iv. 4 _sqq._; trinities of gods, iv. 5 _n._ 3

—— influence on Christian doctrine of the Trinity, iv. 5 _n._ 3

—— kings deified in their lifetime, i. 418 _sqq._; rules of life observed by, iii. 12 _sq._; flesh diet of, iii. 13, 291; drank no wine, iii. 249; called bulls, iv. 72; worshipped as gods, v. 52; the most ancient, buried at Abydos, vi. 19; their oath not to correct the vague Egyptian year by intercalation, vi. 26; perhaps formerly slain in the character of Osiris, vi. 97 _sq._, 102; as Osiris, vi. 151 _sqq._; renew their life by identifying themselves with the dead and risen Osiris, vi. 153 _sq._; born again at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 _sq._; perhaps formerly put to death to prevent their bodily and mental decay, vi. 154 _sq._, 156; their animal masks, vii. 260; deified, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues, xi. 157

—— kings and queens, their begetting and birth depicted on the monuments, ii. 131 _sqq._

—— magicians, their power of compelling the deities, iii. 389 _sq._

Egyptian months, table of, vi. 37 _n._

—— mothers glad when the holy crocodiles devoured their children, iv. 168 _n._ 1

—— myth of the separation of earth and sky, v. 283 _n._ 3

—— priests loathed the sea, iii. 10; abstained from swine’s flesh, viii. 24 _n._ 2

—— reapers, their lamentations and invocations of Isis, v. 232, vi. 45, 177, vii. 215, 261, 263; their song or cry, vii. 215, 263

—— religion, the development of, vi. 122 _sqq._; dominated by Osiris, vi. 158 _sq._

—— sacred beasts, offerings to the, i. 29 _sq._

—— sovereigns masked as lions, bulls, and serpents, iv. 72 _n._ 7

—— standard resembling a placenta, vi. 156 _n._ 1

—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, xi. 155

—— type of animal sacrament, viii. 312 _sq._, 314

—— women plaster their heads with mud in mourning, iii. 182

—— year vague, not corrected by intercalation, vi. 24 _sq._; the sacred, began with the rising of Sirius, vi. 35

Egyptians, their worship of sacred beasts, i. 29 _sq._; kept their hair unshorn on a journey, iii. 261; their funeral rites a copy of those performed over Osiris, vi. 15; their hope of immortality centred in Osiris, vi. 15 _sq._, 114, 159; their dead identified with Osiris, vi. 16; their astronomers acquainted with the true length of the solar year, vi. 26, 27, 37 _n._; their ceremony at the winter solstice, vi. 50; their sacrifice of red-haired men, vi. 97, 106; their language akin to the Semitic, vi. 161; the conservatism of their character, vi. 217 _sq._; compared to the Chinese, vi. 218; worshipped crocodiles, viii. 209 _n._; their doctrine of the _ka_ or external soul, xi. 157 _n._ 2

——, the ancient, their festival, “the nativity of the sun’s walking-stick,” i. 312; worshipped men and animals, i. 389 _sq._; sycamores worshipped by, ii. 15; ritual flight at embalming among, ii. 309 _n._ 2; their conception of the soul, iii. 28 _sq._; their practice as to souls of the dead, iii. 68 _sq._; personal names among, iii. 322; question of their ethnical affinity, vi. 161; human sacrifices offered by, vii. 259 _sq._, xi. 286 _n._ 2; their religious attitude to pigs, viii. 24 _sqq._; their belief in spirits, ix. 103 _sq._; their use of bulls as scapegoats, ix. 216 _sq._; the five supplementary days of their year, ix. 340 _sq._

Eifel Mountains, the King of the Bean in the, ix. 313; Lenten fires in the, x. 115 _sq._, 336 _sq._; effigy burnt at Cobern in the, x. 120; St. John’s fires in the, x. 169; the Yule log in the, x. 248; Midsummer flowers in the, xi. 48

Eight days, feast and license of, before expulsion of demons, ix. 131

—— years, reign of kings apparently limited in ancient Greece to, iv. 58, 70 _sqq._; cycle in ancient Greece, iv. 68 _sqq._, vii. 80 _sqq._

Eighty-one (nine times nine) men make need-fire, x. 289, 294, 295

Eimine Ban, an Irish abbot, legend of his self-sacrifice, iv. 159 _n._ 1

_Eiresione_ of ancient Greece, ii. 48, 71

Eisenach, effigy of Death burnt on the fourth Sunday of Lent at, iv. 247; harvest customs near, vii. 231

—— Oberland, the Corn-cat in the, vii. 280

_Ekebergia sp._, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Eket, in North Calabar, sacred lake near, xi. 209

Ekoi, the, of West Africa, their custom of mutilating men and women at festivals, v. 270 _n._ 2; ceremony observed by them at crossing a ford, ix. 28; throw leaves on dead chameleons, ix. 28; their belief in external or bush souls, xi. 206 _sqq._

El, Phoenician god, v. 13, 16 _n._ 1; identified with Cronus, v. 166

—— -Bûgât, festival of mourning for Tammuz in Harran, v. 230

—— Kiboron, a Masai clan, may not pluck out their beards lest they lose their power of making rain, iii. 260; their respect for serpents as embodiments of the dead, viii. 288

—— Obeid, i. 122

Elam, the kings of, their bones carried off by Ashurbanipal, vi. 103 _sq._

Elamite deities in opposition to Babylonian deities, ix. 366; inscriptions, ix. 367

Elamites, the hereditary foes of the Babylonians, ix. 366

_Elangela_, external soul in Fan language, xi. 201, 226 _n._ 1

Elans treated with respect by American Indians, viii. 240

Elaphebolion, an Athenian month, ix. 143 _n._, 351

Elaphius, an Elean month, x. 352

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Elder brother, his name not to be pronounced, iii. 341; the sin of marrying before an, ix. 3

Elder, dwarf, in rain-making, i. 273

—— -bush, cut hair buried under an, iii. 275; creeping under an, as a cure for fever, ix. 55

—— -flowers gathered at Midsummer, xi. 64

—— -tree, cut hair and nails inserted in an, iii. 275 _sq._; fever transferred to a twig of the, ix. 49

—— -trees sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43

Elders, council of, in savage communities, i. 216 _sq._

Eldest sons sacrificed for their fathers, iv. 161 _sqq._

Elecampane in a popular remedy for worms, x. 17

Elective and hereditary monarchy, combination of the two, ii. 292 _sqq._

—— kings and hereditary queens, ii. 295

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, xi. 299 _n._ 2

—— lights on mast-heads, spears, etc., ancient superstitions as to, i. 49 _sq._

Electricity, spiritual, royal personages charged with, i. 371

Elephant-hunters, taboos observed by wives of absent, i. 120, x. 5; telepathy of, i. 123; scarify themselves after killing an elephant, iii. 107; continence of, iii. 196 _sq._; special language employed by, iii. 404; not to touch the earth with their feet, x. 5

—— -hunting, inoculation before, viii. 160

Elephant’s flesh tabooed, i. 118 _sq._; thought to make eater strong, viii. 143

Elephants not to be called by their proper name, iii. 403, 407; souls of dead transmigrate into, iv. 85, viii. 289; ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, viii. 227 _sq._, 237; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202, 203; external human souls in, xi. 207

Eleusine grain, cultivated by the Nandi, vii. 117

Eleusinian Games, vii. 70 _sqq._, 110, 180; held every four or two years, vii. 70, 77; victors in the, rewarded with measures of barley, vii. 73; primarily concerned with Demeter and Persephone as goddesses of the corn, vii. 74; less ancient than the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 87 _sq._

—— inscription dealing with first-fruits, vii. 55 _sq._

—— mysteries, vii. 35 _sqq._; presided over by the king, i. 44; sacred marriage of Zeus and Demeter in the, ii. 138 _sq._, vii. 65 _sqq._, viii. 9; origin of, told in the Homeric _Hymn to Demeter_, vii. 35 _sqq._; instituted by Demeter, vii. 37; the myth of Demeter and Persephone acted at the, vii. 39, 66, 187 _sq._; date of the celebration of the, vii. 69 _sq._; said to be instituted by Eumolpus, vii. 70; great antiquity of the, vii. 78 _sq._; hope of immortality associated with initiation into the, vii. 90 _sq._; designed to promote the growth of the corn, vii. 110 _sq._; sacrament of barley-meal and water at the, vii. 161 _sq._

Eleusinian priests, their names sacred, iii. 382 _sq._

Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 138 _sq._, vii. 35 _sqq._; Demeter and the king’s son at, v. 180; sacrifice of oxen at, v. 292 _n._ 3; mysteries of Demeter at, vi. 90; Demeter at, vii. 36 _sq._, viii. 334; the Rarian plain at, vii. 36, 70, 74, 234, viii. 15; offerings of first-fruits at, vii. 53 _sqq._; festival of the threshing-floor at, vii. 60 _sqq._; the Green Festival and the Festival of Cornstalks at, vii. 63; image of Demeter at, vii. 64; prayer for rain at, vii. 69; the rites of, essentially concerned with the cultivation of the corn,