v. 229;

as a corn-spirit, v. 230 _sqq._; hunger the root of the worship of, v. 231; perhaps originally a personification of wild vegetation, especially grass and trees, v. 233; the gardens of, v. 236 _sqq._; rain-charm in the rites of, v. 237; resemblance of his rites to the festival of Easter, v. 254 _sqq._, 306; worshipped at Bethlehem, v. 257 _sqq._; and the planet Venus as the Morning Star, v. 258 _sq._; sometimes identified with Attis, v. 263; swine not eaten by worshippers of, v. 265; rites of, among the Greeks, v. 298; lamented by women at Byblus, vi. 23; and Linus, vii. 216, 258; at Alexandria, vii. 263, ix. 390; and the boar, viii. 22 _sq._; his marriage with Ishtar (Aphrodite), ix. 401. _See also_ Tammuz

Adonis and Aphrodite, v. 11 _sq._, 29, 280, xi. 294 _sq._; their marriage celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224; perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Attis identified with Dionysus, vi. 127 _n._

——, Attis, Osiris, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Osiris, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— or Tammuz, ii. 346; the summer lamentations for, iv. 7

—— and Venus (Aphrodite), i. 21, 25, 40, 41

——, the river, its valley, v. 28 _sqq._; annual discoloration of the, v. 30, 225

Adoption, pretence of birth at, i. 74 _sq._

Adrammelech, burnt sacrifice of children to, iv. 171

Adultery of wife thought to spoil the luck of her absent husband, i. 123, 124 _sq._, 128; supposed to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107 _sq._, 114

Aeacus, the son of Zeus by Aegina, ii. 278, 359 _n._ 1; king of Aegina, the dispersal of his descendants, ii. 278; obtains rain from his father Zeus, ii. 359

Aedepsus, hot springs of Hercules at, v. 211 _sq._

Aedesius, Sextilius Agesilaus, dedicates altar to Attis, v. 275 _n._ 1

Aegina, daughter of Asopus and mother of Aeacus, ii. 359 _n._ 8

——, island, Panhellenian Zeus worshipped on the peak of, ii. 359

Aegipan and Hermes, v. 157

Aegira in Achaia, inspired priestess of Earth at, i. 381 _sq._

_Aegis_, Athena and the, viii. 40, 41

Aegisthus, the murder of, i. 12 _n._; at Mycenae, his marriage with the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Agamemnon, ix. 19

Aegosthena, annual kingship at, i. 46

Aelian, on impregnation of Judean maid by serpent, v. 81; on a Babylonian king Gilgamus, ix. 372 _n._ 1

Aelst, Peter van, painter, xi. 36

_Aenach_, Irish fair, iv. 100 _n._ 1

Aeneas and the Golden Bough, i. 11, ii. 379, xi. 285, 293 _sq._; his vision of the glories of Rome, ii. 178; his disappearance in a thunderstorm, ii. 181; worshipped after death as Jupiter Indiges, ii. 181; and the Game of Troy, iv. 76

—— and Dido, iii. 312, 313, v. 114 _n._ 1

Aeolus, King of the Winds, i. 326

Aeschines, spurious epistles of, ii. 162 _n._ 2

Aeschylus, on Typhon, v. 156

Aesculapius brings Hippolytus or Virbius to life, i. 20, iv. 214; horses dedicated by Hippolytus to, i. 21 _n._ 2, viii. 41 _n._ 5; at Cos, ii. 10; in relation to serpents, v. 80 _sq._; reputed father of Aratus, v. 80 _sq._; his shrines at Sicyon and Titane, v. 81; his dispute with Hercules, v. 209 _sq._; said to have raised Hippolytus from the dead, viii. 41 _n._ 5; at Pergamus, viii. 85; at Epidaurus, ix. 47

Aeson and Medea, v. 181 _n._ 1, viii. 143

_Aetna_, Latin poem, v. 221 _n._ 4

Aetolians, the, shod only on one foot, iii. 311

Afars. _See_ Danakils

Afghanistan, ceremony at the reception of strangers in, iii. 108

Africa, treatment of the navel-string and afterbirth in, i. 195 _sq._; rise of magicians, especially rain-makers, to chieftainship and kingship in, i. 342 _sqq._, 352; human gods in, i. 392 _sqq._; belief in, that sexual crimes disturb the course of nature, ii. 111 _sq._; the diffusion of round huts in, ii. 227 _n._ 3; corpulence as a beauty in, ii. 297; rules of life or taboos observed by kings in, iii. 5 _sq._, 8 _sqq._; detention of souls by sorcerers in, iii. 70 _sq._; fear of being photographed in, iii. 97 _sq._; cleanliness from superstitious motives in, iii. 158 _n._ 1; smith’s craft regarded as uncanny in, iii. 236 _n._ 5; reluctance of people to tell their own names in, iii. 329 _sq._; the Bogos of, iii. 337; names of animals and things tabooed in, iii. 400 _sq._; belief as to transmigration of the dead into serpents in, iv. 84; succession to the soul in, iv. 200 _sq._; serpents as reincarnations of the dead in, v. 82 _sqq._; infant burial in, v. 91 _sq._; reincarnation of the dead in, v. 91 _sq._; annual festivals of the dead in, vi. 66; worship of dead kings and chiefs in, vi. 160 _sqq._; supreme gods in, vi. 165, 173 _sq._, 174, 186, with _n._ 5, 187 _n._ 1, 188 _sq._, 190; worship of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of, vi. 174 _sqq._; inheritance of the kingship under mother-kin in, vi. 211; cat’s cradle in, vii. 103 _n._ 1; woman’s share in agriculture among the tribes of, vii. 113 _sqq._; observation of the Pleiades by agricultural tribes in, vii. 315 _sqq._; sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 109 _sqq._; belief as to the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet in, viii. 140 _sqq._; crocodiles respected in, viii. 213 _sq._; sickness transferred to animals in, ix. 31 _sq._; girls secluded at puberty in, x. 22 _sqq._; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, x. 79 _sqq._; birth-trees in, xi. 160 _sqq._; use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 _n._, 232

Africa, British Central, the tribes of, their custom of carrying about fire, ii. 259; the Yaos of, iii. 97 _sq._, viii. 111; customs observed after a death in, iii. 286; the Angoni of, iv. 156 _n._ 2, viii. 149; the Nyanja-speaking tribes of, viii. 26; crops guarded against baboons and wild pigs in, viii. 32; flesh and hearts of lions eaten to make eaters brave in, viii. 142; parts of brave enemies eaten to make the eaters brave in, viii. 149; the Anyanja of, x. 81

——, British East, the Akikuyu (Kikuyu) of, ii. 44, iii. 175, 214, vii. 317, ix. 32, x. 81, xi. 262 _sq._; the Nandi of, ii. 112, iii. 141, 175, 423, vii. 117, 317, viii. 64, xi. 229 _n._; the Ketosh of, iii. 176; the En-jemusi of, vii. 118; the Suk of, vii. 118, viii. 84, 142, x. 81; observation of the Pleiades by tribes in, vii. 317; the Akamba of, viii. 113, ix. 122 _n._; ceremony of new fire in, x. 135 _sq._

—— Central, the Banyoro of, i. 348; the Lendu of, i. 348; the Basoga of, ii. 19, 112; the Baganda of, ii. 246, 269, iii. 78, vii. 118; the pygmies of, ii. 255, iii. 282; the Monbuttu of, ii. 297, iii. 118, vii. 119; reception of strangers in, iii. 108; the Latuka of, iii. 245, 284; the Madi or Moru tribe of, iii. 277, viii. 314, ix. 217; the Wahoko of, iii. 278; the Wanyoro (Banyoro) of, iii. 278; the Fors of, iii. 281; Unyoro in, iii. 291 _sq._, iv. 34; the Akamba of, iii. 353; the Nandi of, iii. 353; the Bahima of, iii. 375, viii. 288, ix. 32; the Niam-Niam of, vii. 119; the Wanyamwesi of, viii. 227

Africa, East, the Wambugwe of, i. 290, 342, iv. 65; the Wataturu of, i. 342 _sq._, viii. 84; the Wanika of, ii. 12, iii. 247; the Tanga coast of, ii. 34; the Wakamba of, ii. 46; the Wabondei of, ii. 47, iii. 272, viii. 142; the Masai of, ii. 210; the Winamwanga of, ii. 256 _n._ 1; the Wiwa of, ii. 256 _n._ 1; the Jaggas of, ii. 259; the Bogos of, ii. 267 _n._ 4; avoidance of parents-in-law in, iii. 85; the Wa-teita of, iii. 98; custom of elephant-hunters in, iii. 107; the Nubas of, iii. 132; the Bageshu of, iii. 174; the Akamba of, iii. 204; the Akikuyu of, iii. 204; the Warundi of, iii. 225 _n._; the Wajagga of, iii. 286, 290; the Barea of, iii. 337; the Masai of, iii. 354; the Waziguas of, iii. 400; infanticide in, iv. 196; the Danakils or Afars of, iv. 200; the Arabs of, viii. 164; propitiation of dead lions in, viii. 228; ceremony of the new fire in, x. 135; the Swahili of, xi. 160

——, German East, viii. 142; the Wagogo of, i. 343, iii. 186 _n._ 1, viii. 26, 149, 276, ix. 6; the Wahehe of, iii. 86 _n._, viii. 26; the Wageia of, iii. 177; continence of hunters in, iii. 196 _sq._; the Wadowe of, vii. 118; the Waheia of, viii. 26; the Wajagga of, viii. 276, xi. 160; the Washamba of, ix. 29, xi. 183; the Bondeis of, xi. 263; the Wadoe of, xi. 312

——, German South-West, the Ovambo of, xi. 183

——, North, magical images in, i. 65 _sq._; contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210; the Arabs of, i. 277; artificial fertilization of fig-trees in, ii. 314; charms to render bridegrooms impotent in, iii. 300 _sq._; festivals of swinging in, iv. 284; custom of bathing at Midsummer among the Mohammedan peoples of, v. 249; cairns in, ix. 21; Mohammedan reverence for living saints in, ix. 22; popular cure for toothache in, ix. 62; tribes of, their expulsion of demons, ix. 110 _sq._; Midsummer fires in, x. 213 _sqq._

——, South, use of rat’s hair as a charm in, i. 151; the Herero of, i. 209; stopping rain by means of a rabbit in, i. 295; the Bechuanas of, i. 313; way of retarding the sun in, i. 318; the Caffres of, i. 321, iii. 87; frightening away a storm in, i. 327; the Chevas of, i. 331 _n._ 2; the Tumbucas of, i. 331 _n._ 2; chiefs as rain-makers in, i. 350 _sqq._; the Mashona of, i. 393; the Maraves of, ii. 31, ix. 19; the Ovambo of, ii. 264, iii. 176; the Ba-Pedi of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202; the Ba-Thonga of, iii. 141, 148, 163, 202; Bantu tribes of, iii. 152, viii. 111, ix. 77 _sq._; seclusion and purification of manslayers in, iii. 174 _sq._; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278; magic use of spittle in, iii. 288; the Makalaka of, iii. 369; belief as to stepping over persons or things among the tribes of, iii. 423; the Baronga of, iv. 61; crops devastated by wild pigs in, viii. 32; the Matabele of, viii. 70; Caffre remedy for caterpillars in, viii. 280; heaps of sticks or stones to which passers-by add, in, ix. 11; dread of demons in, ix. 77 _sq._; sacrificial fire in, ix. 391 _n._ 4; the Thonga of, xi. 297

Africa, South-East, the Hlubies and Swazies of, i. 249; the Baronga of, i. 267; many tribes of, will not cut down timber while the corn is green, ii. 49; the Bantu tribes of, ii. 210; the Barotse of, iii. 107; custom of infanticide in some tribes of, iv. 183; flesh of lions and leopards eaten by warriors in, viii. 142; rites of initiation in, viii. 148; inoculation of warriors in, viii. 159; hunters cut out right eye of game in, viii. 268; prayers at cairns in, ix. 29

——, South-West, the Herero of, i. 211; the Ovambo of, iii. 227, viii. 109

——, West, rain-making in, i. 249 _sq._; magical functions of chiefs in, i. 349 _sq._; the Banjars of, i. 353; the Yorubas of, i. 364, iv. 41, viii. 98; reverence for silk-cotton trees in, ii. 14 _sq._; kings forced to accept office in, iii. 17 _sq._; fetish kings in, iii. 22 _sqq._; traps set for souls by wizards in, iii. 70 _sq._; the Bavili of, iii. 78; purification after a journey in, iii. 112; custom as to blood shed on ground in, iii. 245, 246; hair, nails, and teeth as rain-charms in, iii. 271; shorn hair burnt or buried for fear of witchcraft in, iii. 281; the Kru negroes of, iii. 322 _sq._; Human Leopard Societies of, iv. 83; human sacrifices at king’s funeral in, iv. 117; stories of the type of Beauty and the Beast in, iv. 128 _sq._, 130 _n._ 1; sacrificial blood smeared on doorways in, iv. 176 _n._ 1; sacred men and women in, v. 65 _sqq._; human sacrifices in, vi. 99 _n._ 2; human sacrifices for the crops in, vii. 239; the Kimbunda of, viii. 152; the Beku of, viii. 163; propitiation of dead leopards in, viii. 228 _sqq._; bones of sacrificial victims not broken in, viii. 258 _n._ 2; belief in demons among the negroes of, ix. 74 _sqq._; dances at sowing in, ix. 234; theory of an external soul embodied in an animal prevalent in, xi. 200 _sqq._; ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in, xi. 251 _sqq._

African stories of the external soul, xi. 148 _sqq._; Balders, xi. 312 _sqq._

—— hunters, ceremonies of purification observed by, iii. 220 _sq._

—— kings forbidden to see their mothers, iii. 86; thought to render themselves immortal by their sorceries, iv. 9

—— tribes, household fires extinguished after a death in, ii. 267 _n._ 4; descent of property and power to sister’s children among, ii. 285; combination of the elective with the hereditary principle in regulating the descent of kingships or chiefships among, ii. 292 _sqq._; believe that their dead kings turn into lions, leopards, pythons, etc., iv. 84

Afterbirth (placenta), portion of a man’s spirit supposed to reside in his, i. 100; contagious magic of, i. 182-201; part of child’s spirit in, i. 184; buried under a tree, i. 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, xi. 160 _sq._, 162, 163, 164, 165; hung on a tree, i. 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 194, 198, 199; thrown into the sea, i. 187, 190; regarded as brother or sister of child, i. 189, 191, 192, 193, xi. 162 _n._ 2; seat of external soul, i. 193 _sq._, 200 _sq._; regarded as a second child, i. 195, xi. 162 _n._ 2; of cows, treatment of the, i. 198 _sq._; regarded as a person’s double or twin, vi. 169 _sq._; of child animated by a ghost and sympathetically connected with a banana-tree, xi. 162; and navel-string regarded as guardian angels of the man, xi. 162 _n._ 2; regarded as a guardian spirit, xi. 223 _n._ 2 _See also_ Afterbirths _and_ Placenta

Afterbirths buried in banana groves, v. 93; regarded as twins of the children, v. 93; Shilluk kings interred where their afterbirths are buried, vi. 162

Agamemnon, sceptre of, worshipped as a god, i. 365; said to have reigned in his wife’s home, Lacedaemon, ii. 279

—— and Aegisthus, ix. 19

Agar Dinka, rain-makers killed among the, iv. 33

Agaric growing on birch-trees, superstitions as to, x. 148

Agariste, daughter of Clisthenes, the wooing of, ii. 307

Agathias, on the identification of Anaitis and Aphrodite, ix. 369 _n._ 1; on Sandes, ix. 389

Agathocles, his siege of Carthage, iv. 167

Agbasia, West African god, sacred slaves of, v. 79; prayers to, viii. 59, 60

Agdestis, a man-monster in the myth of Attis, v. 269

Age of Magic, i. 235, 237

Agesipolis, king of Sparta, his conduct in an earthquake, v. 196

Aglu, New Year fires at, x. 217

Agni, Indian god, viii. 120, ix. 410, x. 99 _n._ 2; the fire-god, ii. 230, 249, xi. 1, 296; addressed at marriage, ii. 230

_Agnihotris_, Brahman fire-priests, ii. 247 _sqq._

_Agnus castus_ strewed by married women under their beds at the Thesmophoria, vii. 116 _n._ 2; used in ceremony of beating, ix. 252, 257

Agome, in Togoland, ceremonies observed by hunters at, viii. 229

Agraulus, daughter of Cecrops, worshipped at Salamis in Cyprus, v. 145, 146

Agricultural peoples worship the moon, vi. 138 _sq._

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— year determined by observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313 _sqq._; expulsions of demons timed to coincide with seasons of the, ix. 225

Agriculture, religious objections to, v. 88 _sqq._, vii. 93, 108; in the hands of women in the Pelew Islands, vi. 206 _sq._; its tendency to produce a conservative character, vi. 217 _sq._; magical significance of games in primitive, vii. 92 _sqq._; origin of, vii. 128 _sq._; woman’s part in primitive, vii. 113 _sqq._

_Agriculture of the Nabataeans_, ii. 100, 346 _n._ 3

Agrigentum, Empedocles at, i. 390; Phalaris of, iv. 75

Agrionia, a festival at Orchomenus, iv. 163

Agrippa, king of Judea, his mockery at Alexandria, ix. 418

Agrippina, her marriage with Claudius, ii. 129 _n._ 1

Agu, Mount, in Togo, wind-fetish on, i. 327; fetish priest on, iii. 5

Ague, transferred to trees, ix. 56, 57 _sq._; Suffolk cure for, ix. 68; Midsummer bonfires deemed a cure for, x. 162; leaps across the Midsummer bonfires thought to be a preventive of, x. 174

Agutainos of the Philippines, customs observed by widows among the, iii. 144

Agweh on the Slave Coast, custom at end of mourning at, iii. 286; custom of widows at, xi. 18 _sq._

Agylla, in Etruria, funeral games at, iv. 95

Ahasuerus, King, ix. 397, 401; the Hebrew equivalent of Xerxes, ix. 360

Ahaz, King, his sacrifice of his children, iv. 169 _sq._

Ahlen, in Munsterland, the Yule log at, x. 247

Ahne-bergen, near Stade, thresher of last corn called Corn-pug at, vii. 273

Ahriman, the devil of the Persians, x. 95

Ahts or Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island regard the moon as the husband of the sun, vi. 139 _n._ 1; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 43 _sq._

Ahura Mazda, the supreme being of the Persians, x. 95

Ai San Bushmen, their fire-sticks, ii. 218 _n._ 1

Aijaruc, a Tartar princess, ii. 306

Ain, de l’, French department, leaf-clad mummer on May Day in, ii. 81 _n._ 3; Lenten fires in, x. 114

Aino fishermen, their ways of making rain, i. 288

—— hunters, their custom at killing a fox, viii. 267

—— type of animal sacrament, viii. 312 _sq._

—— women may not mention their husbands’ names, iii. 337

Ainos, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212; their rain-making, i. 251, 253; their fear of whirlwinds, i. 331 _n._ 2; their ceremony at eating new millet, viii. 52; their custom as to eating the heads of otters and the hearts of water-ousels, viii. 144; their worship of bears, viii. 180 _sqq._; their worship of eagle-owls, eagles, and hawks, viii. 199 _sq._; thank the sword-fish which they kill, viii. 251; their customs in regard to the first fish of the season, viii. 255 _sq._; their propitiation of mice, viii. 278; their ambiguous attitude towards the bear, viii. 310 _sq._

—— of Japan, their use of magical images, i. 60; reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; their custom of killing bears ceremonially, viii. 180 _sqq._; their mourning caps, x. 20; their use of mugwort in exorcism, xi. 60; their veneration for mistletoe, xi. 79

—— of Saghalien, pregnant women forbidden to spin among the, i. 114; their bear-festivals, viii. 188 _sqq._

_Aiora_, festival of swinging, at Athens, i. 46 _n._ 1

Air, prohibition to be uncovered in the open, iii. 3, 14; thought to be poisoned at eclipses, x. 162 _n._

Airi, a deity of North-West India, his worshippers inspired, v. 170

Airu, Assyrian month corresponding to May, ii. 130

Aïsawa or Isowa, order of saints in Morocco, devour live goats, vii. 21 _sq._

Aisne, Midsummer fires in the department of, x. 187

Ait Sadden, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

—— Warain, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 178 _sq._

—— Yusi, a tribe of Morocco, their tug-of-war, ix. 182

Aitan, a Khasi goddess, ix. 173

Aivilik, the Esquimaux of, i. 121

Aix, squibs at Midsummer at, x. 193; Midsummer king at, x. 194, xi. 25

Aiyar, N. Subramhanya, on Indian dancing-girls, v. 63 _sqq._

Ajax and Teucer, names of priestly kings of Olba, v. 144 _sq._, 161

Ajumba hunter, his apologies to the hippopotamus which he had killed,