xi. 187;

fertilized by being struck with stick which has been used to separate pairing dogs, ix. 264; hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51

——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, vi. 191, 192; reputed the wives of gods, vi. 207

——, pregnant, employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 _sq._; taboos on, i. 141 _n._ 1; wear garments made of bark of sacred tree, ii. 58; mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 _sq._

—— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 _sq._; inspired by gods, vi. 207

Women’s clothes, supposed effects of touching, iii. 164 _sq._

—— hair, sacrifice of, v. 38

—— race at harvest, vii. 76 _sq._

“—— speech” among the Caffres, iii. 335 _sq._

Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the, xi. 227

Wonkgongaru tribe of Central Australia, their magical ceremony for the multiplication of fish, i. 90

Wood, fire kindled by the friction of, ii. 207 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 243, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 262, 263, 336, 366, 372. _See also_ Fire

——, King of the, at Nemi, i. 1 _sqq._, ii. 1 _sq._, 378 _sqq._, iv. 28, x. 2, xi. 285, 286, 295, 302, 309; at Aricia, ix. 409

——, Lord of the, prayed to by the Gayos before they clear the forest, ii. 36; prayed to by the Gayos before they hunt in the woods, ii. 125

Wood-spirits in goat form, viii. 2 _sq._

—— woman, stalks of corn left on the harvest field for the, vii. 232

Woodbine as a charm to keep witches from cows on May Day, ii. 53, ix. 267; sick children passed through a wreath of, xi. 184

Woodford, C. M., on offering of canarium nuts to ghosts, viii. 126 _sq._

Woodmen, sacrifices offered by, at felling trees, ii. 14, 15; ask pardon of trees at felling them, ii. 18, 19; form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 _sq._; ceremonies observed by, at felling trees, ii. 37 _sqq._

Woodpecker (_picus_) said to have guided the Piceni, iv. 186 _n._ 4; sacred among the Latins, iv. 186 _n._ 4; brings the mythical springwort, xi. 70 _sq._

Woods (forests), of ancient Europe, ii. 7 _sq._, 350 _sqq._; of England, the old, ii. 7 _sq._; of ancient Italy and Greece, ii. 8; of ancient Latium, ii. 188

Woods used in house-building, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146; species of, used in making fire by friction, ii. 248-252

Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Words tabooed, iii. 318 _sqq._; savages take a materialistic view of words, iii. 331. _See also_ Language _and_ Speech

——, common, changed because they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 _sqq._, 375, or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 _sqq._; tabooed, iii. 392 _sqq._

——, special, applied to the person and acts of a sacred chief or king, i. 398, 401, 401 _n._ 3; used by Scotch fowlers, iii. 393 _sq._; used by Scotch fishermen, iii. 393 _sqq._; used by German huntsmen, iii. 396; used by Nandi warriors, iii. 401; used by elephant-hunters in Laos, iii. 404; used by searchers for eagle-wood and _lignum aloes_ in Indo-China, iii. 404; used by searchers for camphor in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, iii. 405 _sqq._; used by Malay tin-miners, iii. 407; used by Malay fowlers, iii. 407 _sq._; used by Malay fishermen, iii. 408 _sq._; used by Achinese fishermen, iii. 409; used by gold-miners in Sumatra, iii. 409; used by reapers in Nias, iii. 410 _sq._; used by the Javanese at night and in gathering simples, iii. 411; used by workers in the harvest-fields in Celebes, iii. 411 _sq._; used by the Toradjas of Celebes in the forest, iii. 412 _sq._; used by the Bugineese and Macassars of Celebes at sea, iii. 413; used by the Sangi Islanders at sea, iii. 414; used by the Kenyahs of Borneo in poisoning fish, iii. 415; used by reapers among the Tomori of Celebes, vii. 193

Wordsworth, W., on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104

Work in huts of absent whalers tabooed, i. 121; on holy days, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to see, iii. 14

“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, x. 287 _sq._

World regarded by early man as the product of conscious will and personal agency, i. 374; conceived as animated, ix. 90 _sq._; daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, ix. 411

Worm, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Wormeln, holy oak of, ii. 371

Worms, charm against, i. 152; souls of dead in, viii. 289; popular cure for, x. 17

Wormwood (_Artemisia absinthium_), xi. 58 _n._ 3; burnt to stupefy witches, x. 345; superstitions concerning, xi. 61 _n._ 1

_Wororu_, man supposed to cause conception in women without sexual intercourse, in West Australia, v. 105

Worship of trees, ii. 7 _sqq._; of the oak, ii. 349 _sqq._, xi. 298 _sqq._; of mephitic vapours, v. 203 _sqq._; of hot springs, v. 206 _sqq._; of volcanoes, v. 216 _sqq._; of cattle, viii. 35 _sqq._; of animals, two forms of the, viii. 311; of snake, viii. 316 _sq._; paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 282, 289, 293; of ancestors in Fiji, xi. 243 _sq._

—— of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 _sqq._; among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203

—— of the dead, magic blent with the, i. 164; perhaps fused with the propitiation of the corn-spirit, v. 233 _sqq._; founded on the theory of the soul, vii. 181; among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

—— of dead kings and chiefs, iv. 24 _sq._; in Africa, vi. 160 _sqq._; among the Shilluks, vi. 161 _sqq._; among the Baganda, vi. 167 _sqq._; among the Barotse, vi. 194 _sq._; an important element in African religion, vi. 195 _sq._

—— of frogs by the Newars, i. 294 _sq._

Worshipful animal killed once a year, viii. 322

Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop up wells, vi. 111

Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, x. 302

Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, contagious magic of clothes among the, i. 206; their rain-making, i. 251 _sq._; their notion as to falling stars, iv. 64; their sorcery by means of spittle, iii. 288; sex totems among the, xi. 215 _sq._

Wotyaks (Votiaks), the, of Russia, sacred groves of the, ii. 43 _sq._; their marriage of Keremet to the Earth-wife, ii. 145 _sq._; their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231; their annual festivals of the dead, vi. 76 _sq._; annual expulsion of Satan among the, ix. 155 _sq._

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, i. 201 _sqq._

Wounded men not allowed to drink milk, iii. 174 _sq._

Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, iv. 13 _sq._

—— were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, x. 308 _sqq._

Wounds at reaping, customs and sayings as to, vii. 281, 285, 288, 296; self-inflicted, of inspired men, ix. 117 _sq._; St. John’s wort a balm for, xi. 55

“—— between the arms” of Hebrew prophets, v. 74 _n._ 4

“—— of the Naaman,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

_Wrach_ (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, vii. 142 _sqq._

Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, xi. 184

Wreaths of flowers thrown into water, divination from, ii. 339; as amulets, vi. 242 _sq._; of corn made out of last sheaf at harvest, vii. 134, 135; of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, x. 174; superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, x. 174; hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201

Wren, hunting the, viii. 317 _sqq._, in the Isle of Man, viii. 318 _sq._, in Ireland, viii. 319 _sq._, in England, viii. 320, in France, viii. 320 _sq._; called the king of birds, viii. 317; superstitions as to the, viii. 317 _sq._, 319

Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead among the Kirghiz, iv. 97; at New Year festival among the Kayans, vii. 98; at festival of first-fruits in Tonga, viii. 131

Wright, Dr. Joseph, on _hockey_, vii. 147 _n._ 1; on the _mell_-sheaf, vii. 152 _n._

Wrist-bands as amulets, iii. 315

Wrists tied to prevent escape of soul, iii. 32, 43, 51

Wukari, in Nigeria, custom of king-killing at, iv. 35

Wunenberger, Ch., on kings as rain-makers in Africa, i. 348

Wünsch, R., on the _Anthesteria_, v. 235 _n._ 1; on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, v. 246; on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254 _n._

Wünschensuhl, in Thüringen, the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Wurmlingen in Swabia, pretence of beheading a leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide at, iv. 207 _sq._; the Carnival Fool at, iv. 231 _sq._

——, in Thüringen, man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the Barley-cow, Oats-cow, Peas-cow, etc., at, vii. 290

Würtemberg, bushes set up on houses on Palm Sunday in, ii. 71; the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at Ertingen in, ii. 83; thresher of last corn called the He-goat at Tettnang in, vii. 286; effigy of goat made out of last corn threshed at Ellwangen in, vii. 287; Midsummer fires in, x. 66; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, recovery of lost soul in the, iii. 42 _sq._

Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, x. 165

Wuttke, A., on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327 _n._ 4

Wyingurri, tribe of Western Australia, their contagious magic of footprints, i. 208

Wyld, E., on shrieks of tree-spirits, ii. 18

Wyse, Miss A., on May Day custom at Halford in Warwickshire, ii. 89 _n._ 1

Wyse, William, as to circumcision in the Old Testament, i. 101 _n._ 2; as to the Greek custom of sacrificing to the dead on their birthdays, i. 105 _n._ 5; as to edible acorns in _Don Quixote_, ii. 356 _n._ 3; as to Cretan sacrifices without the use of iron, iii. 227 _n._ 2; on a reported Roman custom, iv. 144; on the causes of the downfall of ancient civilization, v. 301 _n._ 2; as to the fixed and movable Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 _n._ 2; as to an Egyptian festival of lights, vi. 51 _n._ 1

Wyttenbach, D., his emendation of Plutarch, ix. 341 _n._ 1

Xanthicus, a Macedonian month, vii. 259 _n._ 1

Xenophanes of Colophon, on the creation of the gods in the likeness of men, iii. 387; on the Egyptian rites of mourning for gods, vi. 42, 43

Xenophon, his rural home, i. 7; on Triptolemus, vii. 54

Xeres, Fr., Spanish historian, on the sacrifice of children among the Indians of Peru, iv. 185

Xerxes in Thessaly, iv. 161, 163; identified with Ahasuerus, ix. 360

Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, ix. 285; woman annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 285 _sq._

Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their first-born children, iv. 185 _sq._

Xipe, “the Flayed One,” Mexican god, ix. 297, 298, 299; statuette of, ix. 291 _n._ 1; his festival of the flaying of men, ix. 296 _sqq._; his image clad in the skin of a flayed man, ix. 297

Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, in ancient Mexico, ix. 298, 299

Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, change of word to avoid the use of chief’s name in the, iii. 377

Xochiquetzal, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices offered to, vii. 237

Xomanas, an Indian tribe of the Rio Negro in Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157

Yabim (Jabim), tribe of German New Guinea, their treatment of the navel-string, i. 182; their custom at childbirth, iii. 151; drive away the ghosts of the murdered, iii. 170; precaution against the ghost of a murdered man among the, iii. 186 _n._ 1; their use of magic knots in fishing-boats, iii. 306; avoidance of parents-in-law among the, iii. 342; unwilling to name the dead, iii. 354; tell stories to promote the growth of the crops, iii. 386; propitiate the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 104; tell tales to get good harvests, vii. 104 _sq._; their offerings to the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 228; their way of getting rid of caterpillars and worms, viii. 275 _sq._; their belief in the transmigration of some human souls into swine, viii. 295 _sq._; their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, ix. 188 _sq._; girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 35; use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 232; rites of initiation among the, xi. 239 _sqq._

Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 59

Yakut shamans, their descent into the lower world to recover lost souls,