v. 177

Töppen, M., on the Lithuanian god Perkunas, ii. 365 _n._ 5

Tops spun at sowing festival, vii. 95, 97, 187

Toradjas, meaning of the name, i. 109 _n._ 1; their mode of annulling an evil omen, i. 170; employ a special language in passing through a forest, iii. 412 _sq._

—— of Central Celebes, their magical use of jawbones, i. 109; their rule not to loiter in the doorway of a pregnant woman, i. 114; telepathy in war among the, i. 129; their use of iron in homoeopathic magic, i. 159; their rain-making, i. 253; customs observed by the rain-doctor among the, i. 271 _sq._; their rain-making by means of the dead, i. 286; their way of making rain by an appeal to the pity of the gods, i. 303; their sacrifice at building a new house, ii. 39; use the incest of animals as a rain-charm, ii. 113; rules observed by them on entering an enemy’s country, iii. 111; their custom as to cutting a child’s hair, iii. 263; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 340; disinter the bones of the dead at a festival, iii. 373 _n._; their field-speech, iii. 411 _sqq._; their theory of rain, vi. 33; their conception of the rice-soul as a blue bird, vii. 182 _n._ 1, 295 _sq._; attribute souls to men, animals, and rice, vii. 183; their customs as to the Mother of the Rice, vii. 194 _sq._; their offerings to the souls of the dead at planting a new field, vii. 228; their custom at circumcision, viii. 153; cure for kleptomania among the, ix. 34; hide themselves from the demon of smallpox, ix. 112 _n._ 2; their cure by beating, ix. 265; were-wolves among the, x. 311 _sq._; their custom at the smelting of iron, xi. 154

Toradjas of Poso, in Central Celebes, recovery of souls abducted by demons among the, iii. 62; use a secret language in the harvest-field, iii. 411 _sq._; ask each other riddles while they watch the crops in the field, vii. 194

Torch-bearer, the Eleusinian, vii. 54, 55, 59

—— -races at Athens presided over by the king, ii. 44 _sq._; at Easter, x. 142; at Midsummer, x. 175

Torches by women to Diana, i. 12; fight with, as a ceremony, i. 94; used to mimic lightning, i. 310; in relation to Demeter and Persephone, vii. 57; lighted, used in purification, viii. 249; used in the expulsion of demons, ix. 110, 117, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133 _sq._, 139, 140, 146, 157, 171; used in the expulsion of witches, etc., ix. 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166; carried in procession by maskers in Salzburg, ix. 243; carried by dancers in Mexico, ix. 285; applied to fruit-trees on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316 _sq._; carried about the sowed fields on the Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316, 317; interpreted as imitations of lightning, x. 340 _n._ 1

Torches, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, x. 206; applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, x. 340

—— of Demeter, x. 340

——, processions with lighted, x. 141, _sq._, 233 _sq._; through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, x. 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._, 179, 339 _sq._; at Midsummer, x. 179; on Christmas Eve, x. 266

Torchlight dance of the Natchez Indians at the festival of new corn, viii. 79; procession at Eleusis, vii. 38

Torgot, province of China, rain-dragon banished in time of drought to, i. 298

Torquemada, J. de, Spanish historian of Mexico, ix. 286 _n._ 1; on the eating of the flesh of the human representative of Tezcatlipoca, ix. 279 _n._ 1; on the flaying of human victims in Mexico, ix. 300 _n._ 1

Torres Straits Islands, use of magical images in the, i. 59, 72; magic to catch dugong and turtle in the, i. 108; raising the wind in the, i. 322; wind raised by bull-roarer in the, i. 324; magicians in the, i. 420 _n._ 2; the fire-drill in the, ii. 209; ritual flight of man who has decapitated a corpse in the, ii. 309 _n._ 2; names of relations by marriage tabooed in the, iii. 343 _sq._; funeral custom in the, iv. 92 _sq._; worship of animal-shaped heroes in the, v. 139 _n._ 1; death-dances in the, vi. 53 _n._ 2; cat’s cradle in the, vii. 103 _n._ 1; the natives of the, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 313; modes of acquiring courage in the, viii. 152 _sq._; seclusion of girls at puberty in the, x. 36 _sq._, 39 _sqq._; dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, x. 78 _sq._; use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 228 _n._ 2, 232

Tortoise, emblem of longevity, i. 169 _n._ 1; deemed ill-omened in China, i. 170; fever transferred to, ix. 31

Tortoises, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151; land, in homoeopathic magic, i. 155; reasons for not eating, viii. 140; external human souls lodged in, xi. 204. _See also_ Turtles

Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, xi. 158 _sq._

Tossing successful reaper in Berwickshire, vii. 154

Totec or Xipe, Mexican god, ix. 297, 298; personated by a man wearing the skin of a human victim, ix. 300. _See also_ Xipe

Totem confounded with the man himself, i. 107; custom observed at eating the, iii. 127; skin-disease supposed to be caused by eating, viii. 25 _sq._; transference of man’s soul to his, xi. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._; supposed effect of killing a, xi. 220; the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, xi. 220 _sqq._; the individual or personal, xi. 222 _n._ 5, 224 _n._ 1, 226 _n._ 1 _See also_ Totems _and_ Sex totem

Totem animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, xi. 271 _sq._; transformation of man into his, xi. 275

—— animals and plants, custom of eating, i. 107

—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, xi. 272 _sq._

—— names kept secret, iii. 320, 330, xi. 225 _n._

—— plants among the Fans, xi. 161

—— sacrament, viii. 165

Totemic animals, purification for killing, viii. 28; dances in imitation of, viii. 76; represented by masks, ix. 380

Totemism defined, viii. 35; in Central Australia not a religion, i. 107 _sq._; characteristics of early Australian, i. 107; of the Dinkas, iv. 30 _sq._; the source of a particular type of folk-tales, iv. 129 _sqq._; possible trace of Latin, iv. 186 _n._ 4; in Kiziba, vi. 173, 174 _n._ 1; not proved for the Aryans, viii. 4; probably originated in the hunting stage of society, viii. 37; in Australia and America, viii. 311; suggested theory of, xi. 218 _sqq._

Totems in Central Australia, magical ceremonies for the multiplication of the, i. 85 _sqq._, 335; custom of eating the, i. 107; descent of the, in Uganda, ii. 288; sacrifices to, iv. 31; stories told to account for the origin of, iv. 129; honorific, of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273 _sqq._; personal, among the North American Indians, xi. 273, 276 _n._ 1; multiplex, of the Australians, xi. 275 _n._ 1

Totonacs, their worship of the corn-spirit, ix. 286 _n._ 1

Tototectin, men clad in skins of human victims in Mexico, ix. 298

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, x. 87, 90

Touch-me-not (_Impatiens sp._), bundle of, representative of goddess Gauri, ii. 77

Touching for the King’s Evil (scrofula), i. 368 _sqq._

—— sacred king or chief, supposed effects of, iii. 132 _sqq._

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, xi. 276

Toulon, custom of drenching people with water at Midsummer at, v. 248 _sq._

Toulouse, adoration paid to each other by the Albigenses noticed in the records of the Inquisition at, i. 407; torture of sorcerers at, xi. 158

Toumbuluh tribe of Celebes, taboos observed during wife’s pregnancy in the, iii. 295, 298

Toumon, Egyptian god, the mummy of, iv. 5

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, x. 182

Town, charm to protect a, vi. 249 _sqq._

Toxcatl, fifth month of old Mexican year, ix. 149 _n._ 2; old Mexican festival, ix. 149 _n._ 2, 276

Tozer, H. F., on Mount Argaeus, v. 191

_Trachinian Women, The_, play of Sophocles, ii. 161

Trading voyages, continence observed on, iii. 203

Tradition, the thraldom of, i. 219; historical, hampered by the taboo on the names of the dead, iii. 363 _sqq._

Traditions of kings torn in pieces, vi. 97 _sq._

Train, Joseph, on St. Bridget in the Isle of Man, ii. 95; on Beltane fires in the Isle of Man, x. 157

Trajan, Pliny’s letter to, ix. 420

Tralles in Lydia, sacred prostitution at, v. 38

Transference of human souls to other bodies, iii. 49; from the living to the dead, iii. 73

—— of Egyptian festivals from one month to the preceding month, vi. 92 _sqq._

—— of evil, ix. 1 _sqq._; to other people, ix. 5 _sqq._; to sticks and stones, ix. 8 _sqq._; to animals, ix. 31 _sqq._; to men, ix. 38 _sqq._; in Europe, ix. 47 _sqq._

—— of a man’s soul to his totem, xi. 219 _n._, 225 _sq._

—— of sins, iii. 214 _sqq._, ix. 39 _sqq._, 42 _sqq._

Transformation of men into animals, iv. 82 _sqq._, xi. 207; of men into women, attempted, in obedience to dreams, vi. 255 _sqq._; of women into men, attempted, vi. 255 _n._ 1; of woman into crocodile, viii. 212; of animals into men, ix. 380; of men into wolves at the full moon, x. 314 _n._ 1; of witches into animals, x. 315 _sqq._, xi. 311 _sq._; of man into his totem animal, xi. 275

Transgressions, need of confessing, iii. 211 _sq._ _See also_ Sins

Transition from mother-kin to father-kin, vi. 261 _n._ 3

Transmigration, belief in, a motive for infanticide, iv. 188 _sq._

—— of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, xi. 172

—— of human souls, into animals, iii. 65, iv. 84 _sq._, viii. 141, 285 _sqq._; into turtles, viii. 178 _sq._; into bears, viii. 191; doctrine of, in ancient India, viii. 298 _sq._; doctrine of, in ancient Greece, viii. 300 _sqq._, 307 _sq._; into totem animals, xi. 223

Transmigrations of human deities, i. 410 _sqq._; of Buddha, viii. 299; or Buddha in the _Jataka_, ix. 41

Transmission of soul to successor, iv. 198 _sqq._

Transubstantiation among the ancient Aryans, viii. 89 _sq._; among the ancient Mexicans, viii. 89; ridiculed by Cicero, viii. 167

Transvaal, the Bawenda of the, i. 351, 401 _n._ 3; the Malepa of the, iii. 241

Transylvania, rain-making in, i. 282; festival of Green George among the gipsies of, ii. 75 _sq._; precautions against witches on St. George’s Eve or Day in, ii. 337 _sq._; saying as to sleeping child in, iii. 37; story of a witch’s soul in the shape of a fly in, iii. 38 _sq._; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66; “Sawing the Old Woman” among the gipsies of, iv. 243; crown made of last ears cut at harvest in, v. 237 _sq._, vii. 221; the Cock at reaping the last corn at Braller in, vii. 276; cock beheaded on harvest-field near Klausenburg in, vii. 278; live cock killed in last sheaf near Udvarhely in, vii. 278; the Hare at reaping the last corn at Birk in, vii. 280; catching the quail in the last corn reaped in the Bistritz district of,