viii. 28;

their ceremonies before eating the new fruits, viii. 69 _sq._; the Baperis, a tribe of, viii. 164; their custom of mutilating an ox after a battle, viii. 271; their belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile, xi. 210 _sq._

Bed of absent hunter or warrior not to be used, i. 123, 127, 128, 129; feet of, smeared with mud, iii. 14; prohibitionto sleep in a, iii. 194. _See also_ Beds

Bed-clothes, contagious magic of bodily impressions on, i. 213

Bedding at home not to be raised in the absence of hunters, i. 121

Bede, on the succession of Pictish kings, ii. 286; on the Feast of All Saints, vi. 83

Bedouins of East Africa attack whirlwinds, i. 331; regard an acacia-tree as sacred, ii. 42; fire-drill of the ancient, ii. 209; annual festival of the Sinaitic, iv. 97

Bedriacum, the battle of, iv. 140, ix. 416

Beds of absent hunters, children not to play on, i. 123

Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, xi. 101. _See also_ Bees

Beech, M. W. H., on serpent-worship among the Suk, v. 85

Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, x. 249

—— -tree in sacred grove of Diana, i. 40; burnt in Lenten bonfire, x. 115 _sq._

—— -woods of Denmark, ii. 351

Beeches of Latium, ii. 188; struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298 _sq._; free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Beef and milk not to be eaten at the same meal, iii. 292

_Beena_ marriage, ii. 271; in Ceylon, vi. 215

Beer, continence observed at brewing, iii. 200; in relation to Dionysus, vii. 2 _n._ 1; drunk out of dead king’s skull as means of inspiration, viii. 150

Bees on image of Artemis at Ephesus, i. 37; the King Bees (Essenes) at Ephesus, ii. 135 _sq._; the sting of, a popular cure for rheumatism, iii. 106 _n._ 2; transmigration of quiet people into, viii. 308; thought to be killed by menstruous women, x. 96; ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, x. 142

Beetle, in magic, i. 152; external soul in a, xi. 138, 140

Beetles, superstitious precautions against, viii. 279, 280

Befana at Rome and elsewhere, ix. 167

Begbie, General, v. 62 _n._

Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, xi. 248

Beggar, name given to last sheaf, vii. 231 _sq._

—— -man, the binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 231

Behanzin, king of Dahomey, represented with the head and body of a fish, iv. 85

Behar district of India, virtue ascribed to abuse in, i. 279; rain-charm by means of a stone in, i. 305; “wives of the snake” in, ii. 149; custom of swinging in, iv. 279; bullocks let loose on eleventh day of mourning in, ix. 37 _n._ 4; the fire-walk in, xi. 5

Beheading the King, a Whitsuntide pageant in Bohemia, iv. 209 _sq._

—— Whitsuntide mummers, pretence of, iv. 206 _sqq._

_Beifuss_, German name for mugwort, xi. 60 _n._ 6

Bekes, in Hungary, mode of fertilizing women in, ix. 264

Beku, dwarf tribe of West Africa, their magical ointment for acquiring the power of the dead, viii. 163 _sq._

Bel or Marduk, a Babylonian deity, v. 71; his human wife, ii. 129 _sq._; identified with Zeus, ix. 389; created the world by cleaving the monster Tiamat in two, ix. 410; the fires of, x. 147, 157, 158 _sq._

Belep, the, of New Caledonia, their charm to disable an enemy, i. 150

Beleth, John, his _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_ quoted, x. 161 _n._ 2

Belethus, J., on “Easter Smacks,” ix. 270 _n._

Belfast, the last sheaf called Granny near, vii. 136

Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, x. 256

Belgian cure for fever, ix. 56 _n._ 1

Belgium, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95; cut hair burnt in, iii. 283; belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424; belief as to meteors in, iv. 67; Feast of All Souls in, vi. 70; fox’s tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270; the King of the Bean in, ix. 313; the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329; Lenten fires in, x. 107 _sq._; Midsummer fires in, x. 194 _sq._; the Yule log in, x. 249; bathing on Midsummer Day in, xi. 30; divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 53; mugwort gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve in, xi. 59 _sq._; vervain gathered on St. John’s Day in, xi. 62; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63; the witches’ Sabbath in, xi. 73

Bell-ringing as a charm to dispel evil influences, ii. 343 _sq._ _See_ Bells

Bella Coola (Bilqula) Indians of British Columbia, their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34; their cannibal rites, vii. 20; their masked dances, ix. 376 _n._ 2; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 46; custom of mourners among the, xi. 174

Bellerophon and Pegasus, v. 302 _n._ 4

Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, xi. 257 _sqq._

Bellochroy, enchanter at, x. 290

Bellona and Mars, vi. 231

Bells, carried by leaf-clad mummers, ii. 83, 84 _sq._; worn by father of twins, ii. 102; rung to drive away witches, ii. 127; hung on cattle on St. George’s Day, ii. 332; used in exorcism, iii. 102; rung to conjure spirits, iii. 120; worn as amulets, iii. 235; worn by mummers, vii. 26, 28, viii. 332, 333, ix. 242, 243, 244, 246 _sqq._, 250 _sq._; attached to hobby-horse, viii. 337 _sq._; on animal used as scapegoat, ix. 37; rung to expel demons, ix. 117, 118; rung as a protection against witches, ix. 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 166; used in the expulsion of evils, ix. 196, 200; used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 204, 214, 246 _sq._, 251; worn by dancers, ix. 242, 243, 246 _sqq._, 250 _sq._; used to exorcize storm fiend, ix. 246; rung to make grass and flax grow, ix. 247 _sq._; golden, worn by human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 280, 284; worn by priest in exorcism, x. 5; on priest’s legs, xi. 8

——, church, silenced in Holy Week, x. 123, 125 _n._ 1; rung on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47 _sq._; rung to drive away witches, xi. 73

Beltana, in South Australia, first-born children destroyed among the tribes about, iv. 180

Beltane, the Celtic May Day, x. 146 _sqq._; popularly derived from Baal, x. 149 _n._ 1, 150 _n._ 1; the need-fire at, x. 293; the Yellow Day of, x. 293; sheep passed through a hoop at, xi. 184

—— cakes, x. 148 _sq._, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, x. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 53; a witching time, x. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, x. 148, xi. 25; kindled by the friction of oak-wood, x. 148, 155, xi. 91

—— fires in Scotland, x. 146 _sqq._; in Wales, x. 155 _sq._; in Ireland, x. 157 _sq._; in Nottinghamshire, x. 157

—— and Hallowe’en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, xi. 40 _sq._

Belty, the parish of, sacred trees in, ii. 44

Ben Cruachan on Loch Awe, vii. 142

Ben-hadad, king of Damascus, v. 15

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, x. 135

Benares, the clod festival at, i. 279; Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god at, i. 404; serpent in likeness of Brahman at, iv. 132

Bendall, Professor C., v. 229 _n._ 1

Beneficent powers of tree-spirits, ii. 45 _sqq._

Benefit of clergy, v. 68

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 _sq._

Benfey, Th., on Buddhist animism, ii. 13; on story of Pururavas and Urvasi, iv. 131

Bengal, rain-making in, i. 278, 283, 284 _n._; the Maghs of, ii. 38; marriage ceremony at the digging of wells in, ii. 146; the Oraons of, ii. 148, viii. 117; mourners touch a coral ring in, iii. 315; Bengalee women, their euphemisms for snakes and thieves, iii. 402; kings of, their rule of succession, iv. 51; the Oraons and Mundas of, v. 46, 240, xi. 311; the Korwas of, vii. 123; the Hos of, viii. 117; seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 68; stories of the external soul in, xi. 101 _sq._, 102

Bengkali, East Indian island, swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 277 _sq._

Bengweolo, Lake, in Central Africa, state governed by a queen near, ii. 277

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215 _sq._; their precaution at bathing on Midsummer Day, xi. 31

—— -Chougran tribe of North Africa, their rain-charm by means of a black cow, i. 290

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, x. 216

Benin, belief as to twins in, i. 265; rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86; ceremony at the reception of strangers in. iii. 108; kings of, not allowed to quit their palace, iii. 123; kings of, put their brothers to death, iii. 243; human victims crucified at, v. 294 _n._ 3; human sacrifices for the crops at, vii. 240; festival of the new yams at, viii. 63 _sq._; time of the “grand devils” in, ix. 131 _sq._

——, king of, worshipped as a god, i. 396, iii. 123; represented with panther’s whiskers, iv. 85 _sq._; human sacrifices at the burial of a, iv. 139 _sq._

Bennett, George, on the placenta in New Zealand, i. 182 _sq._

Bennisch district of Silesia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 148

Benomotapa, king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264

Benson, E. F., on May Day custom in Cornwall, ii. 52

Bent, J. Theodore, discovers ruins of Olba, v. 151; identifies site of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168 _n._ 1; on passing sick children through a cleft oak, xi. 172

Bentley, Richard, as to the soul on the lips, iii. 33 _n._ 3

Benue River, tributary of the Niger, the Jukos of the, iv. 34, viii. 160; the Igbiras of the, viii. 115

Benvenuto Cellini, his alleged halo, ii. 197 _n._ 6

Benzoni, G., Italian historian, on _Viracocchie_, i. 57 _n._

Bera Pennu, Earth Goddess of the Khonds, human sacrifices to, vii. 245

Berar, sacred groves in, ii. 41 _sq._

Berawans of Sarawak, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74 _sq._

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, xi. 138 _n._ 1

Berbers of North Africa, the Barley Bride among the, vii. 178 _sq._; their Midsummer customs, x. 213 _sqq._, 219

Berecynthia, title of Cybele, v. 279 _n._ 4

Bérenger-Feraud, L. J. B., on the Festival of Fools, ix. 334 _sq._

Berenice and Ptolemy, annual festival in their honour, vi. 35 _n._ 1

Bergell, in the Grisons, bells rung to make the grass grow at, ix. 247

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, x. 171

Bergkirchen, horse-races after harvest at, vii. 76

Bergslagshärad, in Sweden, the Yule Goat at, viii. 327

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 9, 70, iii. 96, 205, 206, 228, 328, 371, 399, viii. 150, 247

Berkhampstead, in Hertfordshire, ague transferred to oaks at, ix. 57 _sq._

Berkshire, May garlands in, ii. 60

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Berlin, fox’s teeth as an amulet in, i. 180; treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; curses for good luck in, i. 281; insignia of royal family of Hawaii at, i. 388 _n._ 3; the Ethnological Museum at, i. 388 _n._ 3, ix. 70 _n._ 1; the divining-rod at, xi. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172; the Yule log in the canton of, x. 249; witches put to death in the canton of, xi. 42 _n._ 2

Bernara, the harvest _Cailleach_ in, vii. 166

Berneck, in Upper Franken, custom at threshing at, vii. 148

Bernera, on the west of Lewis, customs as to the last corn cut in, vii. 140 _sq._

Bernkastel, on the Moselle, the harvest Goat at, vii. 285

Berosus, Babylonian historian, on the festival of the Sacaea, iv. 113 _sq._, vii. 258 _sq._, ix. 355, 358, 359

Berries, the first of the season, ceremonies before eating, viii. 80 _sqq._

Berry, province of France, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 241 _sq._; the calf at harvest in, vii. 292; “seeing the Horse” at harvest in, vii. 294; Lenten fire custom in, x. 115; Midsummer fires in, x. 189; the Yule log in, x. 251 _sq._; four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

Bertat, a people on the Blue Nile, their orgiastic annual festivals, iv. 16 _n._ 2

Berwickshire, kirn-dollies of last corn at harvest in, vii. 153 _sq._

Bes, grotesque Egyptian god, ii. 133, v. 118 _n._ 1

Besbau, near Luckau, races after harvest at, vii. 76

Besisis of the Malay Peninsula, their dread of noon, iii. 87; their carnival at rice-harvest, ix. 226 _n._ 1

Besoms placed crosswise at doors of cattle-stalls as a protection against witches, ii. 127

——, burning, hurled against witches, ix. 162; flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340; used to drive away witches, xi. 74

Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 329, 331

Bethlehem, worship of Adonis at, v. 257 _sqq._; fertility of the neighbourhood of, v. 257 _n._ 3; the Star of, v. 259, ix. 330; new Easter fire carried to, x. 130 _n._

Betimor, woman turned into crocodile, viii. 212

Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, attribute divine powers to their chiefs, i. 397; lickers of blood and eaters of nail-parings among the, iii. 246; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 83; offer the first-fruits of all crops to their king, viii. 116; their belief in the transmigration of souls, viii. 289 _sq._

“Between the two Beltane fires,” x. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, x. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., on the Arab fire-drill, ii. 210 _n._; on magical knots, iii. 302 _n._ 4; on the change of _m_ to _v_ in Semitic, ix. 367 _n._ 2; on a passage of Tabari, xi. 83 _n._ 1

Beveridge, P., on the suppression of the names of the dead among the aborigines of New South Wales, iii. 363 _sq._

Beverley, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, xi. 266 _sq._

Bewitched animals burnt alive, x. 300 _sqq._; buried alive, x. 324 _sqq._

—— cow, mugwort applied to, xi. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 322

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bghais, a Karen tribe of Burma, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 60 _sq._

Bhâdon, Indian month, i. 279, v. 243

Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217 _sq._

Bhagavati, goddess, her shrine at Cranganore, i. 280

Bhairava, Hindoo goddess, image of, i. 65; temple of, iv. 219

Bharbhunjas of the Central Provinces, India, marriage custom of the, vi. 262

Bharias of the Central Provinces, India, exchange of costume between men and women at marriage among the, vi. 260 _sq._

Bhars of India, their use of a scapegoat in time of cholera, ix. 190

Bhils, the, of Central India, worship of the peacock among, viii. 29; their torture of witches, xi. 159

Bhímsen or Bhím Deo, an Indian deity, viii. 118

Bhootan, the Dhurma Rajah in, i. 410; heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12; offerings at cairns in, ix. 26

Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, ix. 209

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur will not speak of monkeys or bears by their proper names in the morning, iii. 403; their dread of menstrual pollution, x. 84

Bhuiyas, the, of North-Eastern India, ceremony at the installation of a rajah among the, iv. 56; fire-walk among the, xi. 5 _sq._

Bhujariya, festival in the Central Provinces of India, v. 242

Bhumiya, Himalayan deity, viii. 117, 118 _n._

_Bhut_, demon, xi. 312

Bhutan, demons diverted into images of animals in, viii. 103

Biajas of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils in a little ship, ix. 200

Biak, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 104

Bibili, island off New Guinea, the natives reputed to make wind, i. 322

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, xi. 147 _sq._, 220

Biddulph, J., on custom at wheat-sowing in Gilgit, ii. 50 _sq._

Biennial cycle, vii. 87

—— festivals, vii. 14, 86

Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at ix. 165

Bikol, in Luzon, demon exorcized by beating in, ix. 260

Bilaspur or Bilaspore, twirling spindles forbidden in, while men are in council, i. 114; way of stopping rain in, i. 253 _sq._; iron as an amulet in, iii. 234 _sq._; women’s hair unknotted at childbirth in, iii. 298; temporary rajah in, iv. 154; infant burial in, v. 94 _sq._; annual festival of the dead in, vi. 60; new-born children placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 6 _sq._; cairns to which passers-by add stones in, ix. 27 _n._ 4; the Rajah of, food eaten out of his dead hand by a Brahman, ix. 44 _sq._

Bilda, in Algeria, nails knocked into olive-tree as a cure at, ix. 60

Bilqula. _See_ Bella Coola

Bima, in Celebes, sacred horse at, i. 364

——, a district of Sambawa, human foundation-sacrifices in, iii. 90 _sq._

Bin-Thuan, the Chams of, ii. 28, viii. 56

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, burial customs of the, i. 102 _sq._; cannibalism among the, i. 106 _sq._; their rites of initiation, xi. 234 _sq._; initiation of medicine-man in the, xi. 239

Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, vii. 150, 253; tied up in straw or corn-stalks, vii. 220, 221; called the Beggar-man, vii. 231; called the Wolf, vii. 273 _sq._; called Goat, vii. 283

Binders of corn, contests between, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 _sq._, 220, 221, 222, 253

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

Bingfield, the Borewell near, ii. 161

_Binsenschneider_, vii. 230 _n._ 5

Binuas of the Malay Peninsula use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405

Bion, the atheist, his attempts to avert death, ii. 191

Bion, Greek poet, on the scarlet anemone, v. 226 _n._ 1

Bir, a tribal hero of the Bhuiyas, xi. 6

Birbhum district of Bengal, rain-making in the, i. 278

Birch, a protection against witches, ii. 54; crowns of, ii. 64; leaves of, girl clad in, ii. 80; used to kindle need-fire, x. 291

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, x. 177, 196; a protection against witchcraft, xi. 185

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, ix. 162; used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270

—— -tree dressed in woman’s clothes, ii. 64, 141

—— -trees used to keep off witches, ii. 54, 55, xi. 20 _n._; gout transferred to, ix. 56 _sq._; set up at Midsummer, x. 177; mistletoe on, xi. 315

—— -wreath at Whitsuntide, girls kiss each other through a, ii. 93

Bird, Miss I. L., on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 184 _n._ 1

Bird, soul conceived as a, iii. 33 _sqq._, vii. 181, 182 _n._ 1; soul of a tree in a, vi. 111 _n._ 1; corn-spirit as a, vii. 295 _sq._; disease transferred to, xi. 187; brings first fire to earth, xi. 295

—— called “the soul of Osiris,” vi. 110

—— -chief of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383, 384

—— -lime made from mistletoe, xi. 317

—— of prey, inoculation with a, viii. 162

——, soul of the rice as a, vii. 182 _n._ 1

—— -wife, Dyak story of the, iv. 127 _sq._; Indian story of, iv. 131

Birds, ghosts of slain as, iii. 177 _sq._; cause headache through clipped hair, iii. 270 _sq._, 282; absent warriors called, iii. 330; burnt in honour of Artemis, v. 126 _n._ 2; ancestral spirits in, viii. 123; tongues of, eaten, viii. 147; souls of dead in, viii. 296; as scapegoats, ix. 35 _sq._, 51 _sq._; external souls in, xi. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150; carry seed of mistletoe, xi. 316

——, language of, learned by means of serpents, i. 158; known to Indian king, iv. 123; learned by eating serpent’s flesh, viii. 146; learned by tasting dragon’s blood, viii. 146

——, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, vii. 204 _sq._

—— of omen, stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 _sq._

——, white, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Birk, in Transylvania, the harvest Hare at, vii. 280

Birks, Rev. E. B., on harvest custom at Orwell, v. 237 _n._ 4

Birseck, Lenten fires at, x. 119

Birth of children, magical images to ensure the, i. 70 _sqq._; pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 _sq._, at return of supposed dead man, i. 75, at circumcision, i. 75 _sq._; a man’s fortune determined by the day or hour of his, i. 173; from the fire, ii. 195 _sqq._; new fire kindled by friction of wood after a, ii. 239; from a golden image, iii. 113; of child on harvest-field, vii. 150 _sq._, 209. _See also_ Births _and_ Miscarriage

Birth, new i. 74 _sqq._; of Brahman sacrificer, simulation of, i. 380 _sq._; through blood in rites of Attis, v. 274 _sq._; of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 _sq._; of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

——, premature, iii. 213. _See_ Miscarriage

Birth-names of Central American Indians, xi. 214 _n._ 1

—— -trees in Africa, xi. 160 _sqq._; in Europe, xi. 165

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105; celebration in China, i. 169

—— of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 _sqq._, x. 246

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Births, premature, how treated by the Akikuyu, iii. 286, 286 _n._ 6

Bisa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, iv. 193

—— woman, her mode of sowing bananas, vii. 115

Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, sanctuary of Dionysus among the, vii. 5

Bisection of the year, Celtic, x. 223

Bishnois of the Punjaub, infant burial among the, v. 94

Bishop, Mrs., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 _n._ 5; on the belief in demons in Corea, ix. 99 _sq._

Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 336 _sqq._

—— of Fools, ix. 312

—— of Innocents, ix. 333

Bismarck Archipelago, iv. 61; magical powers ascribed to chiefs in the, i. 340; magic practised on refuse of food in the, iii. 128 _sq._; reluctance to mention personal names in the, iii. 329; the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, ix. 83

Bisons, the resurrection of, viii. 256

Bissagos Islands, natives of, their sacrifices to sacred trees, ii. 16

—— Archipelago, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Bistritz district of Transylvania, belief as to quail in last corn in the,