iii. 380

—— country in Madagascar, fear of being photographed in the, iii. 98

Barabbas and Christ, ix. 417 _sqq._

_Baraka_, blessed or magical virtue, in North Africa, ix. 23 _n._, x. 216, 218, xi. 51; of saints, ix. 22; of skins of sacrificed sheep, ix. 265

Baram River, in Sarawak, tree-worship on the, ii. 38 _sq._; in Borneo, magical stones on the, iii. 30

Barar, third marriage deemed unlucky in, ii. 57 _n._ 4

Barat, a ceremony performed in Kumaon, ix. 196

Barber, Rev. Dr. W. T. A., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 145 _n._, 275

Barbosa, Duarte, on the suicide of the kings of Quilacare, iv. 46 _sq._

Barce or Alceis, daughter of Antaeus, ii. 300 _sq._

Barcelona, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 242

Barclay, Sheriff, on Hallowe’en fires, x. 232

Bardney bumpkin, on witch as hare, x. 318

Bare-Stripping Hangman, Argyleshire story of the, xi. 129 _sq._

Barea, of East Africa, rain-making priest among the, ii. 3; women will not name their husbands, iii. 337

—— and Kunama, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 66

Barenton, the fountain of, used in rain-making, i. 306, 307

Bari, the, of the Upper Nile, rain-makers as chiefs among, i. 345, 346 _sq._; Rain Kings among, ii. 2

Barito, the, of Borneo, sacrifice cattle instead of human victims, iv. 166 _n._ 1

——, river in Borneo, worship of spirits on the, ix. 87

Bark of sacred tree used to make garments for pregnant women, ii. 58

Barker, W. G. M. Jones, on need-fire in Yorkshire, x. 286 _sq._

Barking a tree, old German penalty for, ii. 9

Barley forced for festival, v. 240, 241, 242, 244, 251 _sq._; awarded as a prize in the Eleusinian games, vii. 73, 74, 75; oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, vii. 132

—— Bride among the Berbers, vii. 178 _sq._

—— -cow at harvest, vii. 289, 290

—— -harvest, time of, in ancient Greece, vii. 48, 77

—— loaf eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255

—— -meal and water drunk as a form of communion with the Barley-Goddess at Eleusis, vii. 161

—— -mother, the, vii. 131; the last sheaf called the, vii. 135

—— plant, external soul of prince in a, xi. 102

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11

—— -sow at threshing, vii. 298

—— -water, draught of, as a form of communion in the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38

—— and wheat discovered by Isis, vi. 116

—— -wolf in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273

Barolongs, a Bantu tribe of South Africa, their worship of ancestors, vi. 179; their custom of inoculation, viii. 159 _n._ 4

Baron, R., on the reverence for dead kings in Madagascar, iii. 380

Baron, S., on annual expulsion of demons in Tonquin, ix. 147 _sq._

Baronga, the, of South Africa, their charm against worms, i. 152; their charm against snake-bite, i. 153; their beliefs and customs as to twins, i. 267 _sq._; preserve the hair and nails of dead chiefs, iii. 272; their belief as to the state of the spirits of the dead, iv. 10 _sq._; their custom as to falling stars, iv. 61; women’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 114 _sq._; their mode of freeing the fields from beetles, viii. 280; their story of a clan whose external souls were in a cat, xi. 150 _sq._ _See also_ Ba-Ronga

Barotse or Marotse, a Bantu tribe of the Zambesi, rain-making among the, i. 310 _n._ 7; regard their chief as a demi-god, i. 392 _sq._; exorcism after a funeral among the, iii. 107; their belief in a supreme god Niambe, vi. 193; their worship of dead kings, vi. 194 _sq._; woman’s part in agriculture among the, vii. 115; inoculation among the, viii. 159; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 28, 29

Barren cattle driven through fire, x. 203, 338

—— fruit-trees threatened in order to make them bear fruit, ii. 20 _sqq._

—— women, charms to procure offspring for, i. 70 _sqq._; sterilizing influence ascribed to, i. 142; embrace a tree to obtain offspring, i. 182; thought to conceive through eating nuts of a palm-tree, ii. 51; fertilized by trees, ii. 56 _sq._, 316 _sq._; thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 102; fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 _sqq._, v. 213 _sq._, 216; resort to graves in order to get children, v. 90; entice souls of dead children to them, v. 94; hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51. _See also_ Childless

Barrenness of women cured by passing through holed stone, v. 36, with _n._ 4; removed by serpent, v. 86; children murdered as a remedy for, v. 95

Barricading the road against a ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

“Barring the fire,” i. 231 _n._ 3

Barringtonia, offerings made under a, in Guadalcanal, viii. 126

Barros, De, Portuguese historian, on custom of regicide at Passier, iv. 51 _sq._

Barrows of Halfdan, vi. 100

Barsana, in North India, Holi bonfires at, xi. 2, 5

Barsom, bundle of twigs used by Parsee priests, v. 191 _n._ 2

Barth, H., on sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 133 _n._ 1

Bartle Bay, in British New Guinea, power of magicians at, i. 338; festival of the wild mango tree at, x. 7 _sqq._

Barwan, river in Australia, annual expulsion of ghosts on the, ix. 123

Bas Doda, in India, marriage of girls to the god at, ii. 149

Basagala, the, of Central Africa, changes in their language caused by their fear of naming the dead, iii. 361

Bashada, a tribe accustomed to strangle their first-born children, iv. 181 _sq._

Bashilange, a tribe of the Congo Basin, reception of subject chiefs by head chief among the, iii. 114

Bashkirs, their horse-races at funerals, iv. 97

Basil, curses at sowing, i. 281; the Holy, plant worshipped in India, ii. 25 _sqq._; pots of, on St. John’s Day in Sicily, v. 245. _See also_ Tulasi

_Basilai_, officials at Olympia, i. 46 _n._ 4

Basis, physical, of magic, i. 174 _sq._; for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Basket, souls gathered into a, iii. 72

Basoga, the, of Central Africa, form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 _sq._; their punishment of the seduction of a virgin, ii. 112; their abhorrence of incest in cattle, ii. 112 _sq._; their pretended human sacrifice, iv. 215

Basque hunter transformed into bear, xi. 226, 270

—— story of the external soul, xi. 139

Bassa tribe, of the Cameroons, reputed to be magicians, ix. 120

Bassareus, a title of Dionysus, viii. 282 _n._ 5

Bassari, the, of Togoland, their superstition as to the mothers of twins, ii. 102 _n._ 1; their offerings of new yams, viii. 116

_Bassia latifolia_ worshipped, viii. 119

Bassus, Roman officer, ix. 309

Bastar, province of India, treatment of witches in, xi. 159

Bastard, traveller in Madagascar, iii. 103

——, name applied to the last sheaf in West Prussia, vii. 150

Bastian, Adolf, on extinguishing fires after a death, ii. 268; as to sanctity of head in Siam and Burma, iii. 252 _sq._; on animal sacraments among pastoral tribes, viii. 313; on the worship of nats in Burma, ix. 96 _n._ 3; on rites of initiation in West Africa, xi. 256 _sq._

Basutoland, attempts to regulate the calendar in, vii. 116 _sq._; inoculation in, viii. 158 _sq._, 160

Basutos, use of magical dolls among the, i. 71; their custom as to extracted teeth, i. 177; their contagious magic of bodily impressions, i. 214; keep all defiled persons from the sight of corn, ii. 112; their belief as to the spirits of waterfalls, ii. 157; their custom of kindling a new fire after a birth, ii. 239; abhor the sea, iii. 10; avoidance of wife’s mother among the, iii. 85; their superstition as to reflections in water, iii. 93; their burial custom, iii. 107; their purification of warriors, iii. 172; purification of cattle among the, iii. 177; their chiefs buried secretly, vi. 104; their worship of the dead, vi. 179 _sq._; their customs as to the new corn, viii. 110; their sacrifice of first-fruits, viii. 110; eat the hearts of brave men to make themselves brave, viii. 148; their custom of placing stones on cairns, ix. 30 _n._ 2; their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 31

Bata and Anpu, ancient Egyptian story of, xi. 134 _sqq._

Bataks or Battas of Sumatra, their theory of earthquakes, v. 199 _sq._; their _tondi_, the soul of human beings and of rice, vii. 182. _See_ Battas

Batang Lupar, in Borneo, the Dyaks of, their “lying heaps,” ix. 14

—— -Lupars of Borneo, the foes of the Kayans, vii. 96

Bataraguru, a person of the Batta Trinity, v. 199 _sq._, ix. 88 _n._ 1

Batari Sri, a goddess in Lombok, vii. 202

Batavia, rain-making by means of a cat in, i. 289

Batchelor, Rev. J., on the Aino ceremony with the new millet, viii. 52; on the Aino _kamui_, viii. 180 _n._ 2; on the bear as a totem or god of the Ainos, viii. 180, 198; on the suckling of bears by the Aino women, viii. 182 _n._ 2; on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 183 _sq._; on the _inao_ of the Ainos, viii. 186 _n._; on the Aino belief in the resurrection of animals, viii. 201; his purification after visiting an Aino grave, ix. 261

Bath before marriage, intention of, ii. 162; of ox blood, iv. 35, 201; in river at the rites of Cybele, v. 273, 274 _n._; of bull’s blood in the rites of Attis, v. 274 _sqq._; of image of Cybele perhaps a rain-charm, v. 280

—— of Aphrodite, v. 280

—— of Demeter, v. 280

—— of Hera in the river Burrha, v. 280; in the spring of Canathus, v. 280

Bathing and washing forbidden to rain-doctor when he wishes to prevent rain from falling, i. 271, 272; bathing as a rain-charm, i. 277 _sq._; (washing) as a ceremonial purification, iii. 141, 142, 150, 153, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 179, 183, 192, 198, 219, 220, 222, 285, 286; forbidden, vii. 94

—— on St. John’s Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), v. 246 _sqq._; pagan origin of the custom, v. 249

—— at Easter, x. 123; at Midsummer, x. 208, 210, 216, xi. 29 _sqq._; thought to be dangerous on Midsummer Day, xi. 26 _sq._

Baths of Hercules, v. 212

—— of Solomon in Moab, v. 215

Baton of Sinope, on the Thessalian festival Peloria, ix. 350

Batoo Bedano, an earthquake god in Nias, v. 202

Bats, souls of dead in, viii. 287; the lives of men in, xi. 215 _sq._, 217; called men’s “brothers,” xi. 215, 216, 218

Batta magicians exorcize demons by means of images, viii. 102

Battambang, a province of Siam, ceremony to procure rain in, i. 299

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, magical images among the, i. 71 _sq._; their belief as to the placenta, i. 193; fight the storm, i. 330; worship a prince as a deity, i. 398 _sq._; revere the Sultan of Minangkabau, i. 399; their sacred trees, ii. 41; think that fornication and incest injure the crops, ii. 108; their use of rice to prevent the soul from wandering, iii. 34 _sq._; their recall of lost souls, iii. 45 _sqq._; their belief in the transmigration of souls, iii. 65; afraid of being photographed, iii. 99; ceremony at the reception of a traveller among the, iii. 104; their custom as to eating, iii. 116; untie things to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 _sq._; names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 338 _sq._; use a special language in searching for camphor, iii. 405 _sq._; their personification of the rice, vii. 196; their observation of Orion and the Pleiades, vii. 315; their ceremonies at killing a tiger, viii. 216 _sq._; believe that the souls of the dead often transmigrate into tigers, viii. 293; their use of swallows as scapegoats, ix. 34 _sq._; their belief in demons, ix. 87 _sq._; their belief in a Trinity, ix. 88 _n._ 1; their use of human scapegoats, ix. 213; their doctrine of the plurality of souls, xi. 223; their totemic system, xi. 224 _sqq._ _See also_ Bataks

Battel, Andrew, on the king of Loango, iii. 117 _sq._; on the colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 _n._ 1

Battle, purificatory ceremonies after a, iii. 165 _sqq._, vi. 251 _sq._; mock, viii. 75; annual, among boys in Tumleo, ix. 143

—— of the gods and giants, v. 157

—— of Summer and Winter, iv. 254 _sqq._

Battle-axe, sacred golden, i. 365

Battus, king of Cyrene, i. 47

Baudissin, W. W. Graf von, on Tammuz and Adonis, v. 6 _n._ 1; on Adonis as the personification of the spring vegetation, v. 228 _n._ 6; on summer festival of Adonis, v. 232 _n._; on Linus song, vii. 216 _n._ 4

Baumeister, A., on the date of the Homeric _Hymn to Demeter_, vii. 35 _n._ 1

Bautz, Dr. Joseph, on hell fire, iv. 136 _n._ 1

Bavaria, custom as to cast teeth in, i. 178; greasing the weapon instead of the wound which it inflicted, in, i. 204; green bushes placed at doors of newly-married pairs in, ii. 56; the Maypole renewed every few years in, ii. 70; the _Walber_ in, ii. 75; drama of the Slaying of the Dragon at Furth in, ii. 163 _sq._; Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 206 _sq._; carrying out Death in, iv. 233 _sqq._; dramatic contests between Summer and Winter in, iv. 255 _sq._; gardens of Adonis in, v. 244; Dinkelsbühl in, vii. 133; Weiden in, vii. 139; harvest customs in, vii. 147, 148, 150, 219 _sq._, 221 _sq._, 223, 232, 282, 286, 287, 289, 296, 298, 299; the thresher of the last corn obliged to “carry the Pig” in, vii. 299; cure for fever in, ix. 49; annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 159 _sq._; old Mrs. Perchta (a mythical old woman) in, ix. 240 _sq._; mode of reckoning the Twelve Days in, ix. 327; Easter bonfires in, x. 143 _sq._; belief as to eclipses in, x. 162; Midsummer fires in, x. 164 _sqq._; leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26; the divining-rod in, xi. 67 _sq._; peasants’ belief as to hazel in, xi. 69 _n._; creeping through a holed stone or narrow opening in, xi. 188 _sq._

Bavaria, Rhenish, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; homoeopathic treatment of a broken leg in, i. 205; leaf-clad mummer at Whitsuntide in, ii. 81; gout transferred to willow-bush in, ix. 56

——, Upper, the bride-race in, ii. 304; ceremonies on Ascension Day in villages of, ix. 215; use of mistletoe in, xi. 85 _n._ 4

Bavarian charm at sowing wheat, i. 137; to make fruit-trees bear, i. 140 _sq._

—— farmers will not name the fox, iii. 396

—— peasants, their homoeopathic magic as to fruit-trees, i. 143

—— saying as to crossed legs, iii. 299

Bavili, the, of Loango, their belief that certain unlawful marriages are punished by God with drought, ii. 112; tampering with people’s shadows among, iii. 78; seclusion of girls at puberty among, x. 31

Bawenda, tribe of the Transvaal, their chief a rain-maker, i. 351; special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal among the, i. 401 _n._ 3; blood of princes not to be shed among the, iii. 243; their custom of placing stones in the forks of trees, ix. 30 _n._ 2; the positions of their villages hidden, vi. 251

Bayazid, the Sultan, and his soul, iii. 50

Bayfield, M. A., on the punishment of unfaithful Vestals, ii. 228 _n._ 5

Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in Yorkshire, x. 198

Bealltaine, May Day, iii. 11. _See_ Beltane

Bean, sprouting of, in superstitious ceremony, i. 266; the budding of a, as an omen, ii. 344

——, King of the, ix. 313 _sq._, x. 153 _n._ 1; Queen of the, ix. 313, 315

—— clan among the Baganda, ix. 27

—— -cock at harvest, vii. 276

—— -goat among the beans, vii. 282

Beans in ceremony performed by parents of twins in Peru, i. 266, ii. 102 _n._ 1; not to be touched or named by the Flamen Dialis, ii. 248, iii. 13 _sq._; in magical rite, vii. 9 _sq._; the Spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177; cultivated in Burma, vii. 242; ceremony at eating the new, viii. 64; forbidden as food by Empedocles, viii. 301; thrown about the house at the expulsion of demons, ix. 143 _sq._; thrown about the house at the expulsion of ghosts, ix. 155; divination by, on Midsummer Eve, x. 209

Bear, customs observed by Lapps after killing a, iii. 221; ambiguous attitude of the Ainos towards the, viii. 180 _sqq._, 310 _sq_.; importance of the, for people of Siberia, viii. 191; the corn-spirit as a, viii. 325 _sqq._; external soul of warrior in a, xi. 151; Basque hunter transformed into a, xi. 226, 270; simulated transformation of novice into a, xi. 274 _sq._ _See also_ Bears

——, the Great, constellation, vii. 315; the soul of Typhon in, iv. 5

——, the polar, taboos, concerning, iii. 209

—— -cats, souls of dead in, viii. 294

—— clan of the Moquis, descended from bears, viii. 178; of the Otawa Indians, their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 _sq._; of the Niska Indians, xi. 271, 272 _n._ 1

—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, xi. 274

—— -dances, viii. 191, 195

—— -festivals of the Ainos, viii. 182 _sqq._; of the Gilyaks, viii. 190 _sqq._; of the Goldi, viii. 197; of the Orotchis, viii. 197

—— -hunting, continence before, iii. 197, 198

—— -skin worn by woman dancer, viii. 223

Bear’s bile and heart eaten to make the eater brave, viii. 146

—— flesh, a person who has eaten of, obliged to abstain from fish for a year, viii. 251

Bear’s heart eaten, viii. 146

—— “little tongue” removed by American Indian hunters, viii. 269

—— liver, as a medicine, viii. 187 _sq._

—— skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, xi. 280 _n._

“Beard of Volos,” vii. 233

Beard, the first, consecrated, i. 29

Bearded Venus, in Cyprus, v. 165, vi. 259 _n._ 3

“Beardless One, the Ride of the,” a Persian ceremony, ix. 402 _sq._

Beards, homoeopathic magic to promote the growth of, i. 153 _sq._; not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers, iii. 260

Bearers to carry royal personages, x. 3 _sq._

Bears sacrificed by the Gilyaks of Saghalien, iii. 370; not to be called by their proper names, iii. 397 _sq._, 399, 402; killed ceremonially by the Ainos, viii. 180 _sqq._; souls of dead in, viii. 286 _sq._; processions with, in Europe, viii. 326 _n._ 3

——, slain, propitiated by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks, Koryaks, Finns, and Lapps, viii. 222 _sqq._; by American Indians, viii. 224 _sqq._ _See also_ Bear

Beast, the number of the, iv. 44

Beasts, sacred Egyptian, offerings to the, i. 29 _sq._; sacred, held responsible for the course of nature in ancient Egypt, i. 354

Beathag, the lucky well of, i. 323

Beating as a mode of purification, ix. 262, x. 61, 64 _sqq._

—— the air to drive away demons or ghosts, iii. 373, ix. 109, 111, 115, 122, 131, 152, 156, 234

—— boys with leg-bone of eagle-hawk, viii. 165 _n._ 2

—— cattle to make them fat or fruitful, iv. 236

—— effigy of ox with rods in China, viii. 11 _sq._

—— floors or walls of houses to drive away ghosts, iii. 168, 170

—— frogs as a rain-charm, i. 292

—— girls at puberty, x. 61, 66 _sq._

—— human scapegoats, ix. 196, 252, 255, 256 _sq._, 272 _sq._

—— a man clad in a cow’s hide on last day of year, viii. 322 _sqq._

—— a man’s garments instead of the man, i. 206 _sq._

—— people for good luck, vii. 309; as a mode of conveying good qualities, ix. 262 _sqq._; with skins of sacrificial victims, ix. 265; with green boughs, ix. 270 _sqq._; to stimulate the reproductive powers, ix. 272

—— persons, animals, or things to deliver them from demons and ghosts, ix. 259 _sqq._

Beating with rods in rain-making, i. 257 _sq._

—— the sea with rods as a rain-charm, i. 301

Beauce, the great _mondard_ in, viii. 6; festival of torches in, x. 113; story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Beauce and Perche, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198; conflagrations supposed to be extinguished by priests in, i. 231 _n._ 3; belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67; fever transferred to an aspen in, ix. 57; cure for toothache in, ix. 62; Midsummer fires in, x. 188

Beaufort, F., on perpetual flame in Lycia, v. 222 _n._

Beauty and the Beast type of tale, iv. 125 _sqq._

Beauvais, the Festival of Fools at, ix. 335 _sq._

Beaver asked to give a new tooth, i. 180; the Great, prayers offered by beaver-hunters to, viii. 240

—— clan of the Carrier Indians, xi. 273

Beavers, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 238 _sqq._; their blood not allowed to fall on ground, viii. 240

Bechuana charms, i. 150 _sq._

—— king, cure of, ix. 31 _sq._

Bechuanas, the, of South Africa, their homoeopathic charms made from animals, i. 150 _sq._; their sacrifice for rain, i. 291; their ceremony to cause the sun to shine, i. 313; the hack-thorn sacred among the, ii. 48 _sq._; their purification after a journey, iii. 112, 285; their purification of manslayers, iii. 172 _sq._, 174; will not tell their stories before sunset, iii. 384; think it unlucky to speak of the lion by his proper name, iii. 400; their fear of meteors, iv. 61; their ritual at founding a new town, vi. 249; their sacrifice of a blind bull on various occasions, vi. 249, 250 _sq._; human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 240; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 316; of the Crocodile clan, their fear of meeting or seeing a crocodile,