vi. 107;

as a tree-spirit, vi. 107 _sqq._; his image made out of a pine-tree, vi. 108; his backbone re-presented by the _ded_ pillar, vi. 108 _sq._; interpreted as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 _n._ 1; his soul in a bird, vi. 110; represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, vi. 110, 111; obscene images of, vi. 112; as a god of fertility, vi. 112 _sq._; identified with Dionysus, vi. 113, 126 _n._ 3, vii. 3, 32; a god of the dead, vi. 113 _sq._; universal popularity of his worship, vi. 114; interpreted by some as the sun, vi. 120 _sqq._; reasons for rejecting this interpretation, vi. 122 _sqq._; his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of vegetation, vi. 126 _sqq._; interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, vi. 129; reigned twenty-eight years, vi. 129; his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, vi. 130; identified with the moon in hymns, vi. 131; represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, vi. 131; distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 158 _sq._; his dominant position in Egyptian religion, vi. 158 _sq._; the origin of, vi. 158 _sqq._; his historical reality asserted in recent years, vi. 160 _n._ 1; his temple at Abydos, vi. 198; his title Khenti-Amenti, vi. 198 _n._ 2; compared to Charlemagne, vi. 199; the question of his historical reality left open, vi. 199 _sq._; his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, vi. 217; his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 218; the cults of Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and, vii. 214; perhaps the dead corn-spirit represented by human victims slain on the harvest-field, vii. 259 _sqq._; represented in the form of Harpocrates, vii. 260; image of him perhaps annually thrown into the Nile as a rain-charm, vii. 262 _sq._; black and green, vii. 263; key to mysteries of, vii. 263; and the pig, viii. 24 _sqq._; his body mangled by Typhon, viii. 30; perhaps originally identified with the pig, viii. 31, 33 _sq._; in relation to sacred bulls, viii. 34 _sqq._; false graves of, viii. 100; one of his members eaten by a fish, viii. 264

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

Osiris and Isis perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Maneros, vii. 215

—— and the moon, vi. 129 _sqq._

“—— of the mysteries,” vi. 89

Osiris-Sep, title of Osiris, vi. 87

Osnabrück, in Hanover, the Harvest-mother in, vii. 135

Ossa, Mount, and Olympus, iv. 81, vi. 240

Ossidinge district of the Cameroons, the chief as fetish-priest in the, i. 349

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, xi. 166 _sq._

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, x. 142

Ostia, fresco at, i. 16

Ostiaks or Ostyaks, sacred groves and trees of the, ii. 11; their ceremonies at killing bears, viii. 222 _sq._

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, viii. 245

Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on an, vi. 154, 155

Ostroppa, a Polish village, sacrifice for horses at, ii. 336 _sq._

Ostyaks. _See_ Ostiaks

Ot Danoms of Borneo, their precautions against strangers, iii. 103; killing demon in effigy among the, viii. 101; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 35 _sq._

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 38

Otho, the Emperor, suicide of, iv. 140; addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118 _n._ 1

Ottawa or Otawa Indians, their way of calming a tempest, i. 321; tampering with a man’s shadow among the, iii. 78; drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 171; their totem clans, viii. 224, 225 _n._ 1; their reason for not burning fish bones, viii. 250

—— medicine-man, his mode of catching stray souls, iii. 45

Otter in rain-charm, i. 289

Otter’s head, Aino custom as to eating, viii. 144

Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 239

Otters’ tongues torn out and worn as talismans, viii. 670

Ottery St. Mary’s, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Oude, burial of infants in, ix. 45

Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, prostitution practised by their women for the sake of the crops, v. 39 _n._ 3

Ounce, tooth of, a charm against toothache, i. 153; ceremony at killing an, viii. 235

“Our Ancestress,” a Mexican goddess, ix. 289

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, ix. 278

Oura, ancient name of Olba, in Cilicia, v. 148, 152

Ourfa, in Armenia, rain-making at, i. 276, 285

Ouwira, theory of earthquakes in, v. 199

Ovaherero, ii. 212 _n._ 1, 213 _n._ 2. _See_ Herero

Ovakuanjama, the, of South-West Africa, viii. 109. _See_ Ovambo

Ovakumbi of Angola, their custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318 _n._ 6

_Ovakuru_ (singular _omukuru_) ancestors, among the Herero, ii. 221, 223

Ovambo or Ovakuanjama of German South-West Africa, use of magical images among the, i. 63; their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209 _sq._; pass new-born children through the smoke of fire, ii. 232 _n._ 3; fire carried before an army to battle among the, ii. 264; purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 176; custom as to circumcision among the, iii. 227; their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 142; worship of the dead among the, vi. 188, viii. 109 _sq._; their ceremony before partaking of the fruits of a certain tree, viii. 71; eat the hearts of foes to make them brave, viii. 149; custom observed by young women at puberty among the, xi. 183

—— women, their custom at sowing corn, ii. 46

Ovamboland, importance of rain in, viii. 110 _sq._

Overshadowed, danger of being, iii. 82 _sq._

Ovid, on the spring at Nemi, i. 4, 17; on the oak crown, ii. 176 _sq._; on the Roman use of whitethorn or buckthorn, ii. 191; on the Parilia, ii. 327 _n._ 1; on loosening the hair, iii. 311; on the story of Pygmalion, v. 49 _n._ 4; on the distinction between Ceres and the Earth Goddess, vii. 89 _n._ 4; on the Roman festival of the dead in May, ix. 155 _n._ 1

Owl in homoeopathic magic, i. 156; bird of Pallas, ii. 142 _n._ 2; regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, vi. 111 _n._ 1; eyes of, eaten, to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 _sq._; represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377; imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Owls not mentioned by their proper name, iii. 401; lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202; sex totem of women, xi. 217; called women’s “sisters,” xi. 218

Ox, man-slayers anointed with gall of, iii. 172, 175; purification by passing through the body of an, iii. 173; substituted for human victim in sacrifice, v. 146; embodying corn-spirit, sacrificed at Athens, v. 296 _sq._; corn-spirit as, vii. 288 _sqq._; killed on harvest field, vii. 290; slaughtered at threshing, vii. 291 _sq._; sacrificed at the _Bouphonia_, viii. 5; as representative of the corn-spirit, viii. 9 _sqq._, 34; effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 _sqq._; sacrificed to boa-constrictor, viii. 290; disease transferred to, ix. 31 _sq._; burnt alive to stop a murrain, x. 301

Ox, black, in rain-making, i. 291, iii. 154; used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, vi. 251 _sq._; Bechuana sacrifice of a, viii. 271

——, hornless, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151

——, white, sacrament of a, viii. 313 _n._ 1

Ox blood, bath of, iv. 201

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, xi. 156

—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, vii. 30 _sq._

—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, vii. 31

Ox’s knee not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117

Oxen sacrificed for rain, i. 350, 352; sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 _n._ 1; used in ploughing, vii. 129 _n._ 1; pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 319

Oxford. Child’s Well at, ii. 161; Lords of Misrule at, ix. 332

Oxfordshire, May garlands in, ii. 62, 62 _n._ 2

Oyampis, the, of French Guiana, their belief as to water-snakes, ii. 156

Oyo, kings of, among the Yorubas, put to death, iv. 41

Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John’s festival at, v. 244; bonfires on St. John’s Eve at, x. 209

Pacasmayu, in Peru, the temple of the moon at, vi. 138

_Pachamamas_, Earth-mothers, among the Peruvian Indians, vii. 173 _n._

Pacific, oracular inspiration of priests in the Southern, i. 377 _sq._; human gods in the, i. 386 _sqq._

Pacific Coast of North America, first salmon of the season treated with deference by the Indians of the, viii. 253

Padams of Assam, their mode of recovering a child lost in the forest, ii. 39

Paddy (unhusked rice), the Father and Mother of the, vii. 203 _sq._

Paderborn, holy oak near, ii. 371

Padlocks as amulets, iii. 307

Padmavati, an Indian goddess, gardens of Adonis in her temple, v. 243

Padstow, in Cornwall, celebration of May Day, May-pole and Hobby Horse at, ii. 68

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Paestum, the ruins of, i. 236 _n._ 1

Pagae, in ancient Greece, annual kingship at, i. 46

Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), v. 249 _sq._

Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as diabolic counterfeits, v. 302, 309 _sq._

_Pages_, medicine-men, among the Indians of Brazil, i. 358

Paha, on the Gold Coast, sacred crocodiles at, xi. 210

Pains in back at reaping, goat-skin used as cure for, vii. 285

Paint-house, in which girls are secluded at puberty, ii. 111

Painting bodies of manslayers, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 _n._ 1; body of lion-killer, iii. 220

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 _n._ 1

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, thought to make women fruitful, ix. 264

Pais, E., on Manius Egerius, i. 23 _n._

Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, vi. 236 _n._ 2

Pakambia, a rainy district of Celebes, the word for rain not to be mentioned in, iii. 413

Palaces, kings not allowed to leave their, iii. 122 _sqq._

Palatinate, mimic contest between Summer and Winter in the, iv. 254 _sq._

——, the Upper, trees asked for pardon on being felled in, ii. 18; the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72

Palatine Hill at Rome, sacred cornel-tree on the, ii. 10; the emperor’s palace on the, ii. 176; grove of Vesta at foot of the, ii. 185; hut of Romulus on the, ii. 200

Palazzo degli Conservatori at Rome, ii. 142 _n._ 2.

Pale colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 _n._ 1, 259 _n._ 2

Palenque in Central America, ruins of, i. 48

Palenques, the, of South America, spare harmless animals which are not good for food, viii. 221

Palermo, drought at, i. 299 _sq._; ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 240

Pales, a pastoral Roman deity, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

Palestine, rain-making in, i. 276; figs in, ii. 315; religious prostitution in, v. 58; date of the corn-reaping in, v. 232 _n._; wild boars in, viii. 31 _sq._; sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Palestinian Aphrodite, v. 304 _n._

Palestrina, the harmonies of, v. 54

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 _n._ 3

Paley, F. A., on the fodder of cattle in Southern Europe, ii. 328 _n._ 1

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius on the date of the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314

Pallas, her olive-tree and owl, ii. 142 _n._ 2

Pallas, P. S., on the slaughter of sheep and cattle among the Kalmucks, viii. 314 _n._ 1

Pallegoix, Mgr., on the Siamese year, ix. 149 _n._ 2

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, the wooing of, ii. 307

Palm-branches, blessed on Palm Sunday, in ceremonies to procure rain, i. 300; waved to drive off demons, ix. 260 _n._ 3; children beaten with, on Palm Sunday, ix. 268; ashes of, mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121; stuck in fields to protect them against hail, x. 144; (twigs of boxwood) burnt to avert a thunderstorm, xi. 30, 85 _n._ 4

—— Sunday, churches swept on, i. 300; custom in Würtemberg on, ii. 71; the branches consecrated on, used as a protection against witches, ii. 336; “Sawing the Old Woman” on, iv. 243; Russian custom on, ix. 268; palm-branches consecrated on, used to protect fields against hail, x. 144; boxwood blessed on, x. 184, xi. 30, 47; fern-seed used on, xi. 288

—— -tree, thought to ensure fertility to barren women, ii. 51; ceremony at tapping a palm-tree for wine, ii. 100 _sq._; child’s hair fastened to, iii. 276. _See also_ Date-palm

—— -trees as life-indices, xi. 161, 163, 164

—— wine offered to trees, ii. 15; ceremony at felling a palm for, ii. 19

Palodes, announcement of the death of the Great Pan at, iv. 6

_Palol_, sacred milkman of the Todas, i. 403 _n._ 1; taboos observed by him, iii. 15 _sq._

_Palolo veridis_, a sea-slug, its annual appearance in the Samoan sea, ix. 142 _n._

Paloo, in Celebes, propitiation of the souls of slain enemies at, iii. 166

Paloppo, in Celebes, the regalia at, i. 363 _sq._

Palsy called the king’s disease in Loango, i. 371

Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, v. 198

Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, v. 158

Pamyles, an Egyptian, announcement of the birth of Osiris to, vi. 6

Pan, dedication of Greek hunters to, i. 6 _n._ 4; death of the Great, iv. 6 _sq._ _See also_ Pans

Pan’s image beaten by the Arcadians, ix. 256

Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, v. 36

Panama, the Guami Indians of, iii. 325

Panamara in Caria, worship of Zeus and Hera at, i. 29

Panathenaic festival, iv. 89 _n._ 5

—— games at Athens, vii. 80

Pancakes in homoeopathic magic, i. 137; to be eaten on the eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 241; to scald fiends on New Year’s Eve, ix. 320

Panchalas, the king of the, father of Draupadi in the _Mahabharata_, ii. 306

Panda, king of Zululand, iii. 377; liberties taken with him by his subjects at the festival of first-fruits, viii. 67, 68

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, in the sanctuary of Aesculapius at Epidaurus, ix. 47 _sq._

Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, gardens of Adonis in temples at, v. 243

Pandion, king of Athens, son of Cecrops, the Eleusinian games founded in his reign, vii. 70

Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead kings, iv. 202

_Panes_, annual bird-feast in the Acagchemem tribe of California, viii. 170

Pangaeum, Mount, in Thrace, King Lycurgus torn to pieces at, i. 366

Pango, title signifying god, bestowed on the king of Loango, i. 396

Pani, son of Rengo, the Maori god of sweet potatoes, viii. 133

Panionian festival, temporary king appointed for the, i. 46

Pankas of South Mirzapur will not call certain animals by their proper names, iii. 402

Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, in New Guinea, v. 198

Panoi, the land of the dead, in Melanesia, viii. 97

Panopeus, in Phocis, the ruins of, vii. 48

Pans, rustic Greek deities, in relation to goats, viii. 1 _sqq._

_Pantang_, taboo among the Jakuns and Binuas of the Malay Peninsula and the Dyaks of Borneo, iii. 405

Panther, ceremonies at the slaughter of a, among the Kayans of Borneo,