vii. 119

Niambe, the supreme god of the Barotse, vi. 193

Nias, island of, magical ceremony to catch wild pigs in, i. 109; homoeopathic magic at planting rice in, i. 143; conception of the soul in, iii. 29; recovery of lost souls in, iii. 64, 67; taboos observed by hunters in, iii. 196; superstition as to personal names among the natives of, iii. 323; taboos observed during the hunting season in, iii. 410; special language of hunters in, iii. 410; special language employed by reapers in, iii. 410 _sq._; custom of succession to the chieftain-ship in, iv. 198 _sq._; mock human sacrifices at funerals in, iv. 216; conduct of the natives of, in an earthquake, v. 201 _sq._; head-hunting in, v. 296 _n._ 1; division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124; harvest custom in, vii. 233 _sq._; the Pleiades observed in, vii. 315; crops guarded against wild pigs in, viii. 32; mode of diverting dangerous spirits from pregnant women in, viii. 102 _sq._; first-fruits offered to ancestors in, viii. 124; polite treatment of destructive ants in, viii. 276; expulsion of demons in, ix. 113 _sqq._; explanation of human mortality in, ix. 303; story of the external soul told in, xi. 148; ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, xi. 173 _sq._

Nias, the natives of, believe in demons of trees, ii. 33 _sq._; their custom of bunging up the nose and mouth of corpses, iii. 31; their fear of a rainbow, iii. 79; their custom of scrubbing the things they buy, iii. 107

_Nibelungenlied_, the, Brunhild and Gunther in, ii. 306

Nicaragua, maize mixed with human blood eaten at festivals in, viii. 91 _sq._

——, Indians of, rules observed by them between sowing and harvest, ii. 105; sacrifice human victims to volcanoes, v. 219; their transference of weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, x. 313 _sq._

Nicholas Bishop, the Boy Bishop elected on St. Nicholas’s Day, ix. 338

Nicholson, General, worshipped as a god in his life, i. 404

Nicholson, R. A., iii. 51 _n._

Nicknames used in order to avoid the use of the real names, iii. 321, 331

Nicobar Islanders reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353; their annual expulsion of demons in little ships, ix. 201 _sq._

—— Islands, homoeopathic magic at sowing in the, i, 141; pregnant woman used to fertilize the gardens in the, ii. 101; customs as to shadows at burialsin the, iii. 80 _sq._; rain attributed to wrath of spirits in the, iii. 231; changes in the language of the, caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 362 _sq._; assumption of the names of dead grandparents in the, iii. 370; demon of disease sent away in a boat from the, ix. 189 _sq._

Nicobarese mourners change their names and shave themselves for fear of the ghost, iii. 357 _sq._; their sham fights in honour of the dead, iv. 96 _sq._; their belief in demons, ix. 88; their ceremony of exorcism by means of pig’s blood and leaves, ix. 262

Nicolaus Damascenus on a bad king of Lydia, i. 366

Nicolson, Sheriff Alexander, on the last sheaf in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 164 _sq._

Nicosia, in Sicily, ceremonies to procure rain at, i. 300

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, xi. 8

Niebuhr, B. G., on Servius Tullius, ii. 196 _n._; on the list of Alban kings, ii. 269

Nieces, aunts named after their, iii. 332

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, xi. 92 _n._ 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, xi. 48

Niederpöring in Bavaria, pretence of beheading Whitsuntide mummer at, iv. 206 _sq._

Nietzold, J., on the marriage of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 216 _n._ 1

Nieuwenhuis, Dr. A. W., on the Kayan fear of being photographed, iii. 99; on the fear of strangers among the Kayans of Borneo, iii. 104; on the association of agriculture with religion among the Kayans, vii. 93; on the Kayan fear of strangers at religious rites, vii. 94 _n._ 2; on a Kayan masquerade, vii. 95; on the New Year festival of the Kayans, vii. 96 _sqq._; on games as religious rites among the Kayans, vii. 97 _sqq._, 107; on the masked dances of the Kayans, ix. 382 _sq._

Niger, the Bambaras of the, ii. 42; Onitsha on the, ix. 133, 210; use of human scapegoats on the, ix. 210 _sq._; belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, xi. 209

——, the Lower, customs observed by executioners among tribes of, iii. 172 _n._ 1, viii. 155

Niger Delta, tests of the reincarnation of the dead in the, i. 411 _n._ 1; deceiving the ghosts of women who died in childbed in the, viii. 98; burial custom in the, viii. 98

Nigeria, the Tomas or Habes of, iii. 124; natives of, loth to mention the owl by its proper name, iii. 401; custom of putting kings to death in, iv. 34 _sq._

——, Northern, the Jukos of, viii. 160

——, Southern, chief as fetishman in, i. 349 _sq._; trees inhabited by the spirits of the dead in, ii. 32; disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 278; the Ijebu tribe of, iv. 112; the Ibo of, x. 4; theory of the external soul in, xi. 150, 200, 203 _sqq._

Night, burial at, iii. 15; King of the, at Porto Novo, iii. 23. _See also_ Twelfth Night

Night-jars, the lives of women in, among the Wotjobaluk, xi. 215; called women’s “sisters” among the Kulin, xi. 216

Nightingale, the flesh of, in homoeopathic magic, i. 154

Nights, custom of reckoning by, ix. 326 _n._ 2 _See also_ Twelve Nights

Nigmann, E., on the religion of the Wahehe, vi. 188 _sq._

_Nihongi_, a Japanese work, ix. 213

Nijegorod Government in Russia, smouldering faggots in stove not to be broken up in the, ii. 232

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, x. 324 _sq._

Nikunau, one of the Gilbert Islands, sacred stones in, v. 108 _n._ 1

Nile, young virgin drowned as a sacrifice to the, ii. 151; the rise and fall of the, vi. 30 _sqq._; rises at the summer solstice in June, vi. 31 _n._ 1, 33; commanded by the king of Egypt to rise, vi. 33; thought to be swollen by the tears of Isis, vi. 33; gold and silver thrown into the river at its rising, vi. 40; the rise of, attributed to Serapis, vi. 216 _sq._

——, the Blue, custom as to kings of Fazoql on, iv. 16

——, the “Bride” of the, ii. 151, vi. 38

——, the Upper, medicine-men as chiefs among the tribes of, i. 345; rain-makers on, i. 345 _sqq._; Kings of the Rain on, ii. 2; the Alur of, x. 64

——, the White, the Shilluk of, iv. 17; tribes of, never shed human blood in their villages, iii. 246 _sq._; the Dinka of, viii. 37, 114, ix. 193

Nilles, N., on the blessing of the herbs on August 15th, i. 15 _n._ 2

Nilsson, Professor M. P., on custom of sacred prostitution, v. 37 _n._ 2, 57 _n._ 1, 58 _n._ 2; on the sacrifice of a bull to Zeus Sosipolis at Magnesia, vi. 239 _n._ 1, viii. 8 _n._ 2; on “Bringing home the Maiden,” vii. 58 _n._ 1; on the festival of the Threshing-floor at Eleusis, vii. 62 _n._ 6

_Nim_ tree, leaves of, as an amulet, iii. 234

Nimm, a river goddess of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a left ash-tree and attended by nine persons, xi. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, x. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— cows milked for king, iii. 292

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, x. 155; used for the Midsummer bonfires, x. 172, 201; used to kindle need-fire, x. 271, 278, 280; burnt in the need-fire, x. 278

—— fallen leaves in magic, i. 109

—— grains of oats in divination, x. 243

—— handfuls of each kind of grain at autumnal festival, viii. 49

—— knots in magic, iii. 302, 303, 304

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, x. 193

—— male animals of all sorts sacrificed at a festival held in Upsala every nine years and lasting nine days, ii. 364 _sq._

—— men in purification of Orestes, i. 26; employed to make fire by the friction of wood, x. 148, 155

—— ridges of earth brought from nine mountains in a magical ceremony performed nine times, ix. 8; ridges of ploughed land in divination, x. 235

—— skeins of red wool in magic, iii. 307

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, x. 175, xi. 52; gathered for purposes of divination or medicine on Midsummer Eve, xi. 52 _sq._

—— stalks of rice in bunches to make up the Rice Mother, vii. 195

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, xi. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, x. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, xi. 184; passed through a holed stone, xi. 187

—— turns round a rick, x. 243

—— waves, tops of, thrown on patient’s head, xi. 186 _sq._

Nineteen years’ cycle of Meton, vii. 81 _n._ 3

Nineveh, capital of Assyria, ii. 130; the end of, v. 174; tomb of Sardanapalus at, ix. 388 _n._ 1; the burning of Sandan at, ix. 390

Ningu, the paramour of Tiamat, tablets of destiny wrested from, iv. 110

Ninus, Assyrian hero, ix. 391

Nirriti, goddess of evil, in Brahman ritual, ix. 25

Nirvana, Buddhist monks seek to attain, through voluntary death by fire, iv. 42

Nisan, a Jewish month, vii. 259 _n._ 1, ix. 356, 361, 415

Nishga Indians of British Columbia, their use of effigies as substitutes to save the lives of people, viii. 106 _sq._

Nishinam Indians of California, ceremony performed by childless women among the, i. 70 _sq._; secrecy of personal names among the, iii. 326; husbands never call their wives by name among the, iii. 338

Niska Indians of British Columbia, their cannibal rites, vi. 20; rites of initiation among the, xi. 271 _sq._

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, xi. 103

Niué or Savage Island, iv. 219. _See_ Savage Island

Njamus, the, of British East Africa, their sacrifices of sheep at irrigation channels, vi. 38 _sq._

_Nkimba_, secret society on the Lower Congo, xi. 255 _n._ 1

_No_, annual expulsion of demons in China, ix. 145 _sq._

_Noa_, common, opposed to _tapu_, sacred, iii. 109

Noah’s ark, i. 334

Nobosohpoh, a Khasi state, two royal families in, ii. 295

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, xi. 217 _n._ 4

Noessa Laut, East Indian island, fishermen’s magic in, i. 109; hunter’s magic in, i. 114; treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 187

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, x. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John’s Eve, xi. 45

Noises made to expel demons, ix. 109 _sqq._, 147

Nöldeke, Professor Th., on the sacrifice of the first-born, iv. 179 _n._ 4; on Purim and Esther, ix. 366 _sq._, 367 _n._ 1, 368 _n._; on proposed derivation of some names in the Book of Esther, ix. 368 _n._; on Omanos and Anadates, ix. 373 _n._ 1

Nomarchs in Egypt originally worshipped as gods, i. 390 _n._ 1

_Nonae Caprotinae_, Roman celebration of the, ii. 313 _sq._, ix. 258

Nonnus, on death of Dionysus, vii. 12 _sq._

Noon, fear to lose the shadow at, iii. 87; sacrifices to the dead at, iii. 88; superstitious dread of, iii. 88

Noose, sun caught in a, i. 316

Nootka Indians of British Columbia, superstitions as to twins among the, i. 263 _sq._; their idea of the soul, iii. 27; their recovery of lost souls, iii. 67 _n._; seclusion of girls at puberty among the, iii. 146 _n._ 1, x. 43 _sq._; their preparation for war, iii. 160 _sq._; their custom of devouring dogs, vii. 20; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225; their fear of offending fish, viii. 251; ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 270 _sq._

Nootka Sound, the Indians of, their preparation for whaling, iii. 191

—— wizard, his magic to procure fish, i. 108

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, xi. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, xi. 284 _n._ 3

Nördlingen, in Bavaria, last thresher wrapt in straw at, vii. 221 _sq._; strangers tied up in sheaves at harvest at, vii. 225; saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 296

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log in France, x. 250 _sq._, 253

Norfolk, Plough Monday in, viii. 330 _n._ 1; use of orpine for divination in, xi. 61 _n._ 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John’s Day, xi. 51 _sq._

Normandy, rain-producing spring in, i. 301; Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 228; rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, v. 248; pretence of tying up landowner in last sheaf at harvest in, vii. 226; the quail at harvest in, vii. 295; the Bocage of, vii. 295, ix. 183 _sq._, 316, 323; Midsummer fires in, x. 185 _sq._; the Yule log in, x. 252; torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in, x. 266; processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day in, x. 340; wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46; wreaths of mugwort a protection against thunder and thieves in, xi. 59; vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, x. 172

Norse legends as to eating hearts of wolf, bear, and dragon, viii. 146

—— stories of the external soul, xi. 119 _sq._

—— trinities, ii. 364

Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, iv. 13 _sq._

North Africa, festivals of swinging in, iv. 284; Midsummer festival of fire and water among the Mohammedans of, v. 249, x. 213 _sqq._

North American Indian theory of brandy, viii. 147

—— American Indians, their exorcism of strangers, iii. 105; their dread of menstruous women, iii. 145; their customs on the war-path, iii. 158 _sqq._; ceremonies observed by manslayers among the, iii. 181 _sqq._; their chastity before hunting, iii. 197 _sqq._; their theory of names, iii. 318 _sq._; personal names kept secret among the, iii. 325 _sq._; namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356; tell their mythic tales only in winter, iii. 385 _sq._; their funeral celebrations, iv. 97; their firm belief in immortality, iv. 137; the Corn Woman among the, vii. 177; their theory of the lower animals, viii. 205 _sq._; their respect for rattlesnakes, viii. 217 _sqq._; their ceremonies at killing a wolf, viii. 220 _sq._; their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 224 _sqq._; their ceremonious treatment of dangerous animals, viii. 237; their belief that each species of animals has its patron or genius, viii. 243 _sq._; may not break the bones of the animals they eat at feasts, viii. 258 _n._ 2; their reluctance to let dogs gnaw the bones of animals, viii. 259; revere their totem animals, viii. 311; their personal totems, xi. 222 _n._ 5, 226 _n._ 1. _See also_ America _and_ American Indians

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, xi. 158

—— -West America, Indians of, do not speak of a person till his bones are finally disposed of, iii. 372

—— -Western Provinces of India, gods shut up in wood in the, ix. 61; the tug-of-war in the, ix. 181. _See also_ India

Northampton, May garlands in, ii. 60 _sq._

Northamptonshire, May-trees in, ii. 59 _sq._; May carols in, ii. 61 _n._ 1; Plough Monday in, viii. 330 _n._ 1; cure for cough in, ix. 51; sacrifice of a calf in, x. 300

Northern Territory, Australia, beliefs as to the birth of children in the, v. 103 _sq._

Northumberland, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 168; the Borewell, near Bingfield in, ii. 161; child’s first nail-parings buried under an ash-tree in, iii. 276; the _mell_ sheaf in, vii. 151; Midsummer fires in, x. 197 _sq._; divination at Hallowe’en in, x. 245; the Yule log in, x. 256; need-fire in, x. 288 _sq._; ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, x. 301

Nortia, Etruscan goddess, ix. 67

Norton Sound, the small sculpin of, i. 288

Norway, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 54; the Whitsuntide Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92; buried timber in the peat-bogs of, ii. 352; nail-parings burnt or buried for fear of elves in, iii. 283; the Pea-mother in, vii. 132; the Old Hayman killed at haymaking in, vii. 223; harvest customs in, vii. 225, 282; “Killing the Hare” at harvest in, vii. 280; belief as to eating flesh of white snake in, viii. 146; cairns in, ix. 14; bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 171; the need-fire in, x. 280; superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, xi. 281

Norwegian sailors, their use of rowan, ix. 267

—— witch sinks ship, i. 326

Norwich, greasing the weapon instead of the wound at, i. 203

—— Cathedral, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337; Easter candle in, x. 122 _n._

Nose stopped to prevent the escape of the soul, iii. 31, 71

Nose-boring, custom observed by medicine-men at, in New South Wales, i. 94

Nostrils, soul supposed to escape by the, iii. 30, 32, 33, 122

Nosy Be, an island of Madagascar, worshipful black bull kept in, viii. 40 _n._

Nottinghamshire, harvesters drenched with water in, v. 238 _n._; Plough Monday in, viii. 330 _n._ 1; the Hemlock Stone in, x. 157

_Nouer l’aiguilette_, spells cast on man and wife, x. 346 _n._ 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, x. 253

Novelties, the savage distrust of, iii. 230 _sqq._

November, festivals of the dead in, vi. 51, 54, 69 _sqq._; the month of sowing in Egypt, vi. 94; annual ceremony at catching sea-slug in, ix. 143; expulsion of demons in, ix. 204

—— the 1st, All Saints’ Day, vi. 70 _sq._, 77, 82, 83, x. 225; old New Year’s Day in the Isle of Man, x. 224 _sq._

—— the 2nd, All Souls’ Day, vi. 69, 70 _sq._, 81

Novgorod, image of Perun at, ii. 365; perpetual fire of oak-wood at, ii. 365

Novices at initiation, taboos observed by, iii. 141 _sq._, 156 _sq._; supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, xi. 235, 240 _sq._, 242, 246; supposed to be newly born, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 _sq._; begotten anew, xi. 248; at initiation killed as men and brought to life as animals, xi. 272

Novitiate of priests and priestesses, v. 66, 68

Nuba negroes, office of rain-maker among the, ii. 3

Nubas, the, of Jebel-Nuba, taboos observed by women in the absence of their husbands among, i. 122; will not cut a certain thorn-tree during the rainy season, ii. 49 _n._ 3; their priestly king, iii. 132; their customs at millet-harvest, viii. 114

Nuehr, a pastoral tribe of the Upper Nile, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 39

Nufoors of Dutch New Guinea unwilling to mention their names, iii. 329; and the names of their relations by marriage, iii. 332, 341 _sq._; taboo observed by them at sea, iii. 415

Nulit language in Victoria, iii. 110

Nullakun tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, v. 101

Numa, an adept in drawing down lightning, ii. 181; as Flamen Dialis, ii. 192; builds the temple of Vesta, ii. 200 _sq._; his sons, ii. 270 _n._ 3; a Sabine of Cures, ii. 270 _n._ 6; a priestly king, ii. 289; born on the day of the Parilia, April 21st, ii. 325, 329

—— and Egeria, i. 18, ii. 172 _sq._, 193, 380

Numa’s birthday, ii. 325, 348; “Numa’s crockery,” ii. 202

Numbering the herds on St. George’s Day, ii. 338

Numicius, the river, ii. 181

Nuns of St. Brigit, at Kildare, ii. 240 _sq._

Nuremberg, the “Carrying out of Death” at, iv. 234

Nurin, a mythical maiden in a rain-making ceremony, i. 275 _sq._

_Nurtunjas_, sacred poles among the Arunta, xi. 219

Nusku, Egyptian fire-god, i. 67

Nut, Egyptian sky-goddess, mother of Osiris, v. 283 _n._ 3, vi. 6, 16, ix. 341; in a sycamore tree, vi. 110

Nut-trees, foreskins placed in, i. 95 _n._ 3

—— -water brewed at Midsummer, xi. 47

Nutlets of pines used as food, v. 278 _n._ 2

Nutritive and vicarious types of sacrifice, vi. 226

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, x. 190; in fire, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyadiri, river in Mashonaland, iii. 9

Nyakang, the first of the Shilluk kings, iv. 18 _sqq._; the shrines of, iv. 19; as rain-giver, iv. 19, 20; worshipped as the god of his people, vi. 162 _sqq._; incarnate in various animals, vi. 163 _sq._; his mysterious disappearance, vi. 163; his graves, vi. 163, 166; historical reality of, vi. 164, 166 _sq._; his relation to the creator Juok, vi. 164 _sq._; compared to Osiris, vi. 167

Nyalich, synonym for Dengdit, the name of the Supreme Being of the Dinka, viii. 40 _n._

Nyanja chief vulnerable by a sand-bullet, xi. 314

—— -speaking tribes of British Central Africa, their belief that skin-disease is caused by eating the totem, viii. 26; of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, x. 25 _sq._

Nyanza, Lake, incarnate human god of, i. 395

——, Lake Victoria, vii. 118

Nyanza region, kings banished for drought in the, i. 353

Nyassa, Lake, iii. 97, viii. 99, 112, ix. 10, x. 28, 81; people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., xi. 181

Nyassa-Tanganyika plateau, custom of carriers to deposit stones on heaps in the, ix. 10 _sq._

Nyassaland, women will not name their husbands in, iii. 336

_Nyeledit_, the Supreme Being of the Nuehr, viii. 39

Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, associated with falling stars, iv. 61, viii. 45

Nymphs of oaks at Rome, ii. 172, 185; of the Fair Crowns at Olympia, vi. 240

Nysa, in the valley of the Maeander, v. 205, 206 _n._ 1; sacrifice of bull at, v. 292 _n._ 3

Nyuak, L., on guardian spirits of Sea Dyaks, v. 83

Oak, statue of Artemis under an, i. 38 _n._ 1; worshipped by the Galatians, ii. 126; sanctuary of the, at Dodona, ii. 176; its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 _sqq._; worship of the, ii. 349 _sqq._; the British (_Quercus robur_), in France, Germany, Russia, and England,