iv. 193;

with half-sister legal in Attica, ii. 284; rice strewn on bridegroom’s head at, iii. 35; the consummation of, prevented by knots and locks, iii. 299 _sqq._; of brothers and sisters in royal families, iv. 193 _sq._; as an infringement of old communal rights, v. 40; of women to serpent-god, v. 66 _sqq._; exchange of dress between men and women at, vi. 260 _sqq._; of mice, viii. 278; of younger before elder brother deemed a sin, ix. 3; leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, x. 107, 108, 110; omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 338 _sq._; omens of, from flowers, xi. 52 _sq._, 61; oak-trees planted at, xi. 165

—— of Adonis and Aphrodite celebrated at Alexandria, v. 224

—— of the god Marduk, ix. 356

——, mock, of leaf-clad mummers, i. 97; at Carnival masquerade, vii. 27; or real, of human victims, ix. 257 _sq._

—— of the Roman gods, vi. 230 _sqq._

——, Sacred, ii. 120 _sqq._; of Dionysus with the Queen of Athens, ii. 136 _sq._, vii. 30 _sq._; of Zeus and Demeter in Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 138, vii. 65 _sqq._, viii. 9; of Zeus and Hera, ii. 140 _sqq._, iv. 91; of Frey and his wife, ii. 143 _sq._, iv. 91; of Roman kings, ii. 172 _sq._, 192, 193 _sq._, 318 _sq._; of king and queen, iv. 71; of gods and goddesses, iv. 73; of actors disguised as animals, iv. 83; of priest and priestess as representatives of deities, v. 46 _sqq._; represented in the rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140; of Hercules and Hera perhaps celebrated in Cos, vi. 259 _n._ 4

Marriage of Sky and Earth, v. 282 with _n._ 2

—— of the Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic, ii. 146 _sq._, iv. 71, 73 _sq._, 78, 87 _sq._, 90, 92, 105; of the Sun and Earth, ii. 98 _sq._, 148, v. 47 _sq._

Marriage customs of the Aryan family, vi. 235; use of children of living parents in, vi. 245 _sqq._; to ensure the birth of boys, vi. 262

—— festival of the gods, i. 129 _sqq._, ix. 273 _n._ 1; festival of all the gods and goddesses in the Date Month, ii. 25

“—— Hollow” at Teltown, iv. 99

Marriages of brothers with sisters in ancient Egypt, vi. 214 _sqq._; their intention to keep the property in the family, vi. 215 _sq._

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, x. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339; young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, x. 116; the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, x. 192; men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, x. 192 _sq._; last married bride made to leap over bonfire, xi. 22

Married men make fire by the friction of wood, ii. 238, 239; kindle need-fire, x. 289

—— pair of priestly functionaries in charge of the sacred fire, ii. 235

Marriott, Fitzgerald, on dance of women during war, i. 132

Marrow bones not to be broken in a hut, i. 115 _sq._

Mars, the reputed father of Romulus and Remus, ii. 196 _sq._, vi. 235; horse sacrificed to, in October, at Rome, viii. 42, ix. 230; a god of vegetation, ix. 229 _sq._; the Old, at Rome, ix. 229, 231, 252; represented by Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229

—— and Bellona, vi. 231

——, Field of, at Rome, annual chariot-race on the, viii. 42

—— and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

——, the planet, red-haired men sacrificed to, vii. 261 _sq._

—— and Silvia, xi. 105

——, temple of, at Rome, i. 310; nails knocked into the, ix. 67 _n._ 1

Mars Silvanus, ix. 230

Marsaba, a devil in the island of Rook, his expulsion, ix. 109; swallows lads at initiation, xi. 246

Marsala in Sicily, Midsummer customs at, v. 247

Marsden, W., on the confusion of the agricultural year in Sumatra caused by the introduction of the lunar Mohammedan calendar, vii. 315

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, v. 248 _sq._, x. 193; human scapegoats at, ix. 253; Midsummer king of the double-axe at, x. 194; the Yule log at, x. 250; Midsummer flowers at, xi. 46

Marsh-marigolds, a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54, ix. 163; hoops wreathed with, carried on May Day, ii. 63, 88. _See also_ Marigolds

Marshall, A. S. F., on the felling of timber in Mexico, vi. 136 _n._ 3

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, xi. 200

Marshall Bennet Islands, magical powers of chiefs in the, i. 339

Marsi, Midsummer fires in the land of the ancient, x. 209

Marsyas, his musical contest with Apollo and his death, v. 55, 288 _sq._; perhaps a double of Attis, v. 289

——, the river, v. 289

Martens, magic to snare, i. 110; bones of, kept from dogs, viii. 239

Martial on the Ides of August as Diana’s day, i. 12 _n._ 2

Martin, Father, on the indifference to human life of a robber caste in Southern India, iv. 141 _sq._

Martin, Rev. John, on annual expulsion of the devil on the Gold Coast, ix. 132 _sq._

Martin, M., on St. Bride’s Day in the Hebrides, ii. 94 _n._ 2; on forced fire (need-fire) in Scotland, ii. 238, x. 289; on the cutting of peat in the Hebrides, vi. 138; on _dessil_ (_deiseal_), x. 151 _n._

Martin of Urzedow, Polish priest, denounced heathen practices of women on St. John’s Eve, x. 177

Martinique, precaution as to spittle in, iii. 289

Martius, C. F. Phil. von, on the political power of medicine-men among the Indians of Brazil, i. 359

Martyrdom of St. Dasius, ix. 308 _sqq._

—— of St. Hippolytus, i. 21

Marwaris of India, Holi festival among the, xi. 2 _sq._

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, fiery wheel rolled down, in Lent, x. 118

Maryborough, in Queensland, custom of the tribes about, as to women stepping over things, iii. 424; exposure of first-born children among the tribes about, iv. 180; ate men to acquire their virtues, viii. 151

Marzana, goddess of Death, effigy of, in Polish parts of Silesia, iv. 237

Masai of East Africa, power of medicine-men among the, i. 343 _sq._; their reverence for the _subugo_ tree, ii. 16; their fire-drill, ii. 210; custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 _n._ 1; continence of man and woman at brewing honey-wine among the, iii. 200; beards not pulled out by chiefs and sorcerers among the, iii. 260; head chief of the, foods tabooed to him, iii. 291; their use of magic knots, iii. 309; their use of rings as amulets, iii. 315; unwilling to tell their own names, iii. 329 _sq._; said to change the names of the dead, iii. 354 _sq._; namesakes of the dead change their names among the, iii. 356; changes in their vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 361; their customs as to falling stars, iv. 61, 65; their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, iv. 202 _sq._; their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 82, 84; their ceremonies at the new moon, vi. 142 _sq._; their rule as to the choice of a chief, vi. 248; boys wear female costume at circumcision among the, vi. 263; their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 317; their rules as to partaking of meat and milk, viii. 83 _sq._; the El Kiboron clan of the, viii. 288; their custom of throwing stones or grass on graves, ix. 20; peace-making ceremony among the, x. 139 _n._

Masai pope, the, i. 343 _sq._

Mascal or Festival of the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 _sq._

Mashona, the, of South Africa, revered human gods, i. 393

Mashonaland, chiefs of, not allowed to cross rivers, iii. 9 _sq._

Mashti, supposed name of Elamite goddess, ix. 366 _sq._

Mask of dog or jackal worn by priest who personated Anubis, vi. 85 _n._ 3; two-faced, worn by image of goddess, ix. 287; priest of Earth not to wear a, x. 4. _See also_ Masks

Masked dances, vii. 95 _sq._, 111, 186, viii. 208 _n._ 1, 339, ix. 236; at Carnival, viii. 333, 334; in ritual of Demeter, viii. 339; to promote fertility, ix. 236; and ceremonies of savages, ix. 374 _sqq._; bull-roarers used at, xi. 230 _n._ _See also_ Dances

Maskers, representing the dead, ii. 178; in Thrace at Carnival, vii. 26 _sqq._; representing demons, vii. 95, 186 _sq._; in the Grisons, ix. 239; in the Tyrol and Salzburg, ix. 242 _sqq._; as representatives of the spirits of fertility, both vegetable and animal, ix. 249 _sq._; supposed to be inspired by the spirits whom they represent, ix. 380, 382, 383

Masks worn by shamans in pursuit of lost souls, iii. 57 _sq._; hung on trees at time of sowing, iv. 283; worn by actors who represent demons or spirits, vii. 95, 186; worn by Egyptian kings, vii. 260 _sq._; worn in masked dances, not to be seen by women on pain of death, viii. 208 _n._ 1; worn by women, viii. 232 _sq._, 234; worn by mummers at Carnival, viii. 333; worn by Cingalese devil-dancers, ix. 38; worn at expulsion of demons, ix. 111, 127, 145, 213; worn at ceremonies to promote the growth of the crops, ix. 236, 240, 242 _sqq._, 247, 248 _sq._; worn by the _Perchten_, ix. 242, 243, 245, 247; intended to ban demons, ix. 246; worn by priests who personate gods, ix. 287; worn in religious dances and performances, ix. 375, 376 _n._ 2, 378, 379, 380, 382; representing mythical personages, ix. 375, 376 _n._ 2, 378, 379, 382 _sq._; representing totemic animals, ix. 380; burned at end of masquerade, ix. 382; thought to be animated by demons, ix. 382; worn by girls at puberty, x. 31, 52; worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, xi. 247; worn by members of a secret Wolf society among the Nootka Indians, xi. 270, 271. _See also_ Mask, Maskers, _and_ Masquerade

Masnes, a giant, in a legend of Sardes, v. 186

_Masoka_, the spirits of the dead, worshipped by the Wahehe of German East Africa, vi. 188 _sq._

Maspéro, Sir Gaston, on the confusion of magic and religion in ancient Egypt, i. 230; on the assimilation of Egyptian kings to gods, ii. 133 _sq._; edits the Pyramid Texts, vi. 4 _n._ 1; on the nature of Osiris, vi. 126 _n._ 2, vii. 260 _n._ 2

Masquerade at the Carnival in Thrace, vi. 99 _sq._; at sowing festival in Borneo, vii. 95 _sq._, 98, 186 _sq._; of boys among the Lengua Indians, x. 57 _n._ 1

Masquerades, Roman, of men personating the dead, ii. 178; of kings and queens, iv. 71 _sq._, 78, 88, 89; Californian, of men personating the dead, vi. 53; in modern Europe, intention of certain, ix. 251 _sq._ _See also_ Masks _and_ Maskers

“Mass of the Holy Spirit,” i. 231 _sq._

Mass of Saint Sécaire, i. 232 _sq._

Massacres for sick kings of Uganda, vi. 226

Massagetae sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315

Massaya, volcano in Nicaragua, human victims sacrificed to, v. 219

_Massebah_ (plural _masseboth_), sacred stone or pillar in ancient Israel,