Act i. Sc. 3, line 11. “But, my loving master, if any wind will not

serve, then I wish I were in Lapland, to buy a good wind of one of the honest witches, that sell so many winds there and so cheap” (Izaac Walton, _Compleat Angler_, ch. v.).

[1168] J. G. Lockhart, _Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott_, iii. 203 (first edition).

[1169] C. Leemius, _De Lapponibus Finmarchiae, etc., commentatio_ (Copenhagen, 1767), p. 454.

[1170] Homer, _Odyssey_, x. 19 _sqq._ It is said that Perdoytus, the Lithuanian Aeolus, keeps the winds enclosed in a leathern bag; when they escape from it he pursues them, beats them, and shuts them up again. See E. Veckenstedt, _Die Mythen, Sagen und Legenden der Zamaiten_ (Litauer), i. 153. The statements of this writer, however, are to be received with caution.

[1171] J. Chalmers, _Pioneering in New Guinea_, p. 177.

[1172] Lieut. Herold, in _Mitteilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_, v. (1892) pp. 144 _sq._; H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), p. 189.

[1173] Rev. J. Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_ (London, 1893), p. 7.

[1174] Fr. Boas, “The Central Eskimo,” _Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1888), p. 593.

[1175] _Arctic Papers for the Expedition of 1875_ (Royal Geographical Society), p. 274.

[1176] J. Murdoch, “Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition,” _Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1892), pp. 432 _sq._

[1177] M. Bloomfield, _Hymns of the Atharva-Veda_, p. 249 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xlii.); W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_, p. 128.

[1178] Father Livinhac, in _Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, liii. (1881) p. 209.

[1179] J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” _Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 10 (December 1882), pp. 241 _sq._; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_, i. 201; A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _In Centraal Borneo_ (Leyden, 1900), ii. 180 _sq._ The people of Samarcand used to beat drums and dance in the eleventh month to demand cold weather, and they threw water on one another. See E. Chavannes, _Les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux_ (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 135.

[1180] J. G. Campbell, _Superstitions of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1900), pp. 24 _sq._

[1181] P. Sébillot, _Coutumes populaires de la Haute-Bretagne_, pp. 302 _sq._

[1182] Holzmayer, “Osiliana,” _Verhandlungen der gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat_, vii. 2, p. 54.

[1183] A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 454, § 406; Von Alpenburg, _Mythen und Sagen Tirols_, pp. 262, 365 _sq._; W. Mannhardt, _Die Götter der deutschen und nordischen Völker_ (Berlin, 1860), p. 99; _id._, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 85; Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 109; F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 117. In some parts of Austria and Germany, when a storm is raging, the people open a window and throw out a handful of meal, saying to the wind, “There, that’s for you, stop!” See A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus österreichisch-Schlesien_, ii. 259; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ p. 529; Zingerle, _Sitten Bräuche und Meinungen des Tiroler Volkes_,² p. 118, § 1046. Similarly an old Irishwoman has been seen to fling handfuls of grass into a cloud of dust blown along a road, and she explained her behaviour by saying that she wished to give something to the fairies who were playing in the dust (_Folklore_, iv. (1893) p. 352). But these are sacrifices to appease, not ceremonies to constrain the spirits of the air; thus they belong to the domain of religion rather than to that of magic. The ancient Greeks sacrificed to the winds. See P. Stengel, “Die Opfer der Hellenen an die Winde,” _Hermes_, xvi. (1881) pp. 346–350; and my note on Pausanias, ii. 12. 1.

[1184] J. G. Kohl, _Die deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen_, ii. 278.

[1185] G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,” _Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii. (1905) p. 17.

[1186] F. de Azara, _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, ii. 137.

[1187] P. Lozano, _Descripcion chorographica del Gran Chaco_ (Cordova, 1733), p. 71; Charlevoix, _Histoire du Paraguay_, ii. 74; Guevara, _Historia del Paraguay_, p. 23 (in P. de Angelis’s _Coleccion de obras y documentos_, etc., ii., Buenos Ayres, 1836); D. de Alvear, _Relacion geografica e historica de la provincia de Misiones_, p. 14 (P. de Angelis, _op. cit._ iv.).

[1188] W. A. Henry, “Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Bataklanden,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xvii. 23 _sq._

[1189] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, i. (Leyden, 1904) p. 97.

[1190] R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 457 _sq._; compare _id._, ii. 270; A. W. Howitt, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 194, note; Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 632.

[1191] W. Cornwallis Harris, _The Highlands of Ethiopia_ (London, 1844), i. 352. Compare Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nord-ost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1896), p. 28. Even where these columns or whirlwinds of dust are not attacked they are still regarded with awe. The Ainos believe them to be filled with demons; hence they will hide behind a tree and spit profusely if they see one coming (J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_, p. 385). In some parts of India they are supposed to be _bhuts_ going to bathe in the Ganges (Denzil C. J. Ibbetson, _Settlement Report of the Panipat, Tahsil, and Karnal Parganah of the Karnal District_, p. 154). The Chevas and Tumbucas of South Africa fancy them to be the wandering souls of sorcerers (_Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, vi. (Berlin, 1856) pp. 301 _sq._). The Baganda and the Pawnees believe them to be ghosts (J. Roscoe in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 73; G. B. Grinnell, _Pawnee Hero-Stories and Folk-tales_, p. 357). Californian Indians think that they are happy souls ascending to the heavenly land (Stephen Powers, _Tribes of California_, p. 328). Once when a great Fijian chief died, a whirlwind swept across the lagoon. An old man who saw it covered his mouth with his hand and said in an awestruck whisper, “There goes his spirit!” (Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898).

[1192] Herodotus, iv. 173; Aulus Gellius, xvi. 11. The Cimbrians are said to have taken arms against the tide (Strabo, vii. 2. 1).