CHAPTER V—The Magical Control of the Weather

[847] See above, pp. 214 _sq._

[848] W. Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, p. 342, note. The heathen Swedes appear to have mimicked thunder, perhaps as a rain-charm, by means of large bronze hammers, which they called Thor’s hammers. See Saxo Grammaticus, _Historia Danica_, lib. xiii. p. 630, ed. P. E. Müller; Olaus Magnus, _Historia_, iii. 8.

[849] K. v. Bruchhausen, in _Globus_, lxxvi. (1899) p. 253. There seem to be two villages in Wallachia that bear the name of Ploska. The reference may be to one of them.

[850] C. F. H. Campen, “De Godsdienstbegrippen der Halmaherasche Alfoeren,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxvii. (1882) p. 447.

[851] J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 114.

[852] G. A. J. Hazen, “Kleine bijdragen tot de ethnografie en folklore van Java,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xlvi. (1903) p. 298.

[853] R. Parkinson, _Im Bismarck Archipel_, p. 143. Compare Joachim Graf Pfeil, _Studien und Beobachtungen aus der Südsee_ (Brunswick, 1899), pp. 139 _sq._

[854] J. Owen Dorsey, “Omaha Sociology,” _Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1884), p. 347. Compare Charlevoix, _Voyage dans l’Amérique septentrionale_, ii. 187.

[855] _Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, Nouvelle Edition, vii. 29 _sq._

[856] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 180, 330.

[857] J. Macdonald, _Religion and Myth_ (London, 1893), p. 10.

[858] J. B. Labat, _Relation historique de l’Éthiopie occidentale_, ii. 180.

[859] M. Merker, _Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga_ (Gotha, 1902), p. 34 (_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, Ergänzungsheft. No. 138).

[860] Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894), p. 588.

[861] R. Sutherland Rattray, Some _Folk-lore Stories and Songs in Chinyanja_ (London, 1907), pp. 118 _sq._

[862] E. Doutté, _Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, p. 583.

[863] W. Weston, in _The Geographical Journal_, vii. (1896) p. 143; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxvi. (1897) p. 30; _id._, _Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps_, p. 161. The ceremony is not purely magical, for it is intended to attract the attention of the powerful spirit who has a small shrine on the top of the mountain.

[864] J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_ (London, 1901), p. 333. Some of the ancient processions with ships may perhaps have been rain-charms. See J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ i. 213–220; Pausanias, i. 29. 1, with my note.

[865] Tournier, _Notice sur le Laos Français_ (Hanoi, 1900), p. 80. In the temple of the Syrian goddess at Hierapolis on the Euphrates there was a chasm into which water was poured twice a year by people who assembled for the purpose from the whole of Syria and Arabia. See Lucian, _De dea Syria_, 12 sq. The ceremony was perhaps a rain-charm. Compare Pausanias, i. 18. 7, with my notes.

[866] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 313 _sq._

[867] A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine-Men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 35; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 398.

[868] R. Salvado, _Mémoires historiques sur l’Australie_ (Paris, 1854), p. 262.

[869] W. Stanbridge, “On the Aborigines of Victoria,” _Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., i. (1861) p. 300. This use of fire to make rain is peculiar. By analogy we should expect it rather to be resorted to as a mode of stopping rain. See below.

[870] P. B. Noskow j, _Maqrizii de valle Hadhramaut libellus arabice editus et illustratus_ (Bonn, 1866), pp. 25 _sq._

[871] T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) p. 308.

[872] Rascher, “Die Sulka,” _Archiv für Anthropologie_, xxix. (1904) p. 225; R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_, pp. 196 _sq._

[873] _Indian Antiquary_, xxiv. (1895) p. 359.

[874] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 398.

[875] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 315.

[876] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 345 (_Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv.).

[877] J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folklore_, p. 333.

[878] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 2.

[879] J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1883), p. 276.

[880] E. M. Gordon, _Indian Folk Tales_ (London, 1908), p. 20; _id._ in _Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, New Series, i. (1905) p. 183.

[881] W. E. Roth, _Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines_ (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 167.

[882] W. E. Roth, _op. cit._ p. 168; _id._, _North Queensland Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5_ (Brisbane, 1903), p. 10.

[883] S. Gason, “The Dieyerie Tribe,” _Native Tribes of South Australia_, pp. 276 _sqq._; A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) pp. 91 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 394–396. As to the Mura-muras, see A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 475 _sqq._, 779 _sqq._

[884] A. W. Howitt, “The Dieri and other Kindred Tribes of Central Australia,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) pp. 92 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 396, 744.

[885] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 396 _sq._

[886] J. Kreemer, “Regenmaken, Oedjoeng, Tooverij onder de Javanen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xxx. (1886) p. 113.

[887] Coulbeaux, “Au pays de Menelik: à travers l’Abyssinie,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxx. (1898) p. 455.

[888] 1 Kings xviii. 28. From the whole tenour of the narrative it appears that the real contest between Elijah and the prophets of Baal was as to which of them should make rain in a time of drought. The prophets of Baal wrought magic by cutting themselves with knives; Elijah wrought magic by pouring water on the altar. Both ceremonies alike were rain-charms. Compare my note on the passage in _Passages of the Bible chosen for their Literary Beauty and Interest_, Second Edition (London, 1909), pp. 476 _sq._

[889] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 294–296, 630 _sq._

[890] F. J. Gillen, in _Report of the Work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_, part iv., Anthropology (London and Melbourne, 1896), pp. 177–179; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 189–193.

[891] As to the connexion of the plover with rain in Central Australia, see above, p. 259. It is curious that the same association has procured for the bird its name in English, French (_pluvier_, from the Latin _pluvia_), and German (_Regenpfeifer_). Ornithologists are not agreed as to the reason for this association in the popular mind. See Alfred Newton, _Dictionary of Birds_ (London, 1893–1896), pp. 730 _sq._

[892] A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 401; _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. 350.

[893] W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 108.

[894] Fr. Boas, in _Fifth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 51 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1889_).

[895] Fr. Boas, _loc. cit._; _id._ in _Sixth Report On the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 58, 62 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_); _id._ in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 5 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1896_).

[896] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, pp. 39 _sq._ (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[897] _British Central Africa Gazette_, No. 86 (vol. v. no. 6), 30th April 1898, p. 3.

[898] Fr. Boas, _loc. cit._

[899] _Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt_ (Middletown, 1820), pp. 173 _sq._ (p. 198, Edinburgh, 1824).

[900] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 310 sq. (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv.). The Lillooet Indians of British Columbia also believed that twins were the real offspring of grizzly bears. Many of them said that twins were grizzly bears in human form, and that when a twin died his soul went back to the grizzly bears and became one of them. See J. Teit, “The Lillooet Indians,” (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 263 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. ii. part v.).

[901] Father Baudin, “Le Fétichisme ou la religion des Nègres de la Guinée,” _Missions Catholiques_, xvi. (1884) p. 250.

[902] J. Spieth, _Die Ewe Stämme_ (Berlin, 1906), pp. 204, 206.

[903] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 92 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_). The instrument by which the twins make fine weather appears to be a bull-roarer. Compare J. Teit, “The Shuswap” (Leyden and New York, 1909), pp. 586 _sq._ (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. ii. part vii.): “Twins were believed to be endowed with powers over the elements, especially over rain and snow. If a twin bathed in a lake or stream, it would rain.”

[904] Mark iii. 17. If James and John had been twins, we might have suspected that their name of Boanerges had its origin in a superstition like that of the Peruvian Indians. Was it in the character of “sons of thunder” that the brothers proposed to call down fire from heaven on a Samaritan village (Luke ix. 54)?

[905] P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), pp. 16 _sq._, 32, 33, 119, 130, 132.

[906] H. A. Junod, _Les Ba-ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 412, 416 _sqq._ The reason for calling twins “Children of the Sky” is obscure. Are they supposed in some mysterious way to stand for the sun and moon?

[907] Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), p. 47.

[908] P. Reichard, “Die Wanjamuesi,” _Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin_, xxiv. (1889), pp. 256 _sq._ Another African superstition as to twins may here be mentioned. On the Slave Coast when a woman has brought forth stillborn twins, she has a statue made with two faces and sets it up in a corner of her house. There she offers it fowls, bananas, and palm-oil in order to obtain the accomplishment of her wishes, and especially a knowledge of the future. See _Missions Catholiques_, vii. (1875) p. 592. This suggests that elsewhere two-faced images, like those of Janus, may have been intended to represent twins.

[909] M. N. Venketswami, “Superstitions among Hindus in the Central Provinces,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxviii. (1899) p. 111.

[910] _The Grihya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. (Oxford, 1892) pp. 72 _sq._ (_Sacred Books of the East_, vol. xxx.); H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, pp. 420 _sq._

[911] G. G. Batten, _Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago_ (Singapore, 1894), pp. 68 _sq._

[912] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) pp. 8–10.

[913] Rev. W. O’Ferrall, “Native Stories from Santa Cruz and Reef Islands,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxiv. (1904), p. 225.

[914] Lucy M. J. Garnett, _The Women of Turkey and their Folklore: The Christian Women_, pp. 123 _sq._

[915] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 329 _sqq._; J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ i. 493 _sq._; W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 227 _sqq._; W. Schmidt, _Das Jahr und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen Siebenbürgens_, p. 17; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 13; _Folk-lore_, i. (1890) p. 520.

[916] _The Graphic_, September 9, 1905, p. 324; Dr. Emil Fischer, “Paparuda und Scaloian,” _Globus_, xciii. (1908) pp. 14 _sq._

[917] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 329.

[918] G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), pp. 118 _sq._

[919] W. R. S. Ralston, _Songs of the Russian People_, p. 228; W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, pp. 329 _sq._

[920] See above, pp. 260 _sq._ This perpetual turning or whirling movement is required of the actors in other European ceremonies of a superstitious character. See below, vol. ii. pp. 74, 80, 81, 87. I am far from feeling sure that the explanation of it suggested in the text is the true one. But I do not remember to have met with any other.

[921] Father H. S. Moore, in _The Cowley Evangelist_, May 1908, pp. 111 _sq._

[922] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 93 _sq._

[923] J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes of folklore collected in the East.

[924] Rendel Harris, _op. cit._

[925] S. I. Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 114.

[926] A. Jaussen, _Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), pp. 326, 328.

[927] J. Polek, “Regenzauber in Osteuropa,” _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, iii. (1893) p. 85. For the bathing of the priest compare W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 331, note 2.

[928] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 331.

[929] R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen in der Bukowina und Galizien,” _Globus_, lxi. (1892) p. 281.

[930] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.

[931] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, p. 584.

[932] J. G. F. Riedel, “De Minahasa in 1825,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xviii. 524.

[933] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijven bij de Toradja’s van Midden Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) pp. 1 _sq._

[934] M. Joustra, “De Zending onder de Karo-Batak’s,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xli. (1897) p. 158.

[935] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, iii. p. 134, § 285.

[936] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 73 _sq._

[937] J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 93.

[938] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iii. (1893) pp. 25, 27; _id._, in _North Indian Notes and Queries_, v. p. 136, § 373.

[939] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, i. p. 102, § 791.

[940] W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 74 _sq._

[941] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On Vestiges of Moon-worship in Behar and Bengal,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, ii. 598 _sq._

[942] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, ii. p. 42, § 256; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 16 _sq._; Sarat Chandra Mitra, in _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, ii. 597 _sq._; _id._, in _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, N.S. xxix. (1897) p. 482.

[943] W. W. Hunter, _Orissa_ (London, 1872), ii. 140 _sq._; W. Crooke, _op. cit._ i. 17.

[944] W. Logan, _Malabar_ (Madras, 1887), i. 161 _sq._; E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, vii. 287; L. K. Anantha Krishna Iyer, _The Cochin Tribes and Castes_, i. (Madras, 1909) p. 238.

[945] R. F. Kaindl, _Die Huzulen_ (Vienna, 1894), p. 63; _id._, “Viehzucht und Viehzauber in den Ostkarpaten,” _Globus_, lxix. (1896) p. 386.

[946] A. Cabaton, _Nouvelles Recherches sur les Chams_ (Paris, 1901), p. 48.

[947] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, pp. 90 _sq._

[948] E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin und nächster Umgebung,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 87.

[949] Theophrastus, _Historia plantarum_, vii. 3. 3, ix. 8. 8; Plutarch, _Quaest. Conviv._ vii. 2. 3; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xix. 120.

[950] Palladius, _De re rustica_, iv. 9; Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xix. 120.

[951] Theophrastus, _Historia plantarum_ ix. 8. 8.

[952] Lactantius, _Divin. Institut._ i. 21; Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, ii. 5. 11. 8; Philostratus, _Imagines_, ii. 24; Conon, in Photius, _Bibliotheca_, p. 132, ed. Bekker. Lactantius speaks of the sacrifice of a pair of oxen, Philostratus of the sacrifice of a single ox.

[953] “Die Pschawen und Chewsurier im Kaukasus,” _Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde_, N.F. ii. (1857) p. 75.

[954] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 93.

[955] J. Reinegg, _Beschreibung des Kaukasus_, ii. (Hildesheim and St. Petersburg, 1797), p. 114. Among the Abchases of the Western Caucasus girls make rain by driving an ass into a river, placing a puppet dressed as a woman on a raft, and letting the raft float down stream. See N. von Seidlitz, “Die Abchasen,” _Globus_, lxvi. (1894) pp. 75 _sq._

[956] W. Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_, p. 553; E. Gerard, _The Land beyond the Forest_, ii. 40.

[957] _Panjab Notes and Queries_, iii. pp. 41, 115, §§ 173, 513.

[958] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, i. p. 210, § 1161.

[959] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On the Har Paraurī, or the Behari Women’s Ceremony for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland_, N.S. xxix. (1897) pp. 471–484; _id._, in _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iv. No. 7 (1898), pp. 384–388.

[960] Sarat Chandra Mitra, “On some Ceremonies for producing Rain,” _Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay_, iii. 25. On these Indian rain-charms compare W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 68 _sqq._ Mr. E. S. Hartland suggests that such customs furnish the key to the legend of Lady Godiva (_Folklore_, i. (1890) pp. 223 _sqq._). Some of the features of the ceremonies, though not the ploughing, reappear in a rain-charm practised by the Rajbansis of Bengal. The women make two images of Hudum Deo out of mud or cow-dung, and carry them away into the fields by night. There they strip themselves naked, and dance round the images singing obscene songs. See (Sir) H. H. Risley, _The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary_ (Calcutta, 1891–92), i. 498. Again, in time of drought the Kapu women of Southern India mould a small figure of a naked human being to represent Jokumara, the rain-god. This they place in a mock palanquin and go about for several days from door to door, singing indecent songs and collecting alms. Then they abandon the figure in a field, where the Malas find it and go about with it in their turn for three or four days, singing ribald songs and collecting alms. See E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, iii. 244 _sq._ We have seen (pp. 267 _sq._) that lewd songs form part of an African rain-charm. The link between ribaldry and rain is not obvious to the European mind.

[961] T. C. Hodson, “The Native Tribes of Manipur,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) pp. 302 _sq._

[962] B. Houghton, in _Indian Antiquary_, xxv. (1896) p. 112.

[963] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_ (London, 1903), i. 330.

[964] G. Turner, _Samoa_, pp. 345 _sq._

[965] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xxv. (1893) p. 116; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 297 _sq._

[966] W. R. S. Ralston, _The Songs of the Russian People_, pp. 425 _sq._; P. v. Stenin, “Ueber den Geisterglauben in Russland,” _Globus_, lvii. (1890) p. 285.

[967] Aristophanes, _Clouds_, 373.

[968] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_, p. 93.

[969] J. Rendel Harris, MS. notes.

[970] R. H. Elliot, _Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore_ (London, 1871), i. 76 _sq._

[971] A. C. Kruijt, “Regen lokken en regen verdrijving bij de Toradja’s van Central Celebes,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 6, citing v. Baarda.

[972] Mela, _Chorographia_, iii. 106.

[973] A. C. Kruijt, _op. cit._ pp. 3 _sq._

[974] Above, p. 268.

[975] Dudley Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 115.

[976] Missionar P. H. Brincker, “Beobachlungen über die Deisidämonie der Eingeborenen Deutsch-Südwest-Afrikas,” _Globus_, lviii. (1890) p. 323; _id._, in _Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin_, iii. (1900) Dritte Abteilung, p. 89.

[977] A. Caulin, _Historia coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia, Provincias de Cumaña, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco_, p. 92.

[978] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iii. 918 _sqq._

[979] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 314 _sq._

[980] Spencer and Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 311.

[981] G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_, p. 262.

[982] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians,” p. 374 (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i.