part i.).

[448] Sir George Scott Robertson, _The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush_ (London, 1896), pp. 335, 621–626.

[449] Antonio Caulin, _Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva Andalucia de Cumana, Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco_ (1779), p. 97.

[450] Father Guis, “Les Canaques, ce qu’ils font, ce qu’ils disent,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxx. (1898) p. 29; A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 257.

[451] J. G. Campbell, _Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland_ (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 21 _sq._

[452] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 122.

[453] Aug. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_ (Vienna, 1878), p. 218, § 36.

[454] A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_ (Leyden, 1882), p. 323; J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 64.

[455] E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i. (Oxford, 1892) p. 421. Compare Brasseur de Bourbourg, _Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique-Centrale_, i. 518 _sq._

[456] W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 217.

[457] A. L. van Hasselt, “Nota betreffende de rijstcultuur in de Residentie Tapanoeli,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxvi. (1893) p. 529.

[458] This I learned from Mr. Hardy in conversation. See also his letter in _Folklore_, viii. (1897) p. 11.

[459] Boecler-Kreutzwald, _Der Ehsten abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten_, p. 133. Compare F. J. Wiedemann, _Aus dem inneren und äusseren Leben der Ehsten_, p. 447.

[460] R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Huzulen,” _Globus_, lxxvi. (1899) p. 276.

[461] F. Tetzner, “Die Kuren in Ostpreussen,” _Globus_, lxxv. (1899) p. 148.

[462] F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. p. 207, § 362; _Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii. 297, iii. 343.

[463] H. F. Standing, “Malagasy _fady_,” _Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine_, vol. ii. (reprint of the second four numbers, 1881–1884) (Antananarivo, 1896), p. 257.

[464] Ch. Beauquier, _Les Mois en Franche-Comté_ (Paris, 1900), p. 30.

[465] L. F. Sauvé, _Le Folk-lore des Hautes-Vosges_ (Paris, 1889), p. 142.

[466] L. F. Sauvé, _op. cit._ pp. 17 _sq._

[467] E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 499; A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens_ (Hermannstadt, 1880), p. 11.

[468] E. H. Meyer, _Badisches Volksleben im neunzehnten Jahrhundert_ (Strasburg, 1900), pp. 421 _sq._

[469] A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_, p. 445, § 354; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 95, § 664; A. Peter, _Volksthümliches aus österreichisch-Schlesien_, ii. 266; Von Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, _Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen_, p. 49; E. Sommer, _Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen_, p. 148; O. Knoop, _Volkssagen, Erzählungen, Aberglauben, Gebräuche und Märchen aus dem östlichen Hinterpommern_, p. 176; A. Witzschel, _Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Thüringen_, p. 191, § 13; J. F. L. Woeste, _Volksüberlieferungen in der Grafschaft Mark_, p. 56, § 24; _Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii. 298, iv. 2, pp. 379, 382; A. Heinrich, _Agrarische Sitten und Gebräuche unter den Sachsen Siebenbürgens_, pp. 11 _sq._; W. von Schulenberg, _Wendische Volkssagen und Gebräuche aus dem Spreewald_, p. 252; J. A. E. Köhler, _Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im Voigtlande_, pp. 368 _sq._; _Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie_ (Chemnitz, 1759), p. 103; M. Toeppen, _Aberglauben aus Masuren_,² p. 68; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,² p. 396, § 657; U. Jahn, _Die deutsche Opfergebräuche bei Ackerbau und Viehzucht_, pp. 194 _sq._; R. Wuttke, _Sächsische Volkskunde_² (Dresden, 1901), p. 370; E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen Volksbrauch,” _Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde_, xi. (1907) p. 260. According to one account, in leaping from the table you should hold in your hand a long bag containing flax seed (Woeste, _l.c._). The dancing or leaping is often done specially by girls or women (Kuhn und Schwartz, Grohmann, Witzschel, Heinrich, _ll.cc._). Sometimes the women dance in the sunlight (_Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie_, _l.c._); but in Voigtland the leap from the table should be made by the housewife naked and at midnight on Shrove Tuesday (Köhler, _l.c._). On Walpurgis Night the leap is made over an alder branch stuck at the edge of the flax field (Sommer, _l.c._).

[470] E. Lemke, _Volksthümliches in Ostpreussen_, pp. 8–12; M. Toeppen, _l.c._

[471] O. Hartung, “Zur Volkskunde aus Anhalt,” _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, vii. (1897) pp. 149 _sq._

[472] G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), p. 122.

[473] W. W. Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 248.

[474] J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) p. 67.

[475] Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), p. 291.

[476] Eijūb Abēla, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss abergläubischer Gebräuche in Syrien,” _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palaestina-Vereins_, vii. (1884) p. 112, § 202. Compare L’Abbé B. Chémali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) pp. 734, 735.

[477] Quoted by D. Chwolsohn, _Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_ (St. Petersburg, 1856), ii. 469.

[478] W. Mannhardt (_Baumkultus_, p. 419) promised in a later investigation to prove that it was an ancient custom at harvest or in spring to load or pelt trees and plants, as well as the representatives of the spirit of vegetation, with stones, in order thereby to express the weight of fruit which was expected. This promise, so far as I know, he did not live to fulfil. Compare, however, his _Mythologische Forschungen_, p. 324.

[479] E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, pp. 249 _sq._ The placing of the stone on the tree is described as a punishment, but this is probably a misunderstanding.

[480] G. Pitrè, _Usi e costumi, credenze et pregiudizi del popolo siciliano_, iii. (Palermo, 1889) pp. 113 _sq._

[481] _Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii. 299; T. Vernaleken, _Mythen und Bräuche des Volkes in Österreich_, p. 315. On the other hand, in some parts of north-west New Guinea a woman with child may not plant, or the crop would be eaten up by pigs; and she may not climb a tree in the rice-field, or the crop would fail. See J. L. van Hasselt, “Enige aanteekeningen aangaande de Bewoners der N. Westkust van Nieuw Guinea,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xxxii. (1889) p. 264; _id._, “Die Papuastämme an der Geelvinkbai,” _Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, ix. (1891) p. 102. Similarly the Galelareese say that a pregnant woman must not sweep under a shaddock tree, or knock the fruit from the bough, else it will taste sour instead of sweet. See M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 457.

[482] J. V. Grohman, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 143, § 1053.

[483] E. Hoffmann-Krayer, “Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen Volksbrauch,” _Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde_, xi. (1907) p. 263.

[484] G. F. Abbott, _Macedonia Folklore_, p. 122.

[485] _Census of India, 1901_, vol. iii. p. 206.

[486] Dittenberger, _Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum_,² No. 615, line 17 ὑπὲρ καρποῦ Δήμητρι ὗν ἐγκύμονα πρωτοτόκον; compare _id._, No. 616, line 61 _sq._, No. 617, line 3; Ovid, _Fasti_, iv. 633 _sq._; Macrobius, _Saturn._ i. 12. 20; Arnobius, _Adversus nationes_, iv. 22.

[487] J. Gumilla, _Histoire naturelle, civile et géographique de l’Orénoque_ (Avignon, 1758), iii. 184.

[488] R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, i.² (London, 1822) p. 253.

[489] F. Blumentritt, “Sitten und Bräuche der Ilocanen,” _Globus_, xlviii. No. 12, p. 202.

[490] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 489.

[491] Rev. J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 38.

[492] B. Guttmann, “Trauer und Begräbnissitten der Wadschagga,” _Globus_, lxxxix. (1906) p. 200.

[493] J. G. Frazer, “On certain Burial Customs as illustrative of the Primitive Theory of the Soul,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xv. (1886) pp. 69 _sq._

[494] As to negative magic or taboo, see above, pp. 111 _sqq._

[495] M. J. van Baarda, _op. cit._ p. 488.

[496] M. J. van Baarda, _op. cit._ pp. 496 _sq._

[497] _Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, ii. 299.

[498] “Lettre du curé de Santiago Tepehuacan,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), IIme Série, ii. (1834) pp. 181 _sq._, 183.

[499] E. Modigliani, _Un Viaggio a Nias_ (Milan, 1890), p. 590.

[500] Damien Grangeon, “Les Cham et leurs superstitions,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 83.

[501] J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1900), pt. i. pp. 425–427; compare _id._, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), p. 329.

[502] H. Geurtjens, “Le Cérémonial des voyages aux Îles Keij,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 352.

[503] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezan,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) pp. 466, 468.

[504] M. J. van Baarda, _op. cit._ p. 467.

[505] R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, ii. (London, 1817) p. 37.

[506] H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, p. 505; M. Bloomfield, _Hymns of the Atharva-Veda_, p. 240; W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_, p. 37.

[507] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 25 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[508] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 624 _sq._

[509] J. Habbema, “Bijgeloof in de Praenger-Regentschappen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, li. (1900) p. 113.

[510] D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij het bouwen hunner huizen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlviii. (1904) pp. 380 _sq._

[511] J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), p. 389.

[512] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 552.

[513] Spencer and Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 550.

[514] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 462.

[515] F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 146.

[516] J. Knebel, “Amulettes javanaises,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xl. (1898) p. 506.

[517] _North Indian Notes and Queries_, ii. 215, No. 760; W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_ (Westminster, 1896), i. 261.

[518] P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), p. 22.

[519] R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen,” _Globus_, lxi. (1892) p. 282.

[520] B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle-Espagne_ (Paris, 1880), bk. iv. ch. 31, pp. 274 _sq._; E. Seler, _Altmexikanische Studien_, ii. (Berlin, 1899) pp. 51 _sq._ (_Veröffentlichungen aus dem königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde_, vi.).

[521] J. Brand, _Popular Antiquities of Great Britain_, iii. 278 _sq._ (Bohn’s ed.).

[522] W. Henderson, _Folklore of the Northern Counties of England_, pp. 239 _sqq._; J. W. Wolf, _Niederländische Sagen_ (Leipsic, 1843), pp. 363–365.

[523] L. Strackerjan, _Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg_, i. 100 _sq._ § 141; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 106 § 758, p. 205 § 1421; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,² pp. 126 _sq._ § 184; A. Gittée, _De hand en de vingeren in het volksgeloof_, pp. 31 _sqq._ Compare Tettau und Temme, _Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_, p. 266.

[524] Aelian, _Nat. Anim._ i. 38.

[525] F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 140. The custom of placing coins on the eyes of a corpse to prevent them from opening is not uncommon. Its observance in England is attested by the experienced Mrs. Gamp:—“When Gamp was summonsed to his long home, and I see him a-lying in Guy’s Hospital with a penny piece on each eye, and his wooden leg under his left arm, I thought I should have fainted away. But I bore up” (C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_, ch. xix.).

[526] G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_, p. 238.

[527] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, i. 284.

[528] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xi. (1879) p. 43; _id._, _Mœurs et superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 30 _sq._

[529] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 750 _sqq._ But the lines are not free from ambiguity. See F. A. Paley’s note on the passage.

[530] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_ (Algiers, 1908), pp. 302 _sq._

[531] J. Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, Second Journey_ (London, 1822), ii. 206; Barnabas Shaw, _Memorials of South Africa_ (London, 1840), p. 66.

[532] E. Casalis, _The Basutos_, pp. 271 _sq._

[533] E. Casalis, _op. cit._ p. 272.

[534] Rev. James Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, Religions, and Superstitions of South African Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 132.

[535] A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_ (London, 1876), p. 272.

[536] Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1896), p. 27.

[537] M. Merker, _Rechtsverhältnisse und Sitten der Wadschagga_ (Gotha, 1902), p. 21 (_Petermanns Mitteilungen_, Ergänzungsheft, No. 138).

[538] F. Boas, “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, xv. pt. i. (1901) p. 160.

[539] H. Oldenberg, _Die Religion des Veda_, p. 505.

[540] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 484.

[541] H. Geurtjens, “Le Cérémonial des voyages aux Iles Keij,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 352.

[542] H. A. Junod, _Les Ba-ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), pp. 472 _sq._

[543] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_ (Algiers, 1908), pp. 244 _sq._

[544] _Journal of American Folk-lore_, xvii. (1904) p. 293, referring to Hesketh Pritchard, _Through the Heart of Patagonia_ (London, 1902).

[545] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 25 (separate reprint from _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[546] B. A. Hely, “Notes on Totemism, etc., among the Western Tribes,” _British New Guinea: Annual Report for 1894–95_, p. 56.

[547] H. A. Junod, _Les Ba-ronga_ (Neuchâtel, 1898), p. 472.

[548] A. Jaussen, _Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab_ (Paris, 1908), p. 29.

[549] E. Poeppig, _Reise in Chile, Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome_, ii. 323.

[550] A. Thevet, _Cosmographie universelle_ (Paris, 1575), ii. 946 (980).

[551] A. Jaussen, “Coutumes arabes,” _Revue Biblique_, April 1903, p. 245; _id._, _Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab_, p. 36.

[552] F. S. Krauss, _Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 147.

[553] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 545 _sq._

[554] _Ibid._ pp. 494 _sq._

[555] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 344.

[556] Aelian, _Nat. Anim._ i. 42, 43, and 48.

[557] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, ii. 234.

[558] C. Lumholtz, _op. cit._ i. 290.

[559] J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1900), part i. pp. 262, 284, 285, 306, 308.

[560] _Id._, _ib._ p. 262.

[561] _Id._, _ib._ p. 285.

[562] _Id._, _ib._ p. 266.

[563] _Id._, _ib._ p. 309.

[564] _Id._, _ib._ p. 309.

[565] J. Crevaux, _Voyages dans l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1883), pp. 159 _sq._

[566] J. Mooney, _op. cit._ p. 308.

[567] Scholiast on Plato, _Theaetetus_, p. 160 A.

[568] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 483.

[569] M. J. van Baarda, _op. cit._ p. 534.

[570] E. Chavannes, _Documents sur les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux_ (St. Petersburg, 1903), p. 134.

[571] Aelian, _Nat. anim._ i. 38.

[572] A. Jaussen, _Coutumes arabes au pays de Moab_, p. 35.

[573] J. Dos Santos, _Eastern Ethiopia_, book i. ch. 20 (G. McCall Theal, _Records of South-Eastern Africa_, vii. 224).

[574] One of these shells is exhibited in the Anthropological Museum at Berlin, with a label explaining its use. I do not know to what species it belongs. It appeared to me to be of a sort which may often be seen on mantelpieces in England.

[575] M. J. van Baarda, _op. cit._ p. 468.

[576] The king was Iphiclus; the wise man was Melampus. See Apollodorus, i. 9. 12; Eustathius on Homer, _Od._ xi. 292; Schol. on Theocritus, iii. 43. The way in which the king’s impotence was caused by the knife is clearly indicated by the scholiast, on Theocritus: συνέβη ἐπενεγκεῖν αὐτὴν [scil. τὴν μάχαιραν] τοῖς μορίοις τοῦ παιδός. In this scholium we must correct ἐκτέμνοντι . . . δένδρον into ἐκτέμνοντι . . . ζῷα. Eustathius (_l.c._) quotes the scholium in this latter form. The animals were rams, according to Apollodorus.

[577] A. C. Kruijt, “Het ijzer in Midden-Celebes,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, liii. (1901) pp. 157 _sq._, 159.

[578] A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, ii. (Leyden, 1907) p. 173.

[579] _G_ri_hya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part ii. p. 146.

[580] _G_ri_hya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 168, 282 _sq._, part ii. p. 188 (_Sacred Books of the East_, vols. xxix. and xxx.). Compare Sonnerat, _Voyage aux Indes Orientales_ (Paris, 1782), ii. 81; E. Thurston, _Ethnographic Notes in Southern India_ (Madras, 1906), p. 1. So among the Kookies of Northern Cachar in India the young couple at marriage place each a foot on a large stone in the middle of the village. See Lieut. R. Stewart, “Notes on Northern Cachar,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, xxiv. (1855) pp. 620 _sq._ In the old ruined church of Balquhidder in Perthshire there is an ancient gravestone on which people used to stand barefoot at marriages and baptisms. See _The Folk-lore Journal_, vi. (1888) p. 271.

[581] Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,” _Missions Catholiques_, xi. (1879) p. 482.

[582] _The First Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus_, translated by O. Elton (London, 1894), p. 16. The original runs thus: _Lecturi regem veteres affixis humo saxis insistere suffragiaque promere consueverant, subjectorum lapidum firmitate facti constantiam ominaturi_ (_Historia Danica_, lib. i. p. 22, ed. P. E. Müller).

[583] Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, 7 and 55; Plutarch, _Solon_, 25; Pollux, viii. 86.

[584] Martin, “Description of the Western Islands of Scotland,” in Pinkerton’s _Voyages and Travels_, iii. 657.

[585] Martin, _op. cit._ p. 646.

[586] Martin, _op. cit._ pp. 627 _sq._

[587] W. Munzinger, _Sitten und Recht der Bogos_ (Winterthur, 1859), pp. 33 _sq._ For an Indian example of swearing on a stone see J. Eliot, “Observations on the Inhabitants of the Garrow Hills,” _Asiatick Researches_, iii. 30 _sq._ (8vo ed.). On the custom see further my article, “Folk-lore in the Old Testament,” in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_ (Oxford, 1907), pp. 131 _sqq._

[588] Pausanias, iii. 22. 1; compare _id._ ii. 31. 4.

[589] Ptolemaeus, _Nova Historia_, in Photius, _Bibliotheca_, p. 153, ed. I. Bekker; _id._ in _Mythographi Graeci_, ed. A. Westermann, p. 198.

[590] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 253 _sq._

[591] Spencer and Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 472.

[592] P. J. de Arriaga, _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Piru_ (Lima, 1621), pp. 15, 16, 25

[593] Father Lambert, in _Missions Catholiques_, xii. (1880) pp. 273, 287, xxv. (1893) pp. 104–106, 116–118; _id._, _Mœurs et Superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens_ (Nouméa, 1900), pp. 217, 218, 222, 292–304. Compare Glaumont, “Usages, mœurs et coutumes des Néo-Calédoniens,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, vii. (1889) pp. 114 _sq._ (whose account of the stones is borrowed from Father Lambert).

[594] R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_ (Oxford, 1891), pp. 181–185.

[595] W. Ridgeway, _The Early Age of Greece_ (Cambridge, 1901), i. 330 _sq._; _id._, “The Origin of Jewellery,” _Report of the British Association for 1903_ (meeting at Southport), pp. 815 _sq._

[596] _Orphica: Lithica_, 230 _sqq._, ed. G. Hermann. Pliny mentions (_Nat. Hist._ xxxvii. 192) a white tree-stone (“_dendritis alba_”) which, if buried under a tree that was being felled, would prevent the woodman’s axe from being blunted.

[597] _Orphica: Lithica_, 189 _sqq._; compare Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvii. 162.

[598] W. Ridgeway, _The Early Age of Greece_, i. 330.

[599] J. G. von Hahn, _Albanesische Studien_, i. 158.

[600] K. Freiherr von Leoprechting, _Aus dem Lechrain_ (Munich, 1855), p. 92.

[601] _Orphica: Lithica_, 335 _sqq._ This was perhaps the “dragon-stone” which was supposed to confer extraordinary sharpness of vision on its owner. See Ptolemaeus Hephaestionis, _Nov. Hist._ v. p. 150, in Photius, _Bibliotheca_, ed. I. Bekker, p. 192 of A. Westermann’s _Mythographi Graeci_.

[602] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxxvii. 124.

[603] _Orphica: Lithica_, 320 _sq._

[604] J. G. von Hahn, _Albanesische Studien_, i. 158. On the magic of precious stones see also E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 82 _sqq._

[605] _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, Second Edition, pp. 361 _sqq._, 369 _sqq._

[606] E. Doutté, _Magie et religion dans l’Afrique du Nord_, pp. 131 _sq._

[607] _The G_ri_hya-Sûtras_, translated by H. Oldenberg, part i. pp. 43, 285 _sq._, part ii. pp. 47 _sq._, 193 _sqq._ (_Sacred Books of the East_, vols. xxix. and xxx.). In the last passage the address to the star is fuller and more explicit. A part of it runs thus:—“He who knows thee (the polar star) as the firm, immovable Brahman with its children and with its grandchildren, with such a man children and grandchildren will firmly dwell, servants and pupils, garments and woollen blankets, bronze and gold, wives and kings, food, safety, long life, glory, renown, splendour, strength, holy lustre, and the enjoyment of food. May all these things firmly and immovably dwell with me!”

[608] P. Sébillot, _Légendes, croyances et superstitions de la mer_ (Paris, 1886), i. 136.

[609] P. Sébillot, _op. cit._ i. 135.

[610] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 499.

[611] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ ix. 42.

[612] _Ibid_. ii. 220.

[613] Philostratus, _Vit. Apollon._ v. 2.

[614] P. Sébillot, _Légendes, croyances et superstitions de la mer_, i. 132.

[615] P. Sébillot, _op. cit._ i. 129–132; M. E. James in _Folklore_, ix. (1898) p. 189.

[616] Dickens, _David Copperfield_, chap. xxx.

[617] W. Henderson, _Folklore of the Northern Counties of England_ (London, 1879), p. 58.

[618] _Henry V._ Act ii. Scene 3.

[619] Rev. C. Harrison, “Religion and Family among the Haidas,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxi. (1892) pp. 17 sq.

[620] C. Martin, “Über die Eingeborenen von Chiloe,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, ix. (1877) p. 179.

[621] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 465.

[622] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, i. 60–63. Among the hairpins provided for a woman’s burial is almost always one which is adorned with small silver figures of a stag, a tortoise, a peach, and a crane. These being emblems of longevity, it is supposed that the pin which is decorated with them will absorb some of their life-giving power and communicate it to the woman in whose hair it is ultimately to be fastened. See De Groot, _op. cit._ i. 55–57.

[623] J. J. M. de Groot, _op. cit._ iii. 977.

[624] J. J. M. de Groot, _op. cit._ iii. 1043 _sq._

[625] _Mission Pavie, Indo-Chine, 1879–1895, Géographie et voyages_, i. (Paris, 1901) pp. 35–37. The kind of optical illusion which this mock execution was intended to expiate is probably caused by a mist or exhalation rising from damp ground.

[626] N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) p. 524.

[627] J. Mooney, “Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees,” _Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington, 1891), p. 352; _id._ in _Nineteenth Annual Report, etc._, part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 295.

[628] _Relations des Jésuites_, 1642, pp. 86 _sq._ (Canadian reprint).

[629] W. Ellis, _History of Madagascar_, i. 454 _sqq._; Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,” _Missions Catholiques_, xi. (1879) pp. 432–434, 481–483. Compare J. B. Piolet, _Madagascar et les Hovas_ (Paris, 1895), pp. 72 _sq._

[630] The principles of contagious magic are lucidly stated and copiously illustrated by Mr. E. S. Hartland in the second volume of his _Legend of Perseus_ (London, 1895).

[631] Meantime I may refer the reader to _The Golden Bough_, Second Edition, i. 367 _sqq._

[632] R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jähre in der Südsee_ (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 118 _sq._

[633] As to the diffusion of this custom in Australia see above, p. 97.

[634] See pp. 97 _sqq._

[635] F. Bonney, “On some Customs of the Aborigines of the River Darling, New South Wales,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) p. 128. For the practice of some Victorian tribes see above, p. 98.

[636] A. W. Howitt, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xiii. (1884) pp. 456 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 561.

[637] A. W. Howitt, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) p. 55, xx. (1891) p. 81; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 561 _sq._

[638] A. W. Howitt, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) pp. 80 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 655 _sq._

[639] Father Porte, “Les Reminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,” _Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 312.

[640] Charlotte Latham, “West Sussex Superstitions lingering in 1868,” _Folklore Record_, i. (1878) p. 44.

[641] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,² p. 330, § 526; F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. 307; E. Krause, in _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 79; J. Vonbun, _Volkssagen aus Vorarlberg_, p. 67; J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 208, §§ 37, 39; G. Lammert, _Volksmedizin und medizinischer Aberglaube in Bayern_, p. 128; H. Prahn, “Glaube und Brauch in der Mark Brandenburg,” _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, i. (1891) p. 193; H. Raff, “Aberglaube in Bayern,” _ibid._ viii. (1898) p. 400; R. Andree, _Braunschweiger Volkskunde_ (Brunswick, 1896), p. 213. Compare J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 169, § 1197.

[642] F. S. Krauss, _Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven_, p. 546.

[643] S. Weissenberg, “Kinderfreud und -leid bei den südrussischen Juden,” _Globus_, lxxxiii. (1903) p. 317.

[644] W. Wyatt Gill, _Jottings from the Pacific_, pp. 222 _sq._ On the use of roof-thatch in superstitious ceremonies see W. Caland, _Altindisches Zauberritual_, pp. 82 n.² 182 _sq._ In the present case the virtue of the thatch clearly depends on its harbouring rats. Some Dravidian tribes forbid a menstruous woman to touch the house-thatch (W. Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_, Westminster, 1896, i. 269).

[645] J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 176.

[646] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 75.

[647] C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) p. 822.

[648] F. Blumentritt, “Sitten und Bräuche der Ilocanen,” _Globus_, xlviii. No. 12, p. 200.

[649] B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne_, pp. 316 _sq._

[650] E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, p. 510, § 415.

[651] J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, p. 111, § 822.

[652] A. A. Perera, “Glimpses of Cinghalese Social Life,” _Indian Antiquary_, xxxii. (1903) p. 435.

[653] J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren_, pp. 55 at top, p. 111, § 825. Mr. A. P. Goudy kindly translated the Czech words for me.

[654] E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 84.

[655] J. Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 39.

[656] J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington, 1900), part i. p. 266.

[657] G. F. Abbott, _Macedonian Folklore_ (Cambridge, 1903), p. 20.

[658] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” _Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv. (April 1900) p. 308.

[659] J. V. Grohmann, _op. cit._ p. 111, § 823; A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,² p. 330, § 527.

[660] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 593.

[661] Rasmussen, _Additamenta ad historiam Arabum ante Islamismum_, p. 64.

[662] L’Abbé B. Chémali, “Naissance et premier âge au Liban,” _Anthropos_, v. (1910) p. 745.

[663] M. Abeghian, _Der armenische Volksglaube_ (Leipsic, 1899), p. 68.

[664] R. Taylor, _Te Ika A Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_² (London, 1870), p. 184.

[665] Elsdon Best, quoted by W. H. Goldie, “Maori Medical Lore,” _Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute_, xxxvii. (1904) pp. 94 _sq._

[666] George Bennett, _Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore and China_ (London, 1834), i. 128, note*. As to _fenua_ or _whenua_ in the sense of “placenta” and “land,” see E. Tregear, _Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary_ (Wellington, N.Z., 1891), pp. 620 _sq._

[667] E. J. Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_, ii. 323.

[668] G. F. Moore, _Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia_, p. 9 (published along with the author’s _Diary of Ten Years’ Eventful Life of an Early Settler in Western Australia_, London, 1884, but paged separately).

[669] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 467.

[670] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 607.

[671] Spencer and Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 608. The writers add that the child has no special connexion with the tree in after years. We may suspect that such a connexion did exist in former times.

[672] W. E. Roth, _North Queensland Ethnography_, Bulletin No. 5 (Brisbane, 1903), p. 18. As to the mode of determining where the soul of the child has dwelt since its last incarnation, see above, pp. 99 _sq._

[673] K. Vetter, in _Nachrichten über Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und den Bismarck-Archipel_, 1897, pp. 92; M. Krieger, _Neu-Guinea_, p. 165.

[674] The Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a letter to me dated May 29, 1901.

[675] Dr. Hahl, “Mittheilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” _Ethnologisches Notizblatt_, ii. (Berlin, 1901) p. 10.

[676] R. Parkinson, “Beiträge zur Ethnologie der Gilbertinsulaner,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii. (1889) p. 35. In these islands the children of well-to-do parents are always adopted by other people as soon as they are weaned. See _ib._ p. 33.

[677] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 461.

[678] C. M. Pleyte, “Ethnographische Beschrijving der Kei-Eilanden,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 816 _sq._ Compare J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik-en kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_, p. 236.

[679] J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 354.

[680] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 303.

[681] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 208.

[682] Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 23, 135, 236, 328, 391, 417, 449, 468.

[683] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 135.

[684] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 391.

[685] Van Schmidt, “Aanteekeningen nopens de zeden, gewoonten en gebruiken, etc., der bevolking van de eilanden Saparoea, Haroekoe, Noessa Laut,” etc., _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, Batavia, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 523–526. The customs and beliefs on this subject in the adjoining island of Amboyna seem to be identical. See J. G. F. Riedel, _op. cit._ pp. 73 _sq._ According to Riedel, if the pot with the afterbirth does not sink in the water, it is a sign that the wife has been unfaithful.

[686] Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 326.

[687] N. Adriani and A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Parigi, Sigi en Lindoe,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlii. (1898) pp. 434 _sq._ In Parigi after a birth the _kindspek_ (?) is wrapt in a leaf and hung in a tree at some distance from the house. For the people think that if it were burned, the child would die (_ibid._ p. 434).

[688] N. Adriani and A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederl. Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) pp. 161 _sq._

[689] A. C. Kruijt, “Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de Toboengkoe en de Tomori,” _ibid._ p. 218.

[690] _Id., ib._ p. 236.

[691] B. F. Matthes, _Bijdragen tot de Ethnologie van Zuid-Celebes_ (The Hague, 1875), pp. 57–60.

[692] G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Timor,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrland’s Indië_, 1845, pp. 279 _sq._

[693] J. H. Letteboer, “Eenige aanteekeningen omtrent de gebruiken bij zwangerschap en geboorte onder de Savuneezen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) p. 47.

[694] G. Heijmering, “Zeden en gewoonten op het eiland Rottie,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1843, dl. ii. pp. 637 _sq._

[695] J. G. F. Riedel, _The Island of Flores_, p. 7 (reprinted from the _Revue Coloniale Internationale_).

[696] Julius Jacobs, _Eenigen tijd onder de Baliërs_ (Batavia, 1883), p. 9.

[697] C. F. Winter, “Instellingen, gewoonten en gebruiken der Javanen te Soerakarta,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1843, dl. i. pp. 695 _sq._; P. J. Veth, _Java_, i. (Haarlem, 1875) pp. 639 _sq._; C. Poensen, “Iets over de kleeding der Javanen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xx. (1876) p. 281.

[698] D. Louwerier, “Bijgeloovige gebruiken, die door de Javanen worden in acht genomen bij de verzorging en opvoeding bunner kinderen,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlix. (1905) pp. 254 _sq._

[699] P. J. Veth, _Java_, i. 231.

[700] H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling klein Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare Bevolking met uitzondering van de Oeloes,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlvi. (1896) p. 504.

[701] A. L. Heyting, “Beschrijving der onderafdeeling Groot Mandeling en Batang-Natal,” _Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, xiv. (1897), p. 292.

[702] J. C. van Eerde, “Een huwelijk bij de Minangkabausche Maliers,” _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_, xliv. (1901) p. 493.

[703] A. L. van Hasselt, _Volksbeschrijving van Midden-Sumatra_ (Leyden, 1882), p. 267.

[704] M. Joustra, “Het leven, de zeden en gewoonten der Bataks,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlvi. (1902) pp. 407 _sq._ The transferable soul is in Batta _tendi_, in Malay _sumangat_. Mr. Joustra thinks that the placenta is, in the opinion of the Battas, the original seat of this soul.

[705] J. H. Neumann, “De _tĕndi_ in verband met Si Dajang,” _Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xlviii. (1904) p. 102.

[706] A. H. F. J. Nusselein, “Beschrijving van het landschap Pasir,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, lviii. (1905) pp. 537 _sq._

[707] E. Thurston, _Castes and Tribes of Southern India_, iv. 370.

[708] P. R. T. Gurdon, _The Khasis_ (London, 1907), pp. 124 _sq._

[709] N. Annandale, “Customs of the Malayo-Siamese,” _Fasciculi Malayenses_, Anthropology, part ii. (a) (May 1904) p. 5.

[710] J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. (Leyden, 1901) pp. 396 _sq._

[711] H. von Siebold, _Ethnologische Studien über die Aino_ (Berlin, 1881), p. 32.

[712] Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nordost Afrikas: die materielle Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1893), p. 192.

[713] J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) pp. 33, 45, 46, 63, 76; _id._ “Kibuka, the War God of the Baganda,” _Man_, vii. (1907) pp. 164 _sq._ In the former of these two accounts Mr. Roscoe speaks of the placenta, not the navel-string, as the “twin” (_mulongo_).

[714] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_, bk. ii. ch. 24, vol. i. p. 186, Markham’s translation.

[715] B. de Sahagun, _Histoire générale des choses de la Nouvelle Espagne_, p. 310; compare pp. 240, 439, 440 (Jourdanet and Simeon’s translation).

[716] _Relations des Jésuites_, 1639, p. 44 (Canadian reprint).

[717] J. Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” pp. 304 _sq._ (_Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. i. part iv.).

[718] Fr. Boas in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 5 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1896_).

[719] J. Mooney, “The Indian Navel Cord,” _Journal of American Folk-lore_, xvii. (1904) p. 197.

[720] _Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, iv. 2, p. 346.

[721] E. Krause, “Abergläubische Kuren und sonstiger Aberglaube in Berlin und nächster Umgebung,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xv. (1883) p. 84.

[722] F. Chapiseau, _Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du Perche_ (Paris, 1902), ii. 16.

[723] R. F. Kaindl, “Zauberglaube bei den Rutenen in der Bukowina und Galizien,” _Globus_, lxi. (1892) p. 282.

[724] A. Kuhn, _Märkische Sagen und Märchen_ (Berlin, 1843), pp. 379 _sq._

[725] J. C. Atkinson, in _County Folklore_, ii. (London, 1901) p. 68.

[726] A. _Wuttke, Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_,² § 305, p. 203; H. Ploss, _Das Kind_,² i. 12 _sqq._

[727] J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ ii. 728, note 1. As to the East Indian belief see above, pp. 187 _sq._

[728] M. Bartels, “Islandischer Brauch und Volksglaube in Bezug auf die Nachkommenschaft,” _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xxxii. (1900) pp. 70 _sq._

[729] Aelius Lampridius, _Antoninus Diadumenus_, 4; J. Grimm, _loc. cit._; H. Ploss, _Das Kind_,² i. pp. 13, 14.

[730] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 135.

[731] J. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_,⁴ ii. 728 _sq._, iii. 266 _sq._; M. Bartels, _op. cit._ p. 70. Grimm speaks as if it were only the caul which became a _fylgia_. I follow Dr. Bartels.

[732] Meantime I may refer to _The Golden Bough_, Second Edition, iii. 350 _sqq._ For other superstitions concerning the afterbirth and navel-string see H. Ploss, _Das Kind_,² i. 15 _sqq._, ii. 198 _sq._ The connexion of these parts of the body with the idea of the external soul has already been indicated by Mr. E. Crawley (_The Mystic Rose_, London, 1902, p. 119).

[733] Pliny, _Nat. Hist._ xxviii. 36.

[734] R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_ (Oxford, 1891), p. 310.

[735] Fr. Boas, “The Social Organization and the Secret Societies of the Kwakiutl Indians,” _Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1895_, p. 440.

[736] Fr. Boas, in _Sixth Report on the North-Western Tribes of Canada_, p. 25 (separate reprint from the _Report of the British Association for 1890_).

[737] A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 667.

[738] Francis Bacon, _Natural History_, cent. x. § 998. Compare J. Brand _Popular Antiquities_, iii. 305, quoting Werenfels. In Dryden’s play _The Tempest_ (Act v. Scene 1) Ariel directs Prospero to anoint the sword which wounded Hippolito and to wrap it up close from the air. See Dryden’s _Works_, ed. Scott, vol. iii. p. 191 (first edition).

[739] W. W. Groome, “Suffolk Leechcraft,” _Folklore_, vi. (1895) p. 126. Compare _County Folklore: Suffolk_, edited by Lady E. C. Gurdon, pp. 25 _sq._ A like belief and practice occur in Sussex (C. Latham, “West Sussex Superstitions,” _Folklore Record_, i. 43 _sq._). See further E. S. Hartland, _The Legend of Perseus_, ii. 169–172.

[740] “Death from Lockjaw at Norwich,” _The Peoples Weekly Journal for Norfolk_, July 19, 1902, p. 8.

[741] F. N. Webb, in _Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) p. 337.

[742] C. Partridge, _Cross River Natives_ (London, 1905), p. 295.

[743] F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. 305, compare 277.

[744] H. Pröhle, _Harzbilder_ (Leipsic, 1855), p. 82.

[745] J. W. Wolf, _Beiträge zur deutschen Mythologie_, i. p. 225, § 282.

[746] Bavaria, _Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern_, iv. 1, p. 223. A further recommendation is to stroke the wound or the instrument with a twig of an ash-tree and then keep the twig in a dark place.

[747] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 250.

[748] F. Panzer, _Beitrag zur deutschen Mythologie_, ii. 302; W. Kolbe, _Hessische Volks- Sitten und Gebräuche im Lichte der heidnischen Vorzeit_ (Marburg, 1888), p. 87.

[749] M. J. Erdweg, “Die Bewohner der Insel Tumleo, Berlinhafen, Deutsch-Neu-Guinea,” _Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien_, xxxii. (1902) p. 287.

[750] M. J. Erdweg, _loc. cit._

[751] B. Hagen, _Unter den Papua’s_ (Wiesbaden, 1899), p. 269.

[752] A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine Men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) pp. 28 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 363–365.

[753] B. T. Somerville, “Notes on some Islands of the New Hebrides,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiii. (1894) p. 19.

[754] Theocritus, _Id._ ii. 53 _sq._ Similarly the witch in Virgil (_Eclog._ viii. 92 _sqq._) buries under her threshold certain personal relics (_exuviae_) which her lover had left behind.

[755] Tettau und Temme, _Volkssagen Ostpreussens, Litthauens und Westpreussens_ (Berlin, 1837), pp. 283 _sq._ For more evidence of the same sort see E. S. Hartland, _Legend of Perseus_, ii. 86 _sqq._

[756] E. Meier, _Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben_, pp. 245 _sq._; A. Kuhn, _Sagen, Gebräuche und Märchen aus Westfalen_, ii. 192; _id._, _Die Herabkunft des Feuers_,² pp. 200 _sq._; W. Mannhardt, _Die Götterwelt der deutschen und nordischen Völker_, i. 203 note. Compare Montanus, _Die deutsche Volksfeste, Volksbräuche und deutscher Volksglaube_, p. 117.

[757] Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 250; A. W. Howitt, “On Australian Medicine Men,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xvi. (1887) pp. 26 _sq._; _id._, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, pp. 366 _sq._ According to one account a cross should be made in the footprint with a piece of quartz, and round the footprint thus marked the bones of kangaroos should be stuck in the ground. See R. Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, i. 476 _sq._ These and many of the following examples were cited by me in _Folklore_, i. (1890) pp. 157 _sqq._ For more instances of the same sort see E. S. Hartland, _The Legend of Perseus_, ii. (London, 1895) 78–83.

[758] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 541.

[759] _Id._, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 340 _sq._

[760] R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee_ (Stuttgart, 1907), p. 605.

[761] Elsdon Best, “Spiritual Concepts of the Maori,” _Journal of the Polynesian Society_, ix. (1900) p. 196.

[762] Basil C. Thomson, _Savage Island_ (London, 1902), p. 97.

[763] M. J. van Baarda, “Fabelen, Verhalen en Overleveringen der Galelareezen,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xlv. (1895) p. 512.

[764] L. Hearn, _Glimpses of unfamiliar Japan_ (London, 1894), ii. 604.

[765] F. Mason, “On Dwellings, Works of Art, Laws, etc., of the Karens,” _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, xxxvii. (1868)