Part 25

But every national virtue has its characteristic defect which will come to the surface as soon as the stimulus of national self-respect is removed. A strong conquering breed is apt to

become cruel and vicious when it loses the power to conquer. A sensitive, artistic people is prone to sensuality and weakness in its latter days. An industrous commercial race degenerates into sordid greed. That is why a loss of national pride is such a serious loss in history. A characteristic virtue of the Greeks was, as we have seen, their supple facility of intellect, their

adaptability to environment. This made them, in the days of their decline, sink readily to the position of flatterers and parasites. We find this character attached to the “Hungry Greekling” of Juvenal’s days. In history we meet him as the hanger-on of aristocracy or the crafty tool of emperors. The Romans started as a virile race of warriors, and ended as brutal gluttons with a craving for sensationalism, which the Greeks were only too ready to supply. Hence we get Græco-Roman art in the worst sense of the term, wretched stuff made by sneaks to satisfy the taste of bullies. Most of the sculpture galleries of Europe can supply examples. The Vatican and the Naples Museum are full of them. In the nineteenth century, when the taste of Europe had sunk to its lowest depth of artificiality, work of this kind appealed very strongly to critics. It is only fair to them to say that they had not much opportunity of knowing better, since genuine Greek work of the best periods was mostly lying below the surface unexcavated. Out of this mass of inferior material critics picked one or two examples for admiration. Even great men like Lessing and Winckelmann based excellent maxims of criticism on these rotten foundations. The “Laocoön,” a sensational work by Rhodian sculptors of the first century B.C., was taken by Lessing as the text of his great discourse on the proper functions of the arts. We, on the other hand, can see that this tangled triangle of writhing forms expressing violent emotion of pain and terror has a theatrical and sensational character abhorrent to the very spirit of Greek moderation. Exactly the same is true of the two Farnese masterpieces, the Bull[116] and the Hercules. Such facts as these give one cause to ponder on the mutability of taste and the fallibility of artistic criticism. Restlessness, the symptom of nerves overwrought, is a feature of decadence, which we can observe in the late Greek vase-paintings. The spaces are covered with trivial ornament, the drawing is slack, the sole aim is prettiness. The vigour of the composition is frittered away upon trivial details. In short, the name of the disease from which Greek art was to perish is Vulgarity. Idealism without romanticism was the secret of Greek art at its best. When we find romance without ideals we have reached the nadir.

GLOSSARY

For explanation of words marked A refer to the architectural diagrams on page 107.

_Acroterion_, A.

_Ægis_, a breastplate adorned with the head of a Gorgon and a fringe of serpents, an attribute of Zeus and Athena.

_Agora_, market-place.

_Amphictyony_, neighbouring states grouped in a religious union.

_Amphiprostyle_, a building with columned porch at both ends.

_Aniconic_, without images, an early stage of religion.

_Anthropomorphism_, the religious habit of representing gods as men.

_Architrave_, A.

_Archon_, a ruler or magistrate; a board of nine at Athens.

_Aretē_, virtue; strictly, the quality of a man.

_Aulētris_, female player on the clarinets.

Βασιλεἴς, kings or chiefs.

_Caduceus_, the snake-wreathed wand carried by Hermes.

_Caryatid_, a column carved to represent a maiden.

_Cella_, the nave or main chamber of a temple.

_Chiton_, a tunic fastened on the left shoulder.

_Chlamys_, a short mantle worn by Spartans and soldiers.

_Chthonic animism_, worship of subterranean spirits, generally including cult of the dead and of the reproductive powers of Nature.

_Choregus_, the man who equipped a chorus for a stage play; generally a man of wealth on whom this duty was laid as a sort of tax.

_Chryselephantine_, made of gold and ivory.

_Decadrachm_, a coin of ten drachms (francs).

_Deme_, a parish.

_Dōma_, house-place, resembling the medieval hall.

_Ecclesia_, the Athenian assembly.

_Echinus_, A.

_Entablature_, that part of a classical building which rests upon the columns and supports the roof; it includes architrave and frieze.

_Entasis_, a system of optical correction employed in Greek architecture (see page 161).

_Ephebus_, a youth of about eighteen.

_Ephorate_, the board of “overseers” at Sparta.

ἦθος, character, spiritual quality.

_Gerousia_ } _Gerontes_ } Senate and senators of Sparta.

_Guttæ_, A.

_Harmosts_, Spartan governors of conquered cities.

_Hegemony_, leadership, undefined suzerainty.

_Hexastyle_, with six columns.

_Hierophant_, a priest of the mysteries.

_Hoplites_, heavy armed infantry.

_In antis_, columns at the end of a building, between the ends of the side walls produced, are said to be in antis.

_Iconic_, with images, a stage of religious worship.

_Kuanos_, a blue transparent paste, resembling glass.

_Kylix_, a goblet.

_Lecythus_, oil-jar, a certain shape of Greek pottery.

_Liturgy_, a public duty imposed as a tax upon the rich.

_Megaron_, hall.

_Metopes_, A.

_Palæstra_, wrestling-ground.

_Parabasis_, an ode sung by the chorus in Greek drama at their entrance on the stage.

_Peplos_, a long female robe or mantle.

_Perioikoi_, neighbours, the second class in the Spartan caste system.

_Peripteral_, surrounded with colonnades.

_Peristyle_, the colonnades surrounding a building.

_Pictographic script_, a form of writing in which the symbols are rudimentary pictures.

_Pnyx_, a hill at Athens, where the Assembly met.

_Prodomos_, fore-court.

_Satrap_, a Persian viceroy.

_Skolion_, a drinking-song in which the guests took part in turns.

_Stasis_, civil strife, party-feeling, treason.

_Stēlē_, a monument in the form of an erect slab, a gravestone.

_Strategoi_, generals, an Athenian magistracy.

_Strigil_, an instrument used by athletes for scraping off the oil and sand of the palæstra.

_Stylobate_, the floor from which the columns rise (A).

_Telos_, goal or end in view.

_Thalamos_, inner chamber, bed-chamber of the master of the house.

_Thalassocracy_, maritime supremacy.

_Tholos_, a vault or dome, any round building.

_Triglyphs_, A.

_Xoanon_, an image mainly in the form of a tree-trunk.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[The following list of books will serve two purposes, as a guide to the reader who wishes to inquire further on any special point, and as an acknowledgment of some of the obligations of the writer. Only works in English are here included.]

_General Histories of Greece_

BURY, PROFESSOR J. B. A History of Greece. Macmillan.

The most up-to-date “student’s history”; copiously illustrated; a storehouse of facts in narrow compass.

GROTE, G. History of Greece. From the Earliest Times to the Death of Alexander. 10 vols. Murray.

HOLM, ADOLF. The History of Greece from its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation. Translated by F. Clarke. 4 vols. Macmillan.

Short chapters with elaborate notes, written from a liberal and sympathetic point of view.

_Special Works on the Early Periods_

BURROWS, PROFESSOR R. M. The Discoveries in Crete and their Bearing on the History of Ancient Civilisation. Murray.

EVANS, SIR ARTHUR. Principal work of, is to be found in the Annuals of the British School at Athens. Macmillan.

GRUNDY, DR. G. B. The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries. A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical. Murray.

LANG, ANDREW. Homer and his Age. Longmans.

MOSSO, ANGELO. The Palaces of Crete and their Builders. Fisher Unwin.

MURRAY, PROFESSOR GILBERT. The Rise of the Greek Epic. Clarendon Press.

RIDGEWAY, PROFESSOR W. The Early Age of Greece. 2 vols. Cambridge University Press.

---- Minos the Destroyer rather than the Creator of the so-called Minoan Culture of Cnossos. (A lecture delivered before the British Academy, May 26, 1909.)

_Politics_

BARKER, E. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. Methuen.

FOWLER, W. WARDE. The City State of the Greeks and Romans. Macmillan.

GREENIDGE, A. H. J. A Handbook of Greek Constitutional History. Macmillan.

WHIBLEY, L. Greek Oligarchies: their Organisation and Character. Methuen.

---- Political Parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Prince Consort Dissertation. 1888. Cambridge University Press.

_Mythology and Religion_

FARNELL, L. R. The Cults of the Greek States. 5 vols. Clarendon Press.

FRAZER, J. G. Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Macmillan.

HARRISON, JANE E., and VERRALL, M. DE G. Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens. 1890.

LAWSON, J. C. Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press.

REINACH, SALOMON. Orpheus. A General History of Religions. Heinemann.

_Sculpture and Art_

GARDNER, PROFESSOR E. A. A Handbook of Greek Sculpture. New Edition, with Appendix. In two Parts; Appendix separately. Macmillan.

JONES, H. STUART. Select Passages from Ancient Writers, Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture. Macmillan.

MURRAY, A. S. A Handbook of Greek Archæology. Murray.

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Primitive Greece. 2 vols. Chapman and Hall.

WALDSTEIN, CHARLES. Essays on the Art of Pheidias. Cambridge University Press.

WALTERS, H. B. Greek Art. Methuen.

---- The Art of the Greeks. Methuen.

_Coinage_

HEAD, B. V. Historia Numorum. A Manual of Greek Numismatics. Clarendon Press.

HILL, G. F. Greek and Roman Coins. Macmillan.

_Bronzes_

MURRAY, A. S. Greek Bronzes. Seeley.

British Museum Catalogue.

_Vases_

British Museum Catalogues: Greek and Etruscan, White Athenian Vases.

_Literature_

JEBB, SIR RICHARD. A Primer of Greek Literature. Macmillan.

JEVONS, F. B. A History of Greek Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Demosthenes. Griffin.

_Topography, Social Life, &c._

BAEDEKER’S Greece. Fisher Unwin.

BECKER, W. A. Charicles: or, Illustrations of the Private Life of the Ancient Greeks. Translated by the Rev. F. Metcalfe. Longmans.

FRAZER, J. G. Pausanias’ Description of Greece. 6 vols. Macmillan.

FREEMAN, K. J. Schools of Hellas. Macmillan.

GARDINER, E. NORMAN. Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals. Macmillan.

INDEX

Academy, the, 253

Acanthus, the, 226

Accents, Greek system of, 248

Achæan League, the, 237, 245

Achæans, the, from the North, 37; and Homer, 40-42

Achaia, a Roman province, 261

Achilles, worship of, 41; the Shield of, 42-47

Acragas, temple at, 130; Telamones of, 166

Acrocorinthus, 7

Acropolis, the, 7, 95, 96, 102, 138, 157; its architecture, 163-165

Actors, 174

Acusilaus, 78

Admetus, 179

Adonis, 190, 251

Adultery in Sparta, 90

Ægean civilisation, 16; culture, 17 _et seq._; decay, 31; art, 32 _et seq._; dress of warriors, 38; worship, 65

Ægean Sea, 15

Ægeus, 15, 165

Ægina, commerce, 127; war with, 135; pedimental figures from, 147

Ægis, the, 95

Ægospotami, 144

Æolians, the, 42

Æschylus at court of Hiero, 113, 129; and the Oriental host, 136; the drama of, 174; the “Persæ,” 176; the poet of Marathon, 177; number of plays, 182; in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, 184

Æsculapius, 70

Ætolian League, 237

Agamemnon, tomb of, 13, 29; worship of, 41; in the Iliad, 49, 58; in tragedy, 181

Agariste, 109

Agathocles, 250

Agathon, 227, 239

Agelâdas of Argos, 147

Agesilaus, King of Sparta, 81, 85, 200, 228, 241

Agias (statue), 169, 218

Agis, King of Sparta, 85, 93

Agora, the, 167

_Aidōs_, 10, 137, 187

Ajax, 147, 176

Alaric the Goth, 170, 262

Alcæus, 119, 121

Alcamenes, 70, 159

“Alcestis” of Euripides, 179

Alcibiades, 78, 99, 144, 146, 170, 195, 196

Alcinous, 48

Alcmæonids, the, 99, 115, 116

Alcman, 88, 104

Alexander the Great, career of, 11; romantic, 180; Agesilaus and, 201; Lysippus sculptor to, 218; and the temple at Ephesus, 221; portraiture on coinage, 226; Macedon under, 237, 241-245; in art, 245-247

Alexandria, 243; laid out by Greek architects, 247; commerce, 247; the greatest city, 247; library of, 248; culture, 248; the Museum, 248; and poetry, 249

Amazons, battle of (sculpture), 222

Amen-Ra, 251

Ammon, 243

Amphictyons, 72

Amphidamas, 63, 76

Amphipolis, 240

Anacreon, 113, 121, 122, 129

Anaxagoras, 145, 146

Anaximander, 122

Ancestor-worship, 30, 34, 50

Andromache, 55, 59

Animal deities, 65

“Answerers,” 174

Antenor’s “Harmodius and Aristogeiton,” 115

Anthela, 72

Anthropomorphic religion, 67

Antigone, 176, 178

Antioch, 251

Antiochus the Great, 116

Antiphon, 229

Anytus, 232

Apelles, 213, 223, 242, 245

Aphaia, temple of, Ægina, 147

Aphrodite in Homer, 50; worship of, in Corinth, 108; on the Parthenon frieze, 155; in fourth-century art, 211; the Cnidian Aphrodite, 213, 214; in Alexandria, 251; Aphrodite of Melos, 251

Apollo, the coming of, 65-74; the Apollo Belvedere, 71; Apollo of Delos, 112; on the Parthenon frieze, 155; temple of Phigaleia, 169; statue at Delphi, 169; and Orestes in drama, 181; in fourth-century art, 211; Apollo Sauroctonos, 217; Palatine Apollo, 218; and Niobe, 222; “Apollo and Marsyas,” 216

Apollonius the Rhodian, 249

Apoxyomenus, 81, 218

Arcadians, the, 206, 207

Arcady, 167

Archelaus, 239

Archilochus, 104, 121, 122

Archimedes, 248

Architecture, prehistoric, 24; Doric, 106; temples, 161; the Parthenon, 161-163; the Acropolis, 163, 165; the Erechtheum, 165-167; other Athenian buildings, 167-168; other Greek buildings, 168-171; fourth-century, 226; the Corinthian order 226; Græco-Roman, 263

_Archons_, 117

Areian Hill, 117

Areopagus, Solon and the, 100; its powers, 117; its influence, 133; under democracy, 141; power taken away by Pericles, 142; meeting-place, 167

Ares, 77, 154; the Ludovisi, 220

Arethusa, 131; coins, 225

Arginusæ, 195, 232

Argives, the, 109

Argonautic expedition of Jason, 249

Argos, 28, 109, 245

Ariadne, 15

Arion, 122, 173

Aristarchus, the Father of Criticism, 248

Aristeides, 135, 140, 141

Aristion, stēlē of, 114

Aristocracies, 86, 119, 145, 256

Aristogeiton, 115, 180

Aristophanes and “the Harmodius,” 116; champions the hoplites, 140; and Cleon, 144; and liberty of speech, 145; and Pheidias, 157; humour of, 183

Aristotle on Spartan government, 86; on tragedy, 181; and state payment, 197; his greatness and birth, 253; disciple of Plato, 253; teacher of Alexander, 253; his writings, 254; “The Politics,” 255; his influence, 261

Arnold’s, Matthew, “Thyrsis,” 250

Art, Greek, its perfection, 10, 103; qualities, 56; the cults and, 103; simplicity, 153, 162; subordination of the artist, 158; in the fourth century, 208; continuance and decadence, 262-263; Græco-Roman, 265; perishes from vulgarity, 266

Artaphernes, 134

Artaxerxes, 201, 204

Artemis, 202, 222; of Brauron, 99, 165; temple of, at Ephesus, 221; “Artemis and Apollo,” by Praxiteles, 216

Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, 221

Ascra, 62

Ashtaroth, 108

Asia, 244

Aspasia, 146

Athena, statue of, at Troy, 54; Pallas Athena, 51, 94; birth and worship, 94; Northern origin, 95; an Achæan goddess, 95, 102; hoplite goddess, 95; and the name of Athens, 95; gift of olive-tree, 97; origin of Athena, 99; and Erechtheus, 102; shrine and image, 102, 165, 166; Athena Parthenos, 148, 156; in Parthenon sculptures, 151, 152, 154; statues of, 157; the Mourning Athena, 160, 192; Athena Promachos, 102, 165; Athena the Crafts-woman, 165; Athena type of coins, 225; Athena and Marsyas, 165

Athenian drama, 172

Athenian mysteries, 98

Athens and the sea, 6; and silver-mines, 6; the state, 9; pays tribute to Minos, 16; occupations of the Athenians, 40; Pallas Athena and, 95; Theseus and, 97; agricultural, 97, 98; Eupatridæ, 97; democracy, 97; religious customs, 98; law-giving, 99; Homer and, 102; and the tyrants, 104, 115; Peisistratus and, 110; police, 111; state cults, 111; freedom of, 115; government, 116; the rise of, 132; attacks by Medes and Persians, 134-140; and a navy, 135; Athenian civilisation, 140; a democratic city-state, 140; Athenian empire, 141; Pericles and liberty, 142; conflict with Sparta, 143; Peloponnesian War, 143; capitulates, 144; freedom in, 145; Pericles’ ideal, 146; Pericles’ Athens, 150; the Long Walls, 163, 195, 198; buildings of, 167; aristocracy, 172; downfall and restoration, 194; popular government, 195, 197; oligarchy, 196; the Thirty Tyrants, 197; finance, 198; fourth-century Athens, 209; coinage, 225; legal system, 229; rebellion against aliens, 238; and Macedon, 240; oppressions, 244; enslaved by Demetrius, 252; her philosophers, 252; and Aristotle, 253; “Polity of Athens,” 255; intellectual life of the third century, 258; self-government under the Romans, 261; schools of philosophy, 261; Frankish dukes, 262. _See also_ Attica.

Athens and Sparta, 40, 83, 94, 195, 206, 231

Athletics, Greek, antiquity of, 74, 76; religious significance, 74, 75, 76; a modernised programme of sports, 74; Pythian Games, 76; Olympian Games, 76, 78; nature of the contests, 77; sacrifice and ritual, 77; the competitors, 77; the judges, 77; the prize and honours, 78; discreditable practices, 78; anecdotes of Pausanias, 78; Euripides’ tirade against, 79; inspires sculpture, 80; nudity, 81

Atreus, 181

Attalids, 251

Attalus, 238

Attica and Northern invasion, 96; a city-state, 97, 111; the older worship of, 98

Attica, plain of, 9

Augustus and Alexander the Great, 242

_Aule_, 59

Aulis, 63

Autocracy, civilisation and, 32

Babylon, 241

Bacchiads, the, 104

Bacchylides, 113, 129

Bacon, 261

“Basileis,” 104

Basileus, 47

Bassæ, temple at, 169, 226

Beauty, Hellenism and, 4

Bentley, Richard, 129

Bias of Priene, 101, 122

Bion, 250

Black Sea, the, 110

Bœotia, 9, 142

Boethos, 220

Boston Museum, slabs in, 125

Boy Victor (statue), 160

Boy with thorn in foot (statue), 160

Branchidæ figures, 54

Brasidas, 93, 229

Breathings and accents, Greek, 248

British Museum, Elgin Marbles, 151, 164, 166; Strangford Shield, 156; frieze from Phigaleia, 170; statue of Demeter, &c., 219; head of Hypnos, 220; Mausolus, 221; Tanagra figures, 227; Head of Alexander, 246; the Portland Vase, 263

Bronze Age, the, 16, 19, 36

Bronzes, 220

Brunn on the Parthenon figures, 151

Bucchero nero, 18

Bucephalus, 242, 245

Bull, the Farnese (sculpture), 265

Bull-baiting, Cnossian, 25

Burial of the dead, 190

Burke, Edmund, 230

Burrows, Prof., on Minoan drains, 26; date of the fall of Minoan empire, 38

Butler, Samuel, on Homer, 58

Byron, Lord, 262; on Anacreon, 113

Calamis, 159

Callimachus, 166, 226, 249

Callinus, 122

Calydonian boar-hunt, 218

Cameo-engraving, 263

Candahar, 243

Capitoline Gallery, 214

Carcinus, 187

Caria, 221, 237

Carneades, 259

Carrara marble, 147

Carrey’s Parthenon drawings, 150

Carthage, 129

Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, 250

Caryatids, 131, 166

Cassandra, 58

Cat, the, 193

Catabasis, the, 202

Cato, 259

Cave of Pan, 168

Caves as dwellings, 18

Cecropia, 95

Cecrops, 96, 166

Cephisodotus, 213

Cerameikos cemetery, 192

“Cerberus, sop to,” 189

Chæroneia, 238, 241

Chalcidian peninsulas, 240

Chalcis, 63

Chariot-races, 78

Charioteer, the long-robed (statue), 81, 169

Charon, 189

Charondas of Catane, 73, 128

Cheirisophos, 201

Child-birth, goddess of, 98

Children, Spartan, 91

Chios, 142

Chorus, the, 173, 182

Christianity and Stoicism, 257, 261

Chronology, system of, 249

Chryseis, 58

Cicero, 128, 230

Cinadon, conspiracy of, 200

Cithara, 68, 224

City-state, the, 7, 10, 206, 238; and patriotism, 145; the ideal, 255, 257

Civilisation, prehistoric, 18

Classicism, “Greek” and, 2

Clearchus, 201

Cleisthenes, 99, 109, 116, 117, 133

Cleombrotus, 85, 205

Cleomenes, 85

Cleomenes III., 239

Cleon, 144, 160, 183, 187

Cleonymus, 186

Clytæmnestra, 58, 181

Cnidos, 213

Cnossos, 16, 20 _et seq._; destruction of, 31; athletics of, 74

Cockerell, C. R., 147

Coins, Sparta and, 89; Ionian, 123; of Syracuse, 129, 131, 225; of Elis, 148; art of coins, 225; Athena type, 225; gold, 225; Corinthian, and others, 225, 226; with portraits of Alexander, 247

Comedy, 173, 183-186

Commerce, Hermes the god of, 68

Common sense of the Greeks, 180

Communism, Platonic, 255

Companions of the King, the (Macedon), 240

Conon, 198, 226

Constantinople Museum, Sidon sarcophagus, 246

Constitution, free, 256; Mixed, 257; Mixed, of Sparta, and political science, 86

Constitutional history, contradictions in, 228

Corcyra (Corfu), 105, 108, 137

Corinth and commerce, 105, 127; art, 105; and Egypt, 106; under the Cypselid tyrants, 108; worship of Aphrodite, 108; and the Bacchiads, 104; and the Leagues, 245; destroyed by the Romans, 261, 263

Corinth, Isthmus of, 137

Corinthian Gulf, the, 7

Corinthian War, the, 203

Cory, Wm. Johnson, 249

Cos, 213

Council of Ten, Spartan, 200

Courtesans of Corinth, 108

Crabbe (Carcinus), 187

Cremation, 189

Creon, 178

Cresilas, 160

Crete, 14 _et seq._; Stone Age in, 18; palaces, 24

Cripple, 46

Critias, 197, 232

Criticism, Aristotle and, 254

Crito, 233

Crœsus, King of Lydia, 71, 123

Cronos, 66

Croton, 127

Crown of wild olive, 78

Crusaders, Latin, 262

Cunaxa, 201

Cupbearer frieze, the, 23, 25, 32

Curses, the, 66

Cybele, worship of, 251

Cyclopes, 36

Cylon, 99, 104, 110

Cyme, 62

Cynics, the, 258

Cyprus, 17, 142, 237

Cypselid tyrants, 108

Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, 104, 105, 109

Cyrus, 72, 123, 201

Cythera, figure found at, 220

Dædalus, 15, 166

“Daimonion,” 232

Damagetus, 78

Damon the musician, 146

Dancing-floors, 173

Daphnis, 250

Dardanelles, the, 136

Darius, 72, 134, 245

Datis, 134

Death, Greek ideas of, 190; sculpture representing, 126, 220; according to the Epicureans, 258

Deianira, 176

Deities, names for, 66

Delos, shrine of Apollo, 68; removal of dead from, 112; confederacy of, 141

Delphi, shrine of Apollo, 68, 71; spoils of war, 168; treasures of, 238

Delphic Amphictyony, 72

Delphic Oracle and priests, 71-73; and art, 103; and the Persian invasion, 137; Lysander and, 200

Demaratus, 137

Demeter, or Mother Earth, an early deity, 66; shrine of, at Anthela, 72; Eleusinian mysteries, 98, 190; Persephone and, 124; worship of, 170; Demeter of Cnidos (statue), 219

Demetrius, the Besieger of Cities, 252

Democracy, Spartan, 84; Athenian, 98, 100, 118, 141, 172, 195, 197; and the Free Constitution, 256

Democritus, 258

Demosthenes, 194, 229, 230, 240

“Diadumenus,” 81, 159

Diagoras, 78

Diana of the Ephesians, 34, 118; temple of, 219

Diipolia, 98

Diodorus, 128

Diogenes, 258

Dionysius I. and II., tyrants of Syracuse, 250, 255; coins, 225

Dionysus on the Parthenon frieze, 154; in the “Frogs” of Aristophanes, 184; the drama and festivals of, 112, 173, 184; theatre of, 168

Dipylon Gate, 168

Dipylon Style, the, 56

“Discobolus,” 80, 159

Dithyramb, the, 106, 113, 173

Dogs on tombstones, 193

_Dōma_, 59

Domestic life in Homer, 58

Dorian Mode in music, 223

Dorians, the, origin of, 38; dress of warriors, 38; religious beliefs, 38; ignored by Homer, 42; communism, 88; Apollo, god of the, 69; Dorian greatness, 70

Doric architecture, 106, 161, 171

Dörpfeld, Dr., 166

“Doryphorus,” 81, 159

Douris, 225

Dracon, 99