book vi. sec. 5, as related by the historian with perfect good

faith, and no slight reproaches to the incredulity of his obdurate countrymen—that generation of whom the greatest authority has said, “Except ye see signs and wonders, ye will not believe.”

23 The exclamation with which the spectators notified a conclusive thrust or blow in the circus.

24 In bringing forward their heavy battering‐rams, or otherwise advancing to the attack of a fortified place, the Roman soldiers were instructed to raise their shields obliquely above their heads, and, linking them together, thus form an impervious roof of steel, under which they could manœuvre with sufficient freedom. This formation was called the _testudo_, or tortoise, from its supposed resemblance to the defensive covering with which nature provides that animal.

25 “Utrinque parati.”

26 Then did Cæsar, both by calling to the soldiers that were fighting, with a loud voice, and by giving a signal to them with his right hand, order them to quench the fire; but they did not hear what he said, though he spake so loud, having their ears already dinned by a greater noise another way; nor did they attend to the signal he made with his hand neither, as still some of them were distracted with passion, and others with fighting, neither any threatenings nor any persuasions could restrain their violence, but each one’s own passion was his commander at this time; and as they were crowding into the Temple together many of them were trampled on by one another, while a great number fell among the ruins of the cloisters, which were still hot and smoking, and were destroyed in the same miserable way with those whom they had conquered.—Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, book vi. sec. 4.

27 The ground occupied by the Roman lines during the siege.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Variations in hyphenation have not been changed.

Other changes, which have been made to the text:

page 9, exclamation mark added after “Jugurtha” page 98, quote mark removed after “plans.” page 114, quote mark removed before “after” page 137, “wel” changed to “well” page 164, “Brition” changed to “Briton” page 259, “inbibed” changed to “imbibed” page 335, “Where s” changed to “Where is” page 433, “Jeruslaem” changed to “Jerusalem”