CHAPTER XXXII

CONCLUSION

It has been too readily assumed that the ancient system of the Fijians was wholly evil. The disposition of early explorers and missionaries is to describe the races with whom they came in contact as living in a state of savage anarchy, the motive of travellers being to excuse their own rapacity and cruelty; and of missionaries to vindicate their iconoclasm and to magnify their courage and self-sacrifice. "Nothing," says McClennan, "is more common in these old narratives than to find the peoples who were being sacrificed to European cupidity described as living in a purely animal state, without government, laws, or religion, and yet the student will sometimes be able to spell out from these very narratives themselves that the peoples so described were intensely religious, and that they dwelt under the constant pressure of a rigid body of customary law, and what we would call a highly developed system of constitutional government."[109]

It was so with the Fijians. In seeing how admirably adapted many of the old superstitions and tabus were for securing sanitation and moral and physical cleanliness, one is led to wonder whether they were survivals of a code brought by their ancestors from the land of their origin; the work of some forgotten law-giver, or merely a gradual evolution from experience coloured by superstition. So admirably were they suited to the haphazard and indolent character of the people who obeyed them, that we can scarcely hope that any European system will take their place until the character itself is regenerated.

Let us consider three instances. What could better secure the sanitation of villages than the fear of _ndrau-ni-kau_, which taught the people to destroy or bury all offal and excreta for fear of affording an instrument for witchcraft to a secret enemy? The villages are no longer swept clean, for Christianity threatens the people with no immediate punishment for being dirty, and they have not yet come to believe that dirt produces the germs of disease.

How could the proper nourishment of young children in a country destitute of milk and farinaceous diet be provided for than by the fear that intercourse between the parents during lactation would impoverish the mother's milk and injure the child? In these days the custom of abstinence is decaying, and the mother is again pregnant before her child is fit to assimilate solid food, and she must either continue to nourish the child within her and the child at the breast, to the injury of both, or prematurely wean the latter to the certain injury of its health.

How could the sexual morality of the people be better guarded than by shutting up all the unmarried men at nightfall within the _mbure-ni-sa_, and placing all the girls under the protection of their parents; by training the young men in the emulation of arms and seamanship until they were old enough to marry; by making death the penalty of loss of virtue; by constituting the absence of virginity in a bride a sufficient cause for withholding the dowry, or even by holding up an unchaste bride to the ridicule of the community through the mutilation of the cooked pig presented by the bridegroom's people at the feast given after the marriage? But the _mbure-ni-sa_ was a heathen institution, and boys and girls are now thrown together as they are in civilized communities; there is no more war or other spur to emulation among the young men, who now seek their excitement in sensuality, and the loss of virtue if discovered entails only consequences that can be borne with equanimity, so far at least as the men are concerned.

[Pageheader: EVILS OF THE TRANSITION STAGE]

It would be unjust to blame the missionaries for the mutilation of the social system, for by the time they gained a foothold in 1840, the native civilization--for such it is fair to call it--had been so marred by the influence of worthless Europeans and the introduction of firearms that the people groaned under a system of continual war, barbarity and oppression under which no people could increase. The ancient social system was mutilated; part of it was already broken down. During the first twenty years of the last century whole provinces had been swept by the powerful tribes fortunate enough to possess firearms, and their internal affairs were dislocated by the oppression of their conquerors. The early missionaries were no more far-sighted than others of their class, and their zeal was as narrow as the zeal of proselytizers is apt to be. They looked not for hidden causes of the customs they found. It was enough for them that they were in someway connected with heathen superstition; though often they were not incompatible with the acceptance of Christianity their existence interfered with mission work, and their discontinuance established a convenient line of demarcation between the Christian and the heathen. It would have been impossible to graft the principles, the refinements or the arts of modern civilization upon the ancient customs. Some of them had to go, and the criticism that occurs to the unbiassed historian is that the missionaries either destroyed too many of the ancient customs or not enough.

For the transition stage we now have is undoubtedly worse than what it has displaced. The Fijians have been slow to adopt foreign habits, and for more than a generation they have been crawling upon the stumps of their old customs propped by ragged fragments of European innovations. Civilized sentiments have not taken the place once filled by customary law. The Fijian, at all times the creature of circumstance has in the passing of things a pleasant feeling of lack of permanence which affects his whole family life and blunts his sense of responsibility for his children's welfare.

The apathy and indolence of the Fijians arise from their climate, their diet and their communal institutions. The climate is too kind to stimulate them to exertion, their food imparts no staying power. The soil gives the means of existence for every man without effort, and the communal institutions destroy the instinct of accumulation. As Sir Henry Maine said of the native policy of the government of India, those responsible for guiding native races in Fiji, as elsewhere, are "like men bound to make their watches keep true time in two longitudes at once. Nevertheless the paradoxical explanation must be accepted. If they are too slow, there will be no improvement; if they are too fast, there will be no security." There is no reason to despair of the ultimate arrival of the Fijians at some degree of physical and moral prosperity. Our own forefathers in the time of Cicero seemed to the Romans no less unpromising, for, writing to his friend Atticus, the orator recommends him not to procure his slaves from Britain, "because they are so stupid and utterly incapable of being taught that they are unfit to form a part of the household of Atticus."

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 109: _Studies in Ancient History._ London, 1896.]

INDEX

Abipone Indians, 180

Abortion, procuring, 221; compatible with high birth-rate, 223; by mechanical means, 224; in Gilbert I., 225; law against, 226

Abstinence during suckling, 176; in Tonga, 178

Adulteration, 307

Agriculture, 339

Alluvial land, 370

_Amiable Josephine_ captured, 36

Ancestor worship, xi; key to government, 57

Ancestry, common, 5

Annexation, 55

_Argo_, wreck of, 25, 246

Aristocracy created by war, 59

Army, size of, 91; of Thakombau, 101

Arnold, Sir E., 179

Assault on forts, 13

Banana disease, 338

Bantus, increasing, xii

Barter, 385

Basques, ix

Beachcombers, 27

_Bêche-de-mer_, 32, 43

Bethencourt, de, xvii

Betrothal, customs of, 201; gifts, 204

Birth, customs, 206

Bligh, Capt., 24

Boasting ceremony, 90

Bora rites in Australia, 148

Borderers, 88

Bougainville, viii

Bouro, 118

Burial, Lament of Shades, 131

Bushrangers, 309

Calico, displaces _tapa_, 2

Canal dug by natives, 32

Cannibalism, 102; seen by Whilkes, 102; origin of, 103; vitiated taste for, 103; tabu to women, 104; drum, 104; names for human joints, 104; reasons for, 104; act of triumph, 105; feast at Male, 106; chant, 107; forks, 109; among ghosts, 128

Cannon first used, 53

Canoes, 9, 46; evolution of, 290; twin, 292; cost of, 293; Tongan, 294

Carew, Mr. W., 179

Carnac, 147

Castaways, 15, 22; eaten, 102

Catoira, Gomez, viii

Caves, 92

Census, 195

Ceremonial licence, 154, 157, 171

Cession, proposed, 54

Charms, 164, 168

_Chatham_, wreck of, 249

Chiefs, spiritual, 60; temporal, 61; titles of, at Mbau, 61; power curtailed by missions, 64; rarely complained of, 74

Circumcision, 216

Claims of U.S. Government, 52

Club-houses, 175, 241, 388

Clubs, working, 68

Codrington, Dr. R. H., 179, 193

Comet, 26, 246

Community of property, 79

Conclusions, 387

Concubitancy, 184; limitations of, 190; fecundity of, 199

Confederations, a modern growth, 60; in decay, 62

Conquest, safest civilizing method, x

Constabulary, armed native, 101, 317

Convicts, myth concerning, 27

Cook, Capt., 248, 271

Copts, xiv

Corney, Dr. B. G., 255, 260

Corvée, 68

Councils, provincial, 288, 337

Couvâde, 179

Cows, improperly kept, 229, 336

Creation myth, 134

Crèches, 214

Cricket, 332

Cruelty, 305

Cruelty to animals, 3

Daily habits, 229

Dances, 284

Dates, calculated by genealogies, 4, 18; of Melanesian settlement, 10

Death dance, 96

Decay of custom, xii

Deluge, 17, 26, 137

Dengue fever, 252

d'Entrecasteaux, 86

Depilation, 303

Detection of crime, by witchcraft, 167; by soul stealing, 168

Disease, native theory of, xiii; treatment of, xiii; epidemic, 243; from European contact, 253

Disenchantment, 250

Dismisser, 125, 132

Divinities, 112

Dollars, from wreck, 28

Drugs, 223

Drums, 93

d'Urville, Capt. Dumont, 27, 37

Dysentery, 246, 251

Eclipse of sun, 26, 246

Edwards, Capt., 24

Eel bridge, 121

_Eliza_, wreck of, 27

Elysium, 118

Epic of Ndengei, 138

Epidemic diseases, xii, 243

Erskine, Commodore, 41

Eskimo, viii

Essomeric, xvii

Execution, 342

Exorcism, 250

Games, 318, 328

Genealogies, average twenty-five years, 18

Gilbert I., 210

God of Fire, 113; of Increase, 114; of Origin, 5; of the Afterworld 117; of Thunder Hill, 130

Gods, 111

Gordon, Sir A., 65

Gordon, Rev. G. N., 247

Hairdressing, 302

Half-castes, xvii

Hatred, race, xv, xvii

Hawaii, 4; genealogies, 11

Honesty, 3

_Hunter_, visit of, 31, 95

Hysteria, religious, 162

Ilai Moto-ni-thothoka, 6

Immortality, heresy, 141

Immortality maidens, 142

Inbreeding, 200

Insouciance, 228

Inspectors, travelling, 79

Inspiration of priests, 158, 160

Intellect of savages, xiv

Invulnerable, making, 156

Iron, name for, 11

Iroquois, 195

Irrigation, 339

Japanese, 179

Joske, Mr. Adolph, 148

Juju, xiii

Jumping-off place, 6, 118

_Kalourere_, rites, 169

_Kalou-Vu_, 5

Kamba, siege of, 46, 50

Kaunitoni, first canoe, 6

Kava, 213, 283, 307, 341; chant, 344

_Kerekere_, 79; results of, 80

Kites, war, 93

_Koroi_, form of knighthood, 28, 97

Labour among hill women, 209, 210

Lakemba I., 51

_Lala_, 66; misunderstood, 66; communal, 67; compared to local rates, 68; sanitation by, 69; personal, 70; a landed interest, 71; commutation of, 73, 77; oppressive, 73

Lala, Ratu, 16

Land customs increase power of chiefs, 59; Polynesian, 70; worthless without cultivation, 71; England confirms native titles, 72; tenure, 354; sale of, 354; arable, 358; waste, 362; tenure in Rewa, 366; leasehold, 376; reclaimed, 377

Lands, sold to Europeans, 55

Lasakau fishermen, 23

_Lavo_, 330

Law of custom, decay of, xviii

Lawry, Rev. W., on abortion, 221

Leasehold, 376

Leper stones, 260

Leprosy in Fiji, 255; in other islands, 255; described by Aristotle, 257; introduction into Europe, 257; contagious, 259; traditions concerning, 261

Levuka town, 33; expulsion of whites, 40; burnt, 45

Levuka tribe, 23

Licence, ceremonial, 154, 157; sexual, in war, 240

Lifu I., 249

Lila, wasting sickness, 25, 243

Liquor law, 386

Loot, 96

Love sickness, 241

Lutu-na-sombasomba, first ancestor, 6, 8

Lying, 305, 312

Maafu, leads Tongans, 53; death, 55

Maclennan, Mr., 57, 203

Maine, Sir H., 356, 389

_Malae_, Polynesian temple, 149

Malake, 8

Malaria, 251

Maoris, leprosy among, 256

Mara, Ratu, 34

Mariner, William, 29, 271

Markets, 288

Marquesas I., 4

Marriage system, 182; restrictions of, 193; origin of, 193; census of, 195

Marriages, mixed, xvi

Masai, xiv, xv

Massage, 225

_Mata-ni-vanua_, functions of, 62

Matchmaker at Mbau, 62

Maternal instinct, 231

Matuku I., 25

Mba province, 32

Mbaki rites, 146

_Mbalolo_, 324

Mbanuve, King of Mbau, 23; death of, 26, 246

_Mbati_, borderers, 88

Mbau, sets fashions, 2; origin, 22; constitution of, 61

_Mbole_, boasting, 90

Mbua, province, 51

Mbulotu, Fijian Elysium, 117

Mbutoni, 23

Meals, 337

Measles epidemic, 252

Medical students, 313

Mendaña, viii

Meningitis, 252

Mercenaries, 86

Merivale alignments, 147

Midwives, 206, 209, 210

Milk, substitutes for, 214, 336, 337

Missionaries, arrival of, 36, 52; repulsed from Mbau, 42; persecuted, 43; short-sightedness, 389

Missionary killed and eaten, 107

Mixed blood in Europe, ix; through conquest, x

Moats, 91

_Moe-moe_, act of homage, xi

Moerenhout, 255

Money, use of, 289; copper coin unpopular, 307; effect of, 386

Monomotapa, Emperor of, xvii

Mourning, ceremonial, 311, 375

Murdu legend, 193

Musket, first, 28; imported, 86

Nailatikau, King of Mbau, 23

Nakauvandra, 5, 6, 9, 134, 136

Namara tribe, 31

Nandronga, 15, 64

_Nanga_ rites, 146; origin of, 149

Narauyamba, siege of, 136

Natewa, 41

Native races, decay of, xii

Naulivou, King of Mbau, 26

Navigation, prehistoric, 16, 290

_Ndambe_, injury to children, 177, 388

Ndauthina, fire-god, 113

Ndengei, 7, 10, 16, 112, 133; Melanesian deity, 134; epic of, 138

Ndeumba, wealth of, 81, 287

Negroes, ix; educated, xiv; beachcombers, 32

Nemani Ndreu, 149, 171

New Caledonia, Expedition to, 44, 249

New Guinea, 214, 250

Niué I., 248

Nkara, King of Rewa, 41, 44, 46, 48; death, 49

Noikoro tribe, 14

Nyassa, natives, 180

Obligatory marriage, 184

Obstetrics, 207

Oliver, Mr., discovered Matuku, 25

Oneata I., 26

_Orua_, preparation for defeat, 92

Outriggers, 291

Ovalau I., 33

Overlord of land, 70

Paddles, 295

Palæolithic men, viii

Pandanus tree, 121

Pandora, H.M.S., 24; tender of, 25

Path of the Shades, 119, 120

Peering goddesses, 122

Penrhyn I., 249

Perouse, Count de la, 29

Perversion, 241

Pigs, 336, 378; sacred, 151

Pinching stone, 124

Place of Wonder, 127

Planting, 337

Pocahontas, xvii

Poetry, 314

Polygamy, 172, 235

Polynesians, 12; alleged settlement in Fiji, 13; route of, 14; sexual licence, 234

Population, decrease of, 198

Portent, death, 49

Poultry, 336

Priests, 62, 157; inspiration of, 158, 160; reformation of, 159

Prostitution unknown, 173

Pursuer of Shades, 122

Pylstaart I., 15

Race antipathy, xv, xvii

Rajakarya in Ceylon, 68

Rebellion of inland tribes, 55

Reclaimed land, 377

Reefs, property in, 385

Relationships, 182

Religion, ancestor-worship, xi, 111

Rent, 376, 379

Review, _tangka_, 90

Revolt at Seankanka, 145

Rewa, 23; war with Mbau, 39; burnt, 39; constitution, 367

Ritova, 201

Robson, Capt., 30

_Roko Tui_, spiritual chief, 61

Rokola, ancestor of craftsmen, 6, 9

Romans, as slave-holders, ix

Rotuma, 317

Rowe, G. S., 56

Sailosi, scribe of Mba, 82

St. Christoval I., 118

St. Kilda I., 250

Salt-pans, 360

Sambeto, murder of, 306

Sandal-wood traders, 27

Sanitation by _lala_, 69, 79; by fear of witchcraft, 166, 210

Savage, Charles, 28, 95; made _koroi_, 100; armoured chair, 101; death, 30

Savage I., 248

Savings of Fijians, 82

Scrofula, 200

Seemann, 107

Serpent-worship, 16, 17, 114

Sexual morality, 233; decline of, 236, 388

Shades, Lament of, 130

Sharks, 115, 309

Sieges, 93

Sierra Leone, 178

Skin diseases, 250, 276

Slade, Rev. W., 229

Smell, sense of, 303

Smoking out enemy, 92

Smythe, Col., 54

Solevu, 68, 280; in decay, 286

Solomon I., viii, xv

Somosomo, 37, 51

Sorties, 94

Soul stealing, 168

Souls of children, 126

South Africa, report of Native Commission, 174

Spiritual chiefs, origin of, 60

Spoliation by _vasu_, 75

Stewart, Mr. James, 195

Still-births, 210

Strangling of widows, 132

Stratagems, 94, 136

Submission, mode of, 97, 364

Suckling, 176, 177, 211

Suva, destruction of, 38

Swimming, 316

Tabu, decay of, 64

_Tama_, shout of respect, 305

Tamils, 195

_Tanka_, review, 90

Tanna I., 195, 247

Tanoa, King of Mbau, 33; rebellion against, 33; return from exile, 35; death, 44

Tasman, 24

Tattooing of women, 217, 241

_Tauvu_, kinship by, 5, 89, 380

Taveuni I., 37

Tenure, individual, 369; in Tailevu, 382

Thakaundrove province, 60

Thakombau, 34, 35, 38; assumes title of King of Fiji, 42, 54; becomes Christian, 47; limits of territory, 48; declares constitution, 54; pension, 55; death, 55

Theft, rare, 308

_Thimbi_, death dance, 96

Thriftlessness, 2

Thunder Hill, 128

Thurston, Sir J., 65

_Tinku_, a game, 330

Tobacco, 352

Tofua I., 25

_Tombe_, token of virginity, 202, 302

Tongans, voyages of, 15; assist Thakombau, 50; conquer Lau, 52; bravery, 94; canoes, 294

Tortures, 96, 108

Totemism, 115

Tower builders, 17

Trade, 280; in European goods, 286

Traits of character, 304

Transfer of land, 372

Transition, state of, 232, 389

Treachery, 95

Tribal division, 355

Tuberculosis, 277

Tuka heresy, 140

Tukuaho, Premier of Tonga, 16

Turner, Rev. J., 247

Turtles, 321; mode of killing, 321

Turukawa, Ndengei's pigeon, 135

Tylor, Dr. E. B., 104

Ulcers, 278

Undreundre, remarkable cannibal, 109

_Vasu_, spoliation by, 75

Vatulele I., 92

Verani, 37

Verata tribe, 22, 23, 60

Vessels, effect of, 69

Vitality of offspring, 197

Viwa, massacre at, 38; revival at, 162

Vunda, 7, 9

_Vunivalu_, temporal chief, 61

Wailea, massacre at, 30

War, creates aristocracy, 59; losses in, 85, 86; causes of, 88; declaration of, 89

War-cry, 96

War-paint, 303

Wasting sickness, Lila, 25, 243

Water, drinking, 340

Water games, 318

Water of solace, 120, 123, 132

Waterhouse, Rev. J., 45

Waya I., 11

Weaning, 215

Wells, Mr. H. G., vii

Wet nurses, 213

Whooping-cough, 252

Widows, strangled, 132

Wilkes, Commodore, 37

Wilkinson, Mr. D., 65

Williams, Rev. J., 248

Williams, Rev. T., 27, 56, 85

Williams, U.S. Vice-consul, 51

Witchcraft, 163; sanitation by, 166, 210, 388; detection of crime by, 167

Wyandots, 195

Yams, 339

Yasawa I., 8, 63

Yaws, 270; distribution of, 270, 275; in Timor, 270; symptoms, 271; sequelæ, 272; contagion, 273; treatment, 274; believed beneficial, 275

_Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay._

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE CHIEF FAMILY OF MBAU.

Table.

Ratu VISAWANKA (_TANOA_), _d._ 1852.

Ratu Ilaitia Torotha = Andi Thethere Ratu Thakombau = Andi Litia Samanunu (_d._ 1889). (_d._ 1875). [Ratu Lote=Andi Sereana.] (_d._ 1883). (_d._ 1881).

Ratu Vuki = Andi Alisi Ratu Joni Tholata = Salanieta. Nanise = Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. Ratu Timothi = Tubou (of Vavau). Andi Arieta Kuila = Ratu Timothi Vakaruru (_d._ 1888). (_d._ 1875). (_d._ 1888). (_d._ 1887). (_d._ 1874).

Ratu Kandavu Levu. Andi Thakombau. Adi Vuikamba. Ratu Nailatikau Ratu Beni. Ratu Ravulo. Andi Senimili. Ratu Timothi. (_d._ 1892).

Table B.

_Table of Relationships of the Chief Family of Mbau (See Table A), showing the Concubitant Cousins in red._

[To be read from the left-hand top corner downwards, thus:--To ascertain what relation Ratu Beni is to Ratu Kandavu Levu, find Ratu Beni's name on the left hand of the table, and follow the line horizontally to the column headed "Ratu Kandavu Levu," when it will be seen that Ratu Beni is Ratu Kandavu Levu's _tavalena_.]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Andi | Ratu | | Ratu | Andi Alisi | Ratu Epeli | Ratu Timothi | Andi Kuila | Ratu | Andi | Andi | Ratu | Ratu Beni | Ratu Ravulo | Andi | Ratu Timothi | Thethere. | Thakombau | Andi Litia. | Joni |(widow of late | Nailatikau | (late Roko Tui |(wife of Tui | Kandavu | Thakombau. | Vuikamba. | Nailatikau. | (Roko Tui | (Buli | Senimili. | Nkiolevu. | |(King of Fiji). | | Tholata. | Roko Tui Mba). | (Roko Tui | Lomaiviti). | Naitasiri). | Levu. | | | | Naitasiri). | Naitasiri). | | | | | | | | Tailevu). | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi | | Sister. |Sister-in-law.| Mother. | Mother. | Aunt. | Aunt. | Aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. |Great-aunt. Thethere | Self. | Nganena. | Ndauvena. | Tinana. | Tinana. |Nganeitamana.| Nganeitamana. |Nganeitamana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana.|Nganeitukana. was to | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu | Brother. | | First-cousin,| Uncle. | Uncle. | Father. | Father. | Father. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. |Grandfather. Thakombau | Nganena. | Self. | Concubitant. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. | Tukana. was to | | | Ndavolana | | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi Litia |Sister-in-law.| First-cousin, | | Aunt by | Aunt by | Mother. | Mother. | Mother. | Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother.| Grandmother. was to | Ndauvena. | Concubitant. | Self. | marriage. | marriage. | Tinana. | Tinana. | Tinana. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | Mbuna. | | Ndavolana. | |Nganeitamana.| Nganeitamana. | | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu Joni | Son. | Nephew. | Nephew. | | Brother. |First-cousin.| First-cousin. |First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin, Tholata | Luvena. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Self. | Nganena. | Tavalena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. |once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed. is to | | | | | | | | Ndavolana. | Tamana.[A] | Vungona. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi Alisi | Daughter. | Niece. | Niece. | Sister. | |First-cousin,| First-cousin, |First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin, is to | Luvena. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Nganena. | Self. |Concubitant. | Concubitant. | Ndauvena. |once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed.|once removed. | | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | Tinana.[A] | Tinana. | Tinana. | Tinana. |Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu Epeli | Nephew. | Son. | Son. |First-cousin.| First-cousin, | | Brother, | Brother. | Father. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. Nailatikau | Vungona. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Tavalena. | Concubitant. | Self. | elder. | Nganena. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. is to | | | | | Ndavolana. | | Tuakana. | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu | Nephew. | Son. | Son. |First-cousin.| First-cousin, | Brother. | | Brother. | Uncle. | Father. | Father. | Father. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. | Uncle. Timothi | Vungona. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Tavalena. | Concubitant. | Tathina. | Self. | Nganena. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Tamana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. | Ngandinana. was to | | | | | Ndavolana. | | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi Kuila | Niece. | Daughter. | Daughter. |First-cousin,| First-cousin. | Sister. | Sister. | | Aunt. | Aunt. | Aunt. | Aunt. | Mother. | Mother. | Mother. | Mother. was to | Vungona. | Luvena. | Luvena. |Concubitant. | Ndauvena. | Nganena. | Nganena. | Self. |Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana.|Nganeitamana.| Tinana. | Tinana. | Tinana. | Tinana. | | | |Ndavolana. | | | | | | | | | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu |Great-nephew. | Grandson. | Grandson. |First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Son. | Nephew. | Nephew. | |First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin. Kandavu Levu | Vungona. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Vungona. | Self. | Nganena. | Nganena. | Tuakana. | Tavalena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. | Tavalena. is to | | | | Luvena.[A] | Luvena.[A] | | | | | | | | | | Ndavolana. | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi | Great-niece. | Granddaughter. |Granddaughter.|First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Niece. | Daughter. | Niece. |First-cousin.| | Sister. | Sister. |First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin.|First-cousin, Thakombau | Vungona. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Vungona. | Nganena. | Self. | Tuakana. | Nganena. |Concubitant. |Concubitant. | Ndauvena. |Concubitant. is to | | | | Vungona. | Luvena. | | | | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | Ndavolana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi | Great-niece. | Granddaughter. |Granddaughter.|First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Niece. | Daughter. | Niece. |First-cousin.| Sister. | | Sister. |First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin.|First-cousin, Vuikamba | Vungona. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Vungona. | Nganena. | Tathina. | Self. | Nganena. |Concubitant. |Concubitant. | Ndauvena. |Concubitant. is to | | | | Vungona. | Luvena. | | | | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | Ndavolana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu | Great-nephew.| Grandson. | Grandson. |First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Nephew. | Son. | Nephew. |First-cousin.| Brother. | Brother. | |First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin. Nailatikau | Vungona. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Luvena. | Luvena. | Vungona. | Tathina. | Nganena. | Nganena. | Self. | Tavalena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. | Tavalena. was to | | | | Vungona. | Luvena. | | | | | | | | | | Ndavolana. | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu Beni | Great-nephew.| Grandson. | Grandson. |First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Nephew. | Nephew. | Son. |First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin.| | Brother, | Brother, | Brother, is to | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Luvena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. |Concubitant. | Tavalena. | Self. | elder. | elder. | elder. | | | | Luvena. | Vungona. | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | | Tuakana. | Nganena. | Tuakana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu Ravulo | Great-nephew | Grandson. | Grandson. |First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Nephew. | Nephew. | Son. |First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin.| Brother, | | Brother. | Brother, is to | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Luvena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. |Concubitant. | Tavalena. | younger. | Self. | Nganena. | elder. | | | | Luvena. | Vungona. | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | Tathina. | | | Tuakana. --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Andi Senimili | Great-niece. | Granddaughter. |Granddaughter.|First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Niece. | Niece. | Daughter. |First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin.|First-cousin,| Sister. | Sister. | | Sister. is to | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Luvena. |Concubitant. | Ndauvena. | Ndauvena. |Concubitant. | Nganena. | Nganena. | Self. | Nganena. | | | | Luvena. | Vungona. | | | | Ndavolana. | | | Ndavolana. | | | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------- Ratu Timothi | Great-nephew.| Grandson. | Grandson. |First-cousin,| First-cousin, | Nephew. | Nephew. | Son. |First-cousin.|First-cousin,|First-cousin,|First-cousin.| Brother, | Brother, | Brother. | Ngkiolevu | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. | Makumbuna. |once removed.| once removed. | Vungona. | Vungona. | Luvena. | Tavalena. |Concubitant. |Concubitant. | Tavalena. | younger. | younger. | Nganena. | Self. is to | | | | Luvena. | Vungona. | | | | | Ndavolana. | Ndavolana. | | Tathina. | Tathina. | | --------------+--------------+----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------

Note.--This table does not include all the members of the family in the degrees represented. A selection has been made for the purpose of illustrating the Fijian system of classing relationships, which is all that is intended in this place. Besides the concubitant relationships marked in the table, therefore, it must be remembered that many of the persons are concubitant to other cousins not included in the table.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote A: Ratu Kandavu Levu is in reality _vungona_ to Ratu Joni Tholata; but he calls the latter his father, because his own mother and Ratu Joni Tholata's wife happened to be sisters--as shown in the plan. Ratu Kandavu Levu also addresses Andi Alisi by the familiar term "_Nau_" or "mother," and speaks of her as _tinanku_; but this is for the reason that she and his father are _vei-ndavolani_--concubitant.]