CHAPTER XI

THE END OF AN ERA

But the future of the New England colonies was to be decided in England and not in America. If the orthodox leaders in the colony thought that the new King had levelling sympathies or would thrust aside the policy already adopted by the English authorities for the defense of the colonies and the maintenance of the acts of trade, they greatly misjudged the situation. King William, though a Protestant, was no lover of revolution, and, though he had himself engaged in one, he could assert the dignity of the prerogative with as much vigor as any Stuart. He was not a politician, but a soldier, and he was quite as likely to see the necessity of organizing New England for defense against the enemy as he was to listen favorably to appeals from Massachusetts for a restoration of her charter.

Increase Mather had gone to England in 1688 to petition James II for relief from the burdens of the Andros rule. His impressive personality, his power as a ready and forcible speaker, his resourcefulness and energy, and his acquaintance with influential men in England, both Anglicans and Dissenters, made him the most effective agent who had ever gone to England in the interest of the colony. He was able to bring the grievances of Massachusetts to the personal attention of James II; and he had received hope of a confirmation of land titles and permission to call a general assembly, when the flight of the King brought his efforts to naught. He then turned to the new Parliament, hoping to save the colony by means of a rider to the bill for restoring corporations to their ancient rights and privileges; but the dissolution of this body ended hopeful efforts in that direction also. A year's "Sisyphean labor" came to nothing. No remedy remained except an appeal to the new King, and during 1690 and 1691, the reconstruction of Massachusetts became one of the most important questions brought before the Lords of Trade. William III and his advisers were agreed on one point: that Massachusetts should never again be independent as she formerly had been, but should be brought within the immediate control of the Crown, through a governor of the King's appointment. They took the ground that, with a French war already begun, it was no time to discuss colonial rights and privileges, for the demands of the empire took precedence over all questions of a merely local character in America.

Andros was now recalled and instructions were sent to Massachusetts to release all her prisoners. With their arrival in England in February, 1690, the debate before the committee went on in a new and livelier fashion. Randolph renewed his complaints in every form known to his inventive mind; Andros presented his defense and was relieved of all charges of mal-administration; Mather and others contested every move of their opponents and sought to obtain as favorable terms as possible for Massachusetts; while Oakes and Cooke, sent over by the colony as its official agents and representing the uncompromising Puritan wing, hindered rather than helped the cause by insisting that no concessions should be made and that Massachusetts should receive a confirmation of all her former privileges. Mather's success was noteworthy. He could not prevent the appointment of a royal governor or the separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts, nor could he obtain the right of coinage for the colony; but he did secure the permanent annexation of Maine and the Plymouth colony, and a large measure of appointive power and legislative control for the people. In some ways most significant of all, he obtained from the Crown the noteworthy concession that the council of the colony should be chosen by the general assembly and not be appointed from England, as was the case with all the other royal colonies. Even New Hampshire eventually had the same governor as Massachusetts, thus preserving a union for all central and northern New England, which was destined to last for forty-four years.

The charter of 1691 was a compromise between the old government which had existed in Massachusetts since 1630 and that of a regular royal colony, and as such it satisfied neither party. It was greeted in Massachusetts with vehement disapproval by the old faction, who charged Mather with flagrantly deserting his trust; and in England it was viewed as a shameful concession to the whims of the Puritans. This yoking together of parts of two systems, corporate and royal, was to give rise in Massachusetts in the succeeding century to a struggle for control that deeply affected the course of the colony's later history.

* * * * *

In all the New England colonies, the fall of Andros and the close of the century marked the end of an era in which the dominant impulse was the religious purpose that actuated the original colonists in coming to America. The desire for a political isolation that would preserve the established religious system intact was exceedingly strong in the seventeenth century, but it ceased to be as strong in the century that followed. The fathers gave way to the children; the settlements grew rapidly in size, increased their output of staple products beyond what they needed for themselves, and became vastly interested in trade and commerce with all parts of the Atlantic world. Towns grew into larger towns and cities; and Portsmouth, Newbury, Salem, Marblehead, Boston, Newport, New London, Hartford, Wethersfield, Middletown, New Haven, Fairfield, and Stamford became, in varying degrees, centers of an increasing population and of new business interests that brought New England into closer contact with the other colonies, with the West Indies, and with the Old World. England became involved in the long struggle with France and not only called on the colonies to aid her in military campaigns against the French in America, but endeavored to bring them within the scope of her colonial empire. All these influences tended to expand the life of New England and to force its people more and more out of their isolation. Yet, despite this fact, the Puritan colonies--Connecticut and Rhode Island especially--continued to lie in large part outside the pale of British control and example, and their inhabitants continued to accept religion and the Puritan standards of morals as the guide of their daily lives.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The standard authority on the subjects treated in the volume is J. G. Palfrey, _History of New England_, 5 vols. (1858-1864, 1875-1890), a work of broad scholarship and written in a not uninteresting style, but indiscriminating in its defense of Massachusetts and without any understanding of the purpose and attitude of the English authorities. In somewhat the same class are G. E. Ellis, _The Puritan Age_ (1888), a dry book but less given to special pleading, and Justin Winsor, _The Memorial History of Boston_, 4 vols. (1880-1882), a series of essays with elaborate notes and bibliographies, presenting in a fragmentary way the conventional view of the period. Less frankly favorable to New England is J. A. Doyle, _English Colonies in America: The Puritan Colonies_, 2 vols. (1887), a work of value, but diffuse in style and often confused in treatment, and, though written by an Englishman, displaying little interest in the English side of the story. The chapters in Edward Channing, _History of the United States_, vol. i (1905), that relate to the subject, are scholarly and always interesting; while those in H. L. Osgood, _The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century_, 3 vols. (1904-1907), contain the ablest accounts we have of the institutional characteristics of the period.

There are few good histories of the individual colonies. Those deserving of mention are: Thomas Hutchinson, _History of Massachusetts Bay_, 2 vols. (1764-1767); S. G. Arnold, _History of the State of Rhode Island_, 2 vols. (4th ed. 1894); Irving B. Richman, _Rhode Island_ (1904, American Commonwealth Series); B. Trumbull, _Complete History of Connecticut_, 2 vols. (new ed. 1898); A. Johnson, _Connecticut_ (2d ed. 1903, American Commonwealth Series); E. Atwater, _History of the Colony of New Haven_ (1881); W. H. Fry, _New Hampshire as a Royal Province_ (1908); W. D. Williamson, _History of the State of Maine_ (1832); H. S. Burrage, _The Beginnings of Colonial Maine_ (1914). Hutchinson and Trumbull are classics; Arnold is one of the best of the state histories; Richman and Johnson are short and readable; Fry deals with the institutional life of the colony; Williamson is old-fashioned and poor; but Burrage is authoritative.

Special works are: H. M. Dexter, _The England and Holland of the Pilgrims_ (1905), a very valuable and learned account; C. F. Adams, _Three Episodes of Massachusetts History_, 2 vols. (1892), treating of the antecedents of Boston, the Antinomian Controversy, and church and town government, the first essay especially being indispensable; R. M. Jones, _The Quakers in the American Colonies_ (1911), the fairest account of the Quakers in New England. W. De L. Love, _The Colonial History of Hartford_ (1914); W. E. Weeden, _Early Rhode Island_ (1910); and G. S. Kimball, _Providence in Colonial Times_ (1912), are in every way excellent, that of Love being a minutely critical analysis of the Connecticut settlement. W. E. Weeden, _Social and Economic History of New England_, 2 vols. (1891), is a valuable collection of information. Certain chapters in Edward Eggleston's _Transit of Civilization_ (1901) treat of the mental outfit of the colonists; and M. W. Jernegan in the _School Review_, June, 1915, deals with the beginnings of public education in New England; G. L. Beer, _Origins of the British Colonial System_, 1660-1688, 2 vols. (1912), and C. M. Andrews, _British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations_, 1622-1675 (1908), concern British policy and administration in the seventeenth century.

Biographies varying greatly in value and manner of treatment follow: R. C. Winthrop, _Life and Letters of John Winthrop_, 2 vols. (2d ed. 1869); G. L. Walker, _Thomas Hooker_ (1891, Makers of America Series); J. H. Twichell, _John Winthrop_ (1891, _id._); A. Steele, _Elder Brewster_ (1857); L. G. Jones, _Samuel Gorton_ (1896); A. Gorton, _The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton_ (1907); O. S. Straus, _Roger Williams_ (1894); M. E. Hall, _Roger Williams_ (1917); T. W. Bicknell, _Story of Dr. John Clarke_ (1915); J. M. Taylor, _Roger Ludlow_ (1900); J. K. Hosmer, _Young Sir Harry Vane_ (1888); _A Memoir of Sir John Leverett, Knt._ (1856); and in _American Biography_, 10 vols., are lives of John Mason by G. E. Ellis, Roger Williams by William Gammell, Samuel Gorton by John M. Mackie, and Anne Hutchinson by G. E. Ellis, though none of them is particularly satisfactory.

The original sources for the period are: the _Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial_, vols. i, ii (1908-1910); _The Calendar of State Papers, Colonial_, vols. i-viii, 1574-1692 (1860-1901); and the colonial records of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Collections of narratives and letters may be found in the publications of the Prince Society [C. H. Bell, _John Wheelwright and his Writings_ (1876); C. F. Adams, _Morton's New England Canaan_ (1883); C. W. Tuttle, _Capt. John Mason_ (1887); J. P. Baxter, _Sir Ferdinando Gorges_, 3 vols. (1890); C. F. Adams, _Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay_ (1894); R. N. Toppan, _Edward Randolph_, 7 vols. (1898-1909, last two volumes edited by A. T. S. Goodrick)]; and in the _Original Narratives of Early American History_ [W. T. Davis, _Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation_ (1908); J. K. Hosmer, _Winthrop's Journal_, 2 vols. (1908); J. F. Jameson, _Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England_ (1911); C. H. Lincoln, _Narratives of the Indian Wars_ (1913); G. L. Burr, _Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases_ (1914); C. M. Andrews, _Narratives of the Insurrections_ (1915)]. A sumptuous edition of Bradford's history has been edited for the Massachusetts Historical Society, by W. C. Ford, 2 vols. (1915). S. Sewall's _Diary_, 3 vols. (Mass. Hist. Soc. _Coll._, 5th series, 1878-1882) and Cotton Mather's _Magnalia_, 2 vols. (1853) are important. W. Walker, _The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism_ (1893) is of great value. C. W. Sawyer, _Firearms in American History_ (1910), has an excellent chapter on firearms in colonial times.

The articles on _Boston_, _New England_, _Massachusetts_, _Plymouth_, _Friends_ (_Society of_), etc., in _The Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th Edition, should be referred to for additional bibliographies.

INDEX

Agawam (Springfield), 61, 62

Allerton, Isaac, 17

_Ambrose, The_, ship, 29

Amsterdam, Separatists gather at, 7

"Ancient and Honorable Artillery," 135

Andros, Sir Edmund, takes part in case against Massachusetts, 156; Governor of Massachusetts, 174 _et seq._; strengthens fortifications, 179-80; New York and New Jersey added to his domain, 183-84; attention confined to Massachusetts, 184-85; recalled, 196

_Anne, The_, ship, 13

Aquidneck, Island of, 48, 55

_Arabella, The_, ship, 29

Aspinwall, 48

Augsburg, settlement of (1555), 4

Aulnay-Charnisé, Charles de Menou, Sieur d', 95-96

Bartlett, Robert, 84

Bay Colony, _see_ Massachusetts Bay Colony

Blackstone, William, 23, 24

_Blessing of the Bay, The_, ship, 78

Boston, Puritans from England settle at, 29; half the colonists live in or near, 35; treatment of Quakers in, 79-80; importance of, 164; grows into a city, 198; _see also_ Shawmut

Boswell. Sir William, quoted, 97

Bradford, William, in Scrooby, 7; quoted, 15-16; Governor of Plymouth, 17; _History of Plimouth Plantation_, 19; dead before 1660, 78

Bradstreet, Governor of Massachusetts, 191

Bradstreet, Simon, 103

Branford, (Conn.), 70

Brenton, Governor, quoted, 114

Brewster, William, father of William, elder of Plymouth, 6

Brewster, William, Elder of Plymouth, 6, 8

Browne, John, 41

Browne, Samuel, 41

Bulkeley, Peter, 156

Cambridge platform (1648), 79

Canonchet, Indian chief, 142, 143, 144

Carr, Sir Robert, 119, 122

Cartwright, George, Colonel, 119, 122

Carver, John, Governor of Plymouth, 13

_Charity, The_, ship, 13

Charlestown (Mass.), 29, 35

Charter Oak, 181

Child, Dr. Robert, 38, 116

Church, Benjamin, Captain, 142

Clarendon, Lord, Prime Minister of England, 113, 116, 117, 120-21, 126

Clark, John, of Newbury, 83

Clarke, Dr. John, 47, 48, 103, 106, 112, 113

Clayton, Richard, 6

Coddington, William, 43, 47, 48, 49, 54-55

Coggeshall, one of founders of Portsmouth, 48

Connecticut, leaders who influenced, 47; settled by Massachusetts people, 56; four claimants for, 57; migration from Massachusetts, 57-61; commission government, 60-61; government, 62-64; witchcraft in, 81; sends petition to England, 103-04; charter granted (1662), 108; extends authority of colony, 108-10; claims Long Island, 130; title under charter recognized by Massachusetts, 131; debates joining New York, 173; Andros endeavors to bring under control, 180; consents to join Massachusetts, 180-82; renews old forms, 192

Cooke, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164

Cotton, John, 78

Council for Foreign Plantations, Committee of the, 34

Danforth, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164

Davenport, John, of New Haven, 47, 67, 68, 78, 111, 112

Deerfield (Mass.), massacre of, 141

Delfthaven, Pilgrims embark at, 10

Denonville, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 178

Denton, Richard, 70

Desborough, 78

Dongan, Colonel, Governor of New York, 178, 180, 183

Dorchester (Mass.), 35

Dover (N. H.), 65, 66

Downing, Emanuel, 35

Dudley, Joseph, 168, 169-70, 173-74

Dudley, Thomas, 28

Dyer, Mary, 80

Eaton, Samuel, 67

Eaton, Theophilus, 47, 67, 68, 69

Education in New England, 83-85

Eliot, John, 94

Endecott, John, in congregation of Rev. John White, 24; sent as governor to Salem, 25; disregards claims of Gorges, 26; defaces royal ensign at Salem, 32; banishes colonists for religious differences, 41; signs petition to England, 104

England, in early seventeenth century, 2 _et seq._; awakes to importance of colonies, 101-102; new colonial policy, 102-103; affairs in seventeenth century, 126-27; attitude toward Massachusetts, 150; finances under Charles II., 151-152; future of New England decided in, 194

Exeter (N. H.), 65, 66

Fairfield (Conn.), 198

Feudal system in England, 2, 3

_Fortune, The_, ship, 13

Fuller, Dr. Samuel, 37, 83

Fundamental orders, 62-64

Gardiner, Sir Christopher, 31, 41

George, Captain of the _Rose_, 190

Gilds, 3-4

Goodyear, Stephen, 77

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 22-23, 25, 26, 29-30, 30-34, 65

Gorges, Robert, 23, 25

Gorges, Thomas, 35

Gorton, Samuel, 49-51

Graham, Attorney-General of Massachusetts, 187, 191

"Great Fundamentals, The," 18

Greenwich (Conn.), 109, 133

Guilford (Conn.), 70, 109

Half-Way Covenant, 79, 93-94

Hampton (N. H.), 66

_Handmaid, The_, ship, 13

Hartford (Conn.), 61, 198

Harvard College, 84, 93

Hawkins, Jane, 83

Haynes, John, 35, 47, 58, 78

Higginson, Francis, 37

Hilton, Edward, 65

Holmes, O. W., quoted, 83

Holmes, William, 56

Hooke, 78

Hooker, Thomas, 47, 58, 60, 61, 62, 78

Hopkins, Edward, Governor, 84

House of Good Hope, 56

Humphrey, John, 28

Hutchinson, Anne, 41-42, 48, 98

Indians, trouble with, 133 _et seq._; dealings with, 138-39; number in New England, 139

_Jewel, The_, ship, 29

Johnson, Lady Arabella, 35

Johnson, Isaac, 28

Jones, Christopher, captain of the _Mayflower_, 11-12

King Philip's War (1675-76), 136, 138, 139, 140-46

_Kingfisher, The_, ship, 174

Kirke, Percy, Colonel, 166-67

Lathrop, John, 67

La Tour, Charles de, 95-96

Laud, Archbishop, 32

Laud Commission, 34

Leete, Governor, 111

Leyden, Separatists move to, 7

London, as a center of Separatism, 6

Long Island, uncertainty as to jurisdiction, 129-30

Ludlow, Roger, 47, 58, 78, 98

Lynn, Henry, 41

Maine, settled, 65; under jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 66-67; status undecided, 132; military preparedness, 135; permanently annexed to Massachusetts, 197

Marblehead (Mass.), 198

Mason, John, Captain, 30-31, 34, 65, 136

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 21 _et seq._; begins as fishing venture, 24; obtains patent for land, 25; founded, 29; Gorges attempts overthrow of, 30-34; growth (1630-40), 34-36; time of stress, 36; government, 37-40; religious intolerance, 41-43; commercial ventures, 78; leader among colonies, 100-01; sends petition to King, 103; restoration of Stuarts causes trouble for, 104-05; charter confirmed, 105; religious liberty defined by King, 105-06; inquiry into affairs by Clarendon, 116-18; commissioners sent to, 118 _et seq._; franchise law modified, 121; defies commission, 123-126; recognizes Connecticut's title (1672), 131; asserts right to control Maine and New Hampshire, 132; military preparedness, 135; Randolph inquires into affairs, 147; new instructions to royal governors, 148-49; attitude of England toward, 148-52; inquiry by Randolph, 154-56; mission sent to England, 156-57; purchases title to Maine and estranges England further, 158-59; royal orders in regard to trade and religious liberty, 159-60; attitude toward England, 160-61; sends agents to England, 162; charter forfeited (1684), 163; grows more liberal, 164; territory enlarged, 166; a royal colony, 166 _et seq._; preliminary royal government, 168-69; changes in life of people, 170-73; faults in royal government, 185-89; government of Andros overthrown, 190; resumes self-government, 191; sends Mather to England, 194-96; charter of 1691, 197

Massachusetts Bay Company, charter granted (1629), 26; control passes to Puritans, 27

Massachusetts Commission, personnel, 118-19; object, 120-121; failure, 123-26

Mather, Cotton, quoted, 79

Mather, Increase, 194-95, 196

Maverick, Samuel, 23, 38, 116 _et seq._

_Mayflower, The_, ship, 10, 11

Mayflower Compact, 12-13

Merrymount, 22

Middletown (Conn.), 198

Milford (Conn.), 70

Mishawum (Charlestown), 24

Moody, Lady Deborah, 35

Morrell, 23

Morton, Thomas, 22, 31, 34, 41, 47

Mount Wollaston, 22

Mystic, taken into Connecticut, 109

Naumkeag (Salem), 25

New Amsterdam, seized by English, 110

New England, people of, 72-73; settled by radicals, 73-74; lack of toleration in, 74; town life, 75-76; local color in various settlements, 76-78; witchcraft, 80-81; superstitions of people, 81-82; medicine and surgery, 82-83; education, 83-85; travel, 85-86; homes, 86; money, 86-87; reckoning of time, 87; respect for grants and charters, 88; attitude toward England, 88-90; organization in, 89; rivalry with Dutch and French, 90-91; confederation of colonies, 91 _et seq._; trouble with the French, 94-96; trouble with the Dutch, 96-98; period of readjustment, 129 _et seq._; Indian troubles, 133 _et seq._; boundary disputes, 133; population, 139; menace from French, 177-79; Dominion of, 182-83; brought closer to English control, 199

_New England Canaan_, Morton, 32

New England Confederation _see_ United Colonies of New England

New England Council, 9, 12, 22, 26, 30, 32-33

New Hampshire, influential leaders in, 47; controversy over title, 65; under jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 66-67; separation from Massachusetts, 67, 71; status undecided, 132; military preparedness, 135

New Haven, influential leaders in, 47; settled, 67-68; government, 68-70; combines other plantations under her, 70-71; absorbed by Conn., 71; commercial ventures, 77-78; witchcraft in, 81; misfortunes of, 110-11; surrenders to Connecticut, 111-12; confederation dissolved, 112

New London (Conn.), 198

New Netherlands, conquest of, 122

New Somersetshire, 65

Newark, founded, 112

Newbury, 198

Newport (R. I.), 49, 198

Nicholson, Francis, 183

Nicolls, Richard, 118, 119, 122

Norfolk, a center of Separatism, 6

Norton, John, 103

Nowell, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164

Oldham, John, 56

Palmer, Judge, 187, 191

Partridge, Captain, 54, 55

Pawcatuck, taken into Connecticut, 109

Pequot War (1637), 136-37

Peters, Hugh, 59, 78

Pierson, Abraham, 46, 47, 112

Pilgrims, leave for Holland (1607-08), 7; reasons for leaving Holland, 8; decide to go to America, 8-9; conditions under which expedition was undertaken, 10; journey of the _Mayflower_, 10-12; draw up covenant, 12; life in Plymouth Colony, 14-19; greatness lies in religious influence, 19-20

Plymouth Colony, founded, 12-20; secures right to establish fishing colony, 24; submits to authority of Massachusetts, 71; fishing and trading, 77; witchcraft in, 81; sends mission to England, 104; military preparedness, 135; renews old forms, 192; permanently annexed to Massachusetts, 197

Plymouth, town of, 18

Pocasset (Portsmouth), 48

Portsmouth (N. H.), 66, 198

Portsmouth (R. I.), 51-52; _see also_ Pocasset

Protestantism, controlled by state, 4

Providence, settled, 47-48; court of arbitration at, 51; charter unites with other settlements, 53; government under patent, 53-54

Puritans, obtain control of Massachusetts Bay Company, 27; reach Salem (1630), 29; become Separatists, 37; characteristics of the frontier, 46-47

Pynchon, William, 60, 62, 77

Quakers, come to Boston (1656), 79; treatment, 79-80

Quinnipiac, 68

Randolph, Edward, 147, 152-156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 173, 174, 196

Ratcliffe, Philip, 31, 41

Ratcliffe, Robert, 168-69, 171, 173

Reformation, The, 3

Rhode Island, leaders in, 47; individualism in, 56; colony of separatism, 79; not included in Confederation of colonies, 92; applies for charter, 103; conflicting boundary claims, 113; charter granted, (1663), 113-14; rival claims to, 115; unsettled conditions, 131; surrenders charter, 173; sends council members to Boston, 180; renews old forms, 192

Rhode Island settlements, Providence, 47-48; Pocasset, 48-49; Newport, 49; Shawomet or Warwick, 49

Robinson, John, 6-7, 8

Rossiter, Bray, of Guilford, 83, 111

Rowlandson, Mrs., 143

Roxbury (Mass.), 35

Salem (Mass.), 25, 198; _see also_ Naumkeag

Salem witchcraft, 81

Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 28, 35

Saybrook, 33, 40

Saye and Sele, Lord, 33, 106-07

Scott, John, Captain, 109, 130

Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, a center of Separatism, 6

Separatists, 5 _et seq._

Setauket, 130

Shawmut (Boston), 23

Shawomet, 49

Sheffield, Lord, 24

Slavery forbidden in Rhode Island (1652), 54

Smith, John, 3, 11

Southold on Long Island, 70, 109

_Speedwell, The_, ship, 10

Springfield (Mass), becomes part of Mass., 62; center of fur trade, 77; _see also_ Agawam

Stamford (Conn.), 70, 109, 133, 198

Standish, Miles, 3

Stiles party, 57

Stone, Samuel, 60

Stoughton, William, 156

Stuyvesant, Peter, 97, 109

_Talbot, The_, ship, 29

Uncas, Indian chief, 137

Underhill, 47

United Colonies of New England, 91

Vane, Henry, 33, 35, 40, 59

Vassall, William, 38

Virginia Company of London, 9

Virginia Company of Plymouth, 9

Walford, 24, 41

Warwick, Earl of, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32

Warwick, a Rhode Island settlement, 49

Watertown (Mass.), 35

Wessagusset (Quincy), 21, 22, 23

West, Secretary of Mass., 187, 191

Weston, Thomas, 10, 21

Wethersfield (Conn.), 61, 198

Weymouth (Mass.), 23

Wheelwright, John, 47, 65

White, Rev. John, 24, 27

Whitfield, 78

Whiting, 78

Williams, Roger, driven from Boston, 47; locates at Providence, 47-48; obtains charter, 52-53; quoted, 54; goes to England to confirm patent, 55; in 1660, 78

Windsor (Conn.), 61

Winnissimmet (Chelsea), 23-24

Winslow, Edward, 17, 38, 50, 52

Winslow, John, 190

Winslow, Josiah, General, 142

Winthrop, John, elected Governor of Mass. Bay Colony, 28; leader among the Puritans, 35; died before 1660, 78

Winthrop, John, son of the Governor, 40, 59, 83, 103-04, 106-07

Wise, John, 186

Witchcraft in New England, 80-81

Wollaston, Captain, 22

Wright, Richard, 41

Young, Alse, 81

Young, Captain, 130

+------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the | | original document have been preserved. | | | | Typographical errors corrected in the text: | | | | Page 16 potle changed to pottle | | Page 57 irreconciliable changed to irreconcilable | | Page 67 Hamsphire changed to Hampshire | | Page 205 Arbella changed to Arabella | | Page 205 Brenten changed to Brenton | | Page 209 characteristcs changed to characteristics | +------------------------------------------------------+

End of Project Gutenberg's The Fathers of New England, by Charles M. Andrews