Chapter 8

_Frontier Ethnography and the Turner Thesis_

In the first chapter of his recent study, _The Making of an American Community_, Merle Curti suggests that "less is to be gained by further analysis of Turner's brilliant and far-ranging but often ambiguous presentations than by patient and careful study of particular frontier areas in the light of the investigator's interpretation of Turner's theory."[1] This study was undertaken with just such a purpose in mind. In addition, it is hoped that this investigation will give some insight into the value of ethnography and its usefulness as an analytic technique in studying the frontier.

By definition, ethnography is "the scientific description of nations or races of men, their customs, habits, and differences."[2] Frontier ethnography is the scientific description of the full institutional pattern of a particular group of people, located specifically on a certain frontier, within a certain period of time. That institutional pattern is described from the analysis of data concerning the political and economic systems, and the social structure, including religion, the family, the value system, social classes, art, music, recreation, mythology, and folklore. Also, as noted in the first two chapters of this study, geographic and demographic data have been analyzed in an attempt to picture the area under observation and the people who inhabited that region. It is believed that these various data present a fuller view of the "way of life" of these people than the earlier politico-military accounts of nineteenth-century historians.

Of course, there are certain limitations in this particular analysis. This study is not meant to be typical of the frontier experience or necessarily representative of frontier communities. However, it would have broader implications if a similar study were made for Greene County in western Pennsylvania, where a group composed mainly of Scotch-Irish Presbyterians also set up a "Fair Play system."[3] Furthermore, it is my interpretation of Turner's thesis which is being tested, not the validity of the thesis.

Despite the fact that the Fair Play settlers and their "system" have been referred to by both Pennsylvania and frontier historians in the twentieth century, neither the settlers nor their system has been studied in depth.[4] Meginness and Linn, the foremost historians of the West Branch, were both nineteenth-century writers, and, unfortunately, twentieth-century scholars have not considered the Fair Play settlers worthy of their study. Biographical studies are limited to the work of Edwin MacMinn on Colonel Antes, completed in 1900. As a result, there has been a definite need for an investigation collating the researches of these earlier historians and based upon the available primary data. This study is an attempt to fill the void.

The seeming paucity of primary source materials is a further complication to the student of Fair Play history. However, letters, journals, diaries, probate records, tax lists, pension claims, and court records offer adequate data to the inquiring historian, although the extra-legal character of the settlement seriously reduced the public record. Nevertheless, the broad scope of ethnography provides the kind of study for which the data supply a rather full picture of life on this frontier. Political, economic, and social patterns are discernible, although no day-by-day account for any extended period has been uncovered.

This ethnographic analysis demonstrates the merits of the "civilization approach" to history. Examining every aspect of a society, it provides more than a mere "battles and leaders" account. The result gives insight into a "style of life" rather than a chronology of highlights. This study has investigated the full institutional structure of the Fair Play frontier, evaluating that structure in terms of a developing democracy, or, at least, of democratic tendencies.

American civilization was a frontier civilization from the outset, and that frontier experience was significant in the development of American democracy. Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis, which has probably inspired more historical scholarship than any other American thesis, stated that "the existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development."[5] That development took place on successive frontiers stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast over a period of almost three centuries. Turner's second frontier, the Allegheny Mountains, marked the farmers' frontier of the Fair Play settlers of the West Branch Valley.

It was on the frontier, according to Turner, that the "true" traits of American character emerged; its composite nationality, its self-reliant spirit, its independence of thought and action, its nationalism, and its rationalistic approach to the problems of a pioneer existence. The Fair Play settlers, American frontiersmen, suggested some of these traits in their character. Recognizing the data limitations of this study, the evidence indicates some validation of this test of Turner's model. However, it would be presumptuous indeed to conclude that this analysis offers a complete demonstration of the impact of the frontier in the development of traits of character which Turner classified as American.

The composite nationality of the Fair Play settlers is particularly evident from the demographic analysis offered at the beginning of this study.[6] Seven different national stock groups appeared on this frontier: Scotch-Irish, English, German, Scots, Irish, Welsh, and French. Here, indeed, was "the crucible of the frontier," in which settlers were "Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race."[7]

The legendary self-reliance of the frontiersman is not without some basis in fact. The nature of the frontier experience itself was conducive to its development. Its appearance among the Fair Play settlers is implied in various contexts. Politically, it is suggested in the creation of the Fair Play men, the annual governing tribunal, an extra-legal political agency in this extra-Provincial territory. Economically, it is intimated in the image of the frontier farmer tackling the wilderness with rifle and plow and the unbounded determination to make a better life for himself and his family. Socially, the self-reliance of these doughty pioneers is indicated in the continuation of their religious practices and worship, despite the absence of any organized church. Their self reliance is indicated, as well, in the flexibility of a social structure whose main criterion was achievement, a society in which "what" you were was more important than "who" you were. These examples are, of course, only brief glimpses of the elusive trait of self-reliance which Turner considered typical of the frontier.

Independence, or the ability to act independently, was a characteristic frontier trait, according to Turner. The Fair Play settlers presented some contradictions. It is true that they organized their own system of government and the code under which it operated. However, their key leaders lived on the periphery; and the settlers petitioned the Commonwealth government for assistance in the vital questions of defense and pre-emption rights.[8] The Fair Play settlers were generally independent, a condition promoted by the necessities of frontier life; but, obviously, they were not isolated.

It is difficult to assess the nationalizing influence of this particular frontier. In the first place, aside from the Second Continental Congress, there was no national government during most of the Fair Play period. The Articles of Confederation were not ratified until 1781, and Fair Play territory was opened to settlement after the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784. Furthermore, the patriotism of the Fair Play settlers seems to reflect an ethnocentric pride in their own territory and an exaggerated interpretation of its significance to the developing nation.[9] Their patriotism was apparently for an ideal, liberty, to which they were devoted, having already enjoyed it in a nation only recently declared, but yet to be recognized. And, for its support, there had been a rush to the colors by these settlers "beyond the purchase line."[10] The "real American Revolution," as John Adams described it, was "in the minds and hearts of the people," and it was "effected before the war Commenced."[11] That revolution had already occurred in the Fair Play territory prior to the firing of "the shot heard round the world" on Lexington green.

The frontier experience had a profound influence on the development of the American philosophy of pragmatism. Turner claimed that it was "to the frontier" that "the American intellect owe[d] its striking characteristics."[12] And the Fair Play settlers showed that

... coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom....[13]

The frontiersman of the West Branch was a free spirit in a free land, a doer rather than a thinker, more concerned with the "hows" than the "whys" of survival. This practical approach to problems can be seen in the homes he built, the tools he made, the clothes he wore, the political and social systems under which he operated, and the set of values by which he was motivated. The development of these characteristic American traits owed much to the frontier and the new experiences which it offered.

This ethnographic analysis of the Fair Play settlers of the West Branch Valley has attempted to present a clearer picture of the "style of life" on this particular frontier and, in so doing, to suggest a further technique for the frontier historian. There are, no doubt, certain defects in this specific study, but the fault lies with the limitations of the data rather than the technique. The scope of this investigation has carried into questions of geography, demography, politics, economics, social systems, and leadership. Unfortunately, the frontier had not yet provided the leisure essential to artistic and aesthetic pursuits. Consequently, these areas were given a limited treatment. Furthermore, the mythology and folklore of this valley offered little of record. However, the breadth of this analysis has furnished evidence of the existence of democracy on this frontier and, thus, support for Turner's thesis, or at least for this interpretation of it.

The geographic analysis has clarified the question of the Tiadaghton, demonstrating that Lycoming Creek, rather than Pine Creek, was the true eastern boundary of the Fair Play territory. The substantial destruction of an erroneous legend has been the main contribution of the geographic part of this study.[14] It is now clear that the Fair Play territory extended from Lycoming Creek, on the north side of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, to the Great Island, just east of Lock Haven. This frontier region was beyond the legal limit of settlement of the Province and the Commonwealth from 1769 to 1784. Hence, within its limits was formed the extra-legal political system known as Fair Play.

The demographic portion of this study has added to the undermining of the frontier myth of the Scotch-Irish. The evidence presented here indicates that it was the frontier, rather than national origin, which affected the behavior of the pioneers of the West Branch Valley. The Fair Play settlers, a mixed population of seven national stock groups, reacted similarly to the common problems of the frontier experience. In one important exception, the Fair Play system itself, there is, however, an apparent contradiction. Since no account of any "fair play system" has turned up in the annals of the Cumberland Valley, the American reservoir of the Scotch-Irish, it seems quite probable that the "system" originated in either Northern Ireland or Scotland, or else on the frontier itself. This probability offers good ground for further study, particularly when the existence of a similar "system" in Greene County, which was found in conjunction with this investigation, is considered.[15] If the Fair Play system originated on the frontier, why did not it also appear on the Virginia and Carolina frontiers where the Scotch-Irish predominated? Regardless, the lack of data corroborating the American origin of the Fair Play system leads to the conclusion that the germ of this political organization was brought to this country by the Scotch-Irish from their cultural heritage, and that those elements were found usable under the frontier conditions of both central and southwestern Pennsylvania. If so, the politics of "fair play" will add to, rather than detract from, the myth of the Scotch-Irish.

This study has also brought forward the first complete account of court records validating the activities of the Fair Play men. Mainly concerned with the adjudication of land questions, this frontier tribunal developed an unwritten code which encompassed the problems of settlement, tenure, and ejectment. Subsequently reviewed in the regular courts of the counties of which the Fair Play territory became a part, these cases provide substantial evidence of the existence of a "system" as well as insight into the manner of its operation. The fairness of the Fair Play system is marked by the fact that none of the decisions of its tribunal was later reversed in the established county courts. Supplemented by the Committee of Safety for Northumberland County and augmented by peripheral leaders, who gave them a voice in the higher councils of the State, the Fair Play men and their government proved adequate to the needs of the settlers, until all were driven off in the Great Runaway of 1778.

Some corroboration for the legendary tale of a "Fair Play Declaration of Independence" was found in the course of this study. Although consisting, in the main, of accounts culled from the records of Revolutionary War pension claimants made some eighty years after the event, the evidence is that of a contemporary.[16] However, the most common objection to this conclusion, that the Fair Play declaration was merely the reading of a copy of Jefferson's Declaration, is unsubstantiated by the archival descriptions.[17] Perhaps the Fair Play declaration is apocryphal, but, lacking valid disclaimers, the Hamilton data offer some basis for a judgment. It is the tentative conclusion of this writer that there was such a declaration on the banks of Pine Creek in July of 1776.

The Fair Play territory was truly "an area of free land" in which a "new order of Americanism" emerged.[18] Individualistic and self-reliant of necessity, the pioneers of this farmers' frontier rationally developed their solution to the problem of survival in the wilderness, a democratic squatter sovereignty. With land readily available and a free labor system to work it, provided that the family was large enough to assure sufficient "hands," these agrarian frontiersmen not only cultivated the soil but also a free society. And their cooperative spirit, despite their mixed national origins, was markedly noticeable at harvesttime. From such spirit are communities formed, and from such communities a democratic society emerges.

This analysis has not only described the geography and demography, the politics and economics of the Fair Play settlers; it has also examined the basis and structure of this society, including the value system which undergirded it. The results have pictured the religious liberty extant in a frontier society isolated from any regular or established church, a liberty of conscience which left each man free to worship according to the dictates of his own faith. This freedom, this right to choose for himself, made the Fair Play settler surprisingly receptive to other groups and their practices, practices which he was free to reject, and often did.[19] This analysis has also pointed up the class structure and its significance in promoting order in a frontier community. And finally, an examination of the value system of these Pennsylvania pioneers has provided an understanding of why they behaved as they did.

The last major aspect of this investigation concerned the nature of leadership. Determined by the people, and thus essentially democratic, it had certain peculiar characteristics. In the first place, the top leaders tended to come from the Fair Play community in its broadest social sense, but not from the Fair Play territory in its narrow geographic sense.[20] Secondly, the political participation of the Fair Play settlers, if office-holding is any criterion, emphasizes the high degree of involvement in terms of the total population.[21] And last, this leadership appeared to be overextended when faced with the problem of defending its own frontier and the new nation which was striving so desperately for independence. Consequently, it was forced to turn to established government for support. This may have been the embryonic beginning of the nationalism which the frontier fostered in later generations.

What then, is the meaning of this particular study, an ethnographic interpretation of Turner's thesis? Turner himself, gave the best argument for ethnography. He said that

... the economist, the political scientist, the psychologist, the sociologist, the geographer, the student of literature, of art, of religion--all the allied laborers in the study of society--have contributions to make to the equipment of the historian. These contributions are partly of material, partly of tools, partly of new points of view, new hypotheses, new suggestions of relations, causes, and emphasis. Each of these special students is in some danger of bias by his particular point of view, by his exposure to see simply the thing in which he is primarily interested, and also by his effort to deduce the universal laws of his separate science. The historian, on the other hand, is exposed to the danger of dealing with the complex and interacting social forces of a period or of a country from some single point of view to which his special training or interest inclines him. If the truth is to be made known, the historian must so far familiarize himself with the work, and equip himself with the training of his sister-subjects that he can at least avail himself of their results and in some reasonable degree master the essential tools of their trade.[22]

Frontier ethnography is just such an effort.

The frontier ethnographer then, because of his interdisciplinary approach, can capture the spirit of pioneer life. And if, as Turner suggested, the frontier explains American development, then frontier ethnography presents an understanding of the American ethos with its ideals of discovery, democracy, and individualism.[23] These ideals characterize "the American spirit and the meaning of America in world history."[24]

The ideal of discovery, "the courageous determination to break new paths," as Turner called it, was abundantly evident in the Fair Play territory of the West Branch Valley.[25] This innovating spirit can be seen in the piercing of the Provincial boundary, despite the restrictive legislation to the contrary, and the establishment of homes in Indian territory.[26] It was also demonstrated in a marvelous adaptability in solving the new problems of the frontier, problems for which the old dogmas were no longer applicable. The new world of the Susquehanna frontier made new men, Americans.

Self-determination, the ideal of democracy as we have defined it, was the cornerstone of Fair Play society. Its particular contribution was the Fair Play "system" with its popularly elected tribunal of Fair Play men. Perhaps this was the proper antecedent of the commission form of local government which came into vogue on the progressive wave of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Regardless, the geographic limitations of the Fair Play territory, the frequency of elections, and the open conduct of meetings tend to substantiate the democratic evaluation which has been made of the politics of this frontier community. Furthermore, as was pointed out in the last chapter, this self-determination was the key characteristic of the economic and social life of these people.[27]

The pioneer ideal of creative and competitive individualism, which Turner considered America's best contribution to history and to progress, was an essential of the frontier experience which became an integral part of the American mythology.[28] The "myth of the happy yeoman," as one historian called it, is still revered in American folklore and respected in American politics, whether it is outmoded or not.[29] The primitive nature of frontier life developed this characteristically American trait and the family, the basic organization of social control, promoted it. It was this promotion, with its antipathy to any outside control, which stimulated the Revolution, creating an American nation from an already existing American character.

The individualism of the West Branch frontier is also apparent in the administration of justice. The Fair Play system emphasized the personality of law, by its very title, rather than the organized machinery of justice.[30] Frontier law was personal and direct, resulting in the unchecked development of the individual, a circumstance which Turner considered the significant product of this frontier democracy.[31] Being personal, though, it had meaning for those affected by it, as an anecdote noted earlier indicated.[32]

Individualism has become somewhat of an anachronism in a mass society, but its obsolescence today is part of the current American tragedy. The buoyant self-confidence which it inspired has made much of the American dream a reality. Legislation, it is true, has taken the place of free lands as the means of preserving democracy, but it will be a hollow triumph if that legislation suppresses this essential trait of the American character, its individualism. No intelligent person today would recommend a return to the laissez-faire individualism of the Social Darwinists of the late nineteenth century, but it must be admitted that a society emphasizing the worth of the individual and dedicated to principles of justice and fair play, the banner under which the frontiersmen of the West Branch operated, has genuine merit.

Whether the historian is analyzing old frontiers or charting new ones, the timeless question remains: does man have the intelligence adequate to secure his own survival? The old frontiers, such as the Fair Play territory of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, were free lands of opportunity for a better life, and the history of the westward movement of the American people gives ample proof of their conquest. But the new frontiers are not so clearly marked or so easily conquered. Perhaps a re-examination of the history of the old frontiers can give increased meaning to the problems of the new. This investigation was attempted, in part, to serve such a purpose.

The intelligent solution to the problem of survival for the pioneers of the West Branch Valley was fair play. The ethnography of the Fair Play settlers is the record of the democratic development of an American community under the impact of the new experience of the frontier.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] P. 2.

[2] _The Oxford Universal Dictionary_ (Oxford, 1955), p. 637.

[3] Solon and Elizabeth Buck, _The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania_ (Pittsburgh, 1939), pp. 431 and 451.

[4] _See_, for example, Dunaway, _A History of Pennsylvania_, p. 146, and _The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania_, pp. 159-160; _also_, Leyburn, _The Scotch-Irish_, p. 306.

[5] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, p. 1.

[6] _See_ Chapter Two.

[7] Quoted by Ray Allen Billington in his introduction to Turner, _Frontier and Section_, p. 5.

[8] _Pennsylvania Archives_, Second Series, III, 217-218, 518-522.

[9] This pride was notably demonstrated in the insistence of the Fair Play settlers that a stand be made at Fort Augusta following the Great Runaway. Previous to this, they had pleaded for support for "our Common Cause" in the defense of this frontier. _Pennsylvania Archives_, Second Series, III, 217.

[10] _Pennsylvania Archives_, Second Series, X, 27-31, 417, and Fifth Series, II, 29-35.

[11] Quoted in Clinton Rossiter, _The First American Revolution_ (New York, 1956), pp. 4-5.

[12] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, p. 37.

[13] _Ibid._

[14] _See also_, George D. Wolf, "The Tiadaghton Question," _The Lock Haven Review_, Series I, No. 5 (1963), 61-71.

[15] Buck, _The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania_, pp. 431, 451.

[16] Anna Jackson Hamilton to Hon. George C. Whiting, Commissioner of Pensions, Dec. 16, 1858, Wagner Collection, Muncy Historical Society.

[17] _Colonial Records_, X, 634-635. The following resolution of Congress was entered in the minutes of the Council of Safety on July 5, 1776:

_Resolved_, That Copies of the Declaration be sent to the several Assemblies, Conventions, and Councils of Safety, and to the several Commanding Officers of the Continental Troops, that it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the Head of the Army.

By order of Congress. sign'd, JOHN HANCOCK, Presid't.

Provision was also made for the reading in Philadelphia at 12 noon on July 8, and letters were sent to Bucks, Chester, Northampton, Lancaster, and Berks counties with copies of the Declaration to be posted on Monday the 8th where elections for delegates were to be held. For some reason, the frontier counties of Bedford, Cumberland, Westmoreland, York, and Northumberland, contiguous to the Fair Play territory, were omitted from these instructions.

[18] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, pp. 1, 18.

[19] _The Journal of William Colbert_ gives frequent testimony to this statement, as indicated in Chapter Five.

[20] _See_ the map in Chapter One for the geographic boundaries of the Fair Play territory. Note the location of the top leaders, Henry and Frederick Antes and Robert Fleming, in Chapter Six.

[21] The number of different office-holders runs to better than ten per cent of the population.

[22] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, pp. 333-334.

[23] _Ibid._, pp. 306-307.

[24] _Ibid._, p. 306.

[25] _Ibid._

[26] Meginness, _Otzinachson_ (1857), pp. 163-164.

[27] _See_ Chapter Seven for an evaluation of "Democracy on the Pennsylvania Frontier."

[28] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, p. 307.

[29] Richard Hofstadter, "The Myth of the Happy Yeoman," _American Heritage_, VII, No. 3 (April, 1956), 43-53.

[30] The term "the personality of the law" is Turner's and emphasizes the men who carried out the law, rather than its structure. The fact that the ruling tribunal of the West Branch Valley was referred to as the "Fair Play men" rather than the "tribunal" illustrates this contention.

[31] Turner, _The Frontier in American History_, pp. 253-254.

[32] _See_ Chapter Three, n. 24.

_Bibliography_

BOOKS

Albion, Robert G. and Leonidas Dodson (eds.). _Philip Vickers Fithian: Journal, 1775-1776._ Princeton, 1934.

American Council of Learned Societies. "Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States," _Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1931_, I. Washington, 1932.

Andrews, Charles M. _Colonial Folkways._ New Haven, 1919.

----. _Guide to the Materials for American History to 1783 in the Public Record Office of Great Britain._ Washington, 1912.

---- and Frances G. Davenport. _Guide to the Manuscript Materials for the History of the United States to 1783, in the British Museum, in Minor London Archives, and in the Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge._ Washington, 1908.

Barck, Oscar T., Jr., and Hugh T. Lefler. _Colonial America._ New York, 1958.

Bates, Samuel P. _Greene County._ Chicago, 1888.

Becker, Carl L. _Beginnings of the American People._ Ithaca, N. Y., 1960.

Bell, Herbert. _History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania._ Chicago, 1891.

Billington, Ray Allen. _Westward Expansion._ New York, 1960.

Boyd, Julian P., and Robert J. Taylor (eds.). _The Susquehanna Company Papers_, 1750-1775. 6 vols. Ithaca, N. Y., 1962.

Bridenbaugh, Carl and Jessica. _Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin._ New York, 1962.

Buck, Solon J. and Elizabeth H. _The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania._ Pittsburgh, 1939.

Calhoun, Arthur W. _A Social History of the American Family_, I. New York, 1960.

Cocks, Robert S. _One Hundred and Fifty Years of Evangelism, The History of Northumberland Presbytery, 1811-1961._ 1961.

Commager, Henry S. _Documents of American History_, I. New York, 1958.

Crick, B. R. and Miriam Alman (eds.). _A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to America in Great Britain and Ireland._ New York, 1961.

Curti, Merle, _et al._ _The Making of an American Community, A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County._ Stanford, 1959.

Day, Richard E. (comp.). _Calendar of the Sir William Johnson Manuscripts in the New York State Library._ Albany, N. Y., 1909.

DePuy, Henry F. _A Bibliography of the English Colonial Treaties with the American Indians including a Synopsis of Each Treaty._ New York, 1917.

DeSchweinitz, Edmund A. _The Life and Times of David Zeisberger._ Philadelphia, 1870.

Doddridge, Joseph. _Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania._ Pittsburgh, 1912.

Dunaway, Wayland F. _A History of Pennsylvania._ Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1948.

----. _The Scotch-Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania._ Chapel Hill, 1944.

Egle, William H. _History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania._ Philadelphia, 1883.

---- (ed.). _Historical Register: Notes and Queries, Historical and Genealogical, relating to Interior Pennsylvania_, 2 vols. Harrisburg, 1883-84.

----. _Pennsylvania Genealogies; Scotch-Irish and German._ Harrisburg, 1886, 1896.

Frost, Robert. _Complete Poems of Robert Frost._ New York, 1949.

Hall, Carrie A., and Rose G. Kretsinger. _The Romance of the Patchwork Quilt in America._ New York, 1935.

Hanna, C. A. _The Scotch-Irish._ 2 vols. New York, 1902.

Jones, U. J. _History of the Early Settlements of the Juniata Valley._ Philadelphia, 1856.

Klett, Guy S. _Presbyterians in Colonial Pennsylvania._ Philadelphia, 1937.

Leopold, Richard W., and Arthur S. Link (eds.). _Problems in American History._ Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1957.

Leyburn, James G. _The Scotch-Irish: A Social History._ Chapel Hill, 1962.

Lincoln, Charles A. (comp.). _Calendar of Sr. William Johnson Manuscripts in the Library of the American Antiquarian Society._ ("Transactions of the Society," Vol. XI.) Worcester, 1906.

Linn, John B. _History of Centre and Clinton Counties, Pennsylvania._ Philadelphia, 1883.

----. _Annals of Buffalo Valley._ Harrisburg, 1877.

MacMinn, Edwin. _On the Frontier with Colonel Antes._ Camden, N. J., 1900.

Maginnis, T. H., Jr. _The Irish Contribution to American Independence._ Philadelphia, 1913.

Martin, A. E., and H. H. Shenk. _Pennsylvania History Told by Contemporaries._ New York, 1925.

Martindale, Don. _American Society._ New York, 1960.

Maynard, D. S. _Historical View of Clinton County, from its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time._ Lock Haven, 1875.

Meginness, John F. _Biographical Annals of the West Branch Valley._ Williamsport, 1889.

----. _History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania._ Chicago, 1872.

----. _Otzinachson: or a History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna._ Philadelphia, 1857.

----. _Otzinachson: A History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna._ Williamsport, 1889.

National Education Association. _The Education of Free Men in American Democracy._ Washington, 1941.

O'Callaghan, E. B. _Documentary History of the State of New York_, I. Albany, N. Y., 1849.

_The Oxford Universal Dictionary._ Oxford, 1955.

Parkes, Henry Bamford. _The American Experience._ New York, 1959.

The Pennsylvania Writers' Project, Work Projects Administration. _A Picture of Clinton County._ Williamsport, 1942.

----. _A Picture of Lycoming County._ Williamsport, 1939.

Proud, Robert. _History of Pennsylvania in North America._ 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1797, 1798.

Ranney, Austin, and Willmoore Kendall. _Democracy and the American Party System._ New York, 1956.

Rossiter, Clinton. _The First American Revolution._ New York, 1956.

Rothermund, Dietmar. _The Layman's Progress._ Philadelphia, 1961.

Rupp, Israel D. (ed.). _A Collection of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, Portuguese, and other Immigrants in Pennsylvania, Chronologically Arranged from 1727 to 1776._ Harrisburg, 1856.

Sanderson, W. H. _Historical Reminiscences_, ed. Henry W. Shoemaker. Altoona, 1920.

Sergeant, Thomas. _View of the Land Laws of Pennsylvania with Notices of its Early History and Legislation._ Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, 1838.

Shimmell, Lewis S. _Border Warfare in Pennsylvania During the Revolution._ Harrisburg, 1901.

Singmaster, Elsie. _Pennsylvania's Susquehanna._ Harrisburg, 1950.

Smith, Charles. _Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania_, II. Philadelphia, 1810.

Stevens, Benjamin F. _Catalogue Index of Manuscripts in the Archives of England, France, Holland, and Spain relating to America, 1763-1783._ London, 1870-1902. (In manuscript in the Library of Congress.)

Stevens, Joseph. _History of the Presbytery of Northumberland._ Williamsport, 1881.

Sullivan, James (ed.). _The Papers of Sir William Johnson_, I-III. Albany, 1921.

Taylor, George R. _The Turner Thesis Concerning the Role of the Frontier in American History_ ("Problems in American Civilization."). Boston, 1956.

Theiss, Lewis E. "Early Agriculture," _Susquehanna Tales_ (Sunbury, 1955), 88-89.

Tome, Philip. _Pioneer Life; or Thirty Years a Hunter._ Harrisburg, 1928.

Trinterud, Leonard J. _The Forming of an American Tradition: A Re-Examination of Colonial Presbyterianism._ Philadelphia, 1949.

Turner, Frederick Jackson. _Frontier and Section: Selected Essays of Frederick Jackson Turner._ Intro. by Ray Allen Billington. Englewood, Cliffs, N. J., 1961.

----. _The Frontier in American History._ New York, 1963.

Volwiler, Albert T. _George Croghan and the Westward Movement 1741-1783._ Cleveland, 1926.

Wallace, Paul A. W. _Conrad Weiser._ Philadelphia, 1945.

----. _Indians in Pennsylvania._ Harrisburg, 1961.

----. _Pennsylvania: Seed of a Nation._ New York, 1962.

Webb, Walter Prescott. _The Great Plains._ New York, 1931.

Wertenbaker, Thomas J. _The First Americans 1607-1690._ New York, 1962.

----. _The Founding of American Civilization: The Middle Colonies._ New York, 1949.

Wittke, Carl. _We Who Built America._ 1963.

Wright, J. E., and Doris S. Corbett. _Pioneer Life In Western Pennsylvania._ Pittsburgh, 1940.

Wright, Louis B. _Culture on the Moving Frontier._ Bloomington, Ind., 1955.

----. _The Atlantic Frontier._ New York, 1947.

----. _The Cultural Life of the American Colonies, 1607-1763._ New York, 1957.

Yeates, Jasper. _Pennsylvania Reports_, I. Philadelphia and St. Louis, 1871.

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS

_Appearance Docket Commencing 1797_, No. 2. Lycoming County, Office of the Prothonotor, Williamsport.

_Colonial Records_, IX. Harrisburg, 1852.

_Colonial Records_, X. Harrisburg, 1852.

_Colonial Records_, XI. Harrisburg, 1852.

_Colonial Records_, XII. Harrisburg, 1852.

_Colonial Records_, XX. Harrisburg, 1852.

_Pennsylvania Archives_, [First Series], XI. Philadelphia, 1855.

----, [First Series], XII. Philadelphia, 1856.

----, Second Series, II. Harrisburg, 1876.

----, Second Series, III. Harrisburg, 1875.

----, Second Series, XVII. Harrisburg, 1890.

----, Third Series, XI-XXII. Harrisburg, 1897.

_New Purchase Applications, Nos. 1823 and 2611_, April 3, 1769. Bureau of Land Records, Harrisburg.

_Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania._ Harrisburg, 1916.

ARTICLES AND ESSAYS

Baelyn, Bernard. "Political Experiences and Enlightenment Ideas in Eighteenth-Century America," _American Historical Review_, LXVII (January, 1962), 339-351.

Beck, Herbert H. "Martin Meylin, A Progenitor of the Pennsylvania Rifle," _Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society_, LIII (1949), 33-61.

Berger, Robert. "The Story of Baptist Beginnings in Lycoming County," _Now and Then_, XII (July, 1960), 274-280.

Bertin, Eugene P. "Primary Streams of Lycoming County," _Now and Then_, VIII (October, 1947), 258-259.

Carter, John H. "The Committee of Safety of Northumberland County," _The Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings and Addresses_, XVIII (1950), 33-54.

Champagne, Roger. "Family Politics Versus Constitutional Principles: The New York Assembly Elections of 1768 and 1769," _William and Mary Quarterly_, Third Series, XX (January, 1963), 57-79.

Clark, Chester. "Pioneer Life in the New Purchase," _Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings and Addresses_, VII (1935), 16-44.

Deans, John Bacon. "The Migration of the Connecticut Yankees to the West Branch of the Susquehanna River," _Proceedings of the Northumberland County Historical Society_ (1954), 34-55.

"Diary of the Unknown Traveler," _Now and Then_, X (January, 1954), 307-313.

"Eleanor Coldren's Depositions," _Now and Then_, XII (October, 1959), 220-222.

Everett, F. B. "Early Presbyterianism along the West Branch of the Susquehanna River," _Journal Presbyterian Historical Society_, XII (October, 1927), 481-485.

Garrison, Hazel Shields. "Cartography of Pennsylvania Before 1800," _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, LIX (July, 1935), 255-283.

Gross, Rebecca F. "Postscript to the Week," Lock Haven _Express_ (August 3, 1963), 4.

Hofstadter, Richard. "The Myth of the Happy Yeoman," _American Heritage_, VII (April, 1956), 43-53.

Johns, John O. "July 4, 1776--Rediscovered." _Commonwealth: The Magazine for Pennsylvania_, II (July, 1948), 2-16.

Jordan, John W. (contributor), "Spangenberg's Notes of Travel to Onondaga in 1745," _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, II (No. 4, 1878), 424-432.

Klett, Guy S. "Scotch-Irish Presbyterian Pioneering Along The Susquehanna River," _Pennsylvania History_, XX (April, 1953), 165-179.

Linn, John Blair. "Indian Land and Its Fair Play Settlers, 1773-1785," _The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, VII (No. 4, 1883), 420-425.

"Map Drawn by John Adlum, District Surveyor, 1792, Found Among the Bingham Papers," _Now & Then_, X. (July, 1952), 148-150.

Meginness, John F. "The Scotch-Irish of the Upper Susquehanna Valley," _Scotch-Irish Society of America Proceedings and Addresses_, VIII (1897), 159-169.

Neal, Don. "Freedom Outpost," _Pennsylvania Game News_, XXXI (July, 1960), 6-10.

Russell, Helen Herritt. "The Documented Story of the Fair Play Men and Their Government," _Proceedings of the Northumberland County Historical Society_, XXII (1958), 16-43.

----. "The Great Runaway of 1778," _The Journal of the Lycoming Historical Society_, II (No. 4, 1961), 3-10.

----. "The Great Runaway of 1778," _The Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings and Addresses_, XXIII (1960), 1-16.

----. "Signers of the Pine Creek Declaration of Independence," _Proceedings of the Northumberland County Historical Society_, XXII (1958), 1-15.

Silver, James W. (ed.). "An Autobiographical Sketch of Chauncey Brockway," _Pennsylvania History_, XXV (April, 1958), 137-161.

Stille, C. J. "Pennsylvania and the Declaration of Independence," _Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography_, XIII (No. 4, 1889), 385-429.

Wallace, Paul A. W., Excerpt from letter, Sept. 2, 1952, _Now and Then_, X (October, 1952), 184.

Wilkinson, Norman B. (ed.). "Mr. Davy's Diary," _Now and Then_, X (April, 1954), 336-343.

Williams, E. Melvin. "The Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania," _Americana_ XVII (1923), 374-387.

Williams, Richmond D. "Col. Thomas Hartley's Expedition of 1778," _Now and Then_, XII (April, 1960), 258-259.

Wolf, George D. "The Tiadaghton Question," _The Lock Haven Review_, Series I, No. 5 (1963), 61-71.

Wood, T. Kenneth (ed.). "Journal of an English Emigrant Farmer," _Lycoming Historical Society Proceedings and Papers_, No. 6 (1928).

----. _Now and Then_, X (July, 1952), 148-150.

---- (ed.). "Observations Made By John Bartram In His Travels From Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego and the Lake Ontario in 1743," _Now and Then_, V (1936), 90.

UNPUBLISHED STUDIES

Turner, Morris K. "The Commercial Relations of the Susquehanna Valley During the Colonial Period." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1916.

_MANUSCRIPTS_

MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS

Zebulon Butler Papers, Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

Rev. John Cuthbertson's Diary, 1716-1791 (microfilm, 2 reels). The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.

Journal of William Colbert (typescript). Property of the Rev. Charles F. Berkheimer of Williamsport, Pa. Original (1792-1794) at the Garrett Biblical Seminary, Chicago. (Copy also at Lycoming College, Williamsport.)

Revolutionary War Pension Claims (typescript). Wagner Collection, Muncy Historical Society and Museum of History, Muncy, Pa.

PERSONAL CORRESPONDENCE

Mrs. Solon J. Buck, Washington, D. C, June 22, 1963, to the author.

Alfred P. James, Pittsburgh, July 16, 1963, to the author.

Peter Marshall, Berkeley, Calif., May 19, 1962, to the author.

Mrs. Phyllis V. Parsons, Collegeville, Pa., October 21, 1962, to the author.

Paul A. W. Wallace, Harrisburg, February 16, 1961, July 30, August 24, and December 17, 1962, to the author.

_Index_

Adlum, John, 9, 10, 13

Alexander, James, 26

Allegheny Mountains, 1, 2, 47, 102

Allison, Rev. Francis, 67

American Revolution, 23, 33, 34, 44, 49, 54, 68, 71, 84, 86, 103, 104, 110

Antes, Frederick, 77-82, 87

Antes, Henry, Jr., 40, 42, 76-83, 101

Antes, Henry, Sr., 78

Antes, Joseph, 42

Antes, Philip, 42

Antes, William, 78

Antes Mill, 79, 80, 82

Art, 70

Arthur, Robert, 41

Atlee, Samuel J., 5

Bald Eagle Creek, 22, 48, 67, 79

Bald Eagle Mountains, 14

Bald Eagle Township, 45, 46, 84

Bald Eagle's Nest, 48

Baptists, 68

Barn-raisings, 60, 95, 97

Bartram, John, 9-11, 13

Bertin, Eugene P., 7

"Beulah Land," 71

Bingham, William, 11

Blackwell, 71

Bonner, Barnabas, 40

Books, 69, 70

Brainerd, Rev. David, 67

Bryce, James, 89, 90

Bucks County, 19

Burnet's Hills, 6

"Cabin right," 37

Cabin-raisings, 48, 51, 60, 74, 95, 97

Caldwell, Bratton, 40, 41

Calhoune, George, 26

Cammal, 71

Campbell, Cleary, 26, 62

Campbell, William, Jr., 26

Carlisle Presbytery, 67

Charter of Privileges, 96

Chester County, 19, 20

Children, 55

Clark, Francis, 42

Clark, John, 26

Colbert, William, 61-63, 65, 70

Coldren, Eleanor, 40, 83, 92, 96

Commerce, 56

Committee of Safety, 34, 44, 45, 48, 54, 77, 81-83, 88, 106

Connecticut, 20, 21, 23, 31

Constitutional Convention, Pennsylvania (1776), 80, 83, 87

Continental Congress, 85, 103

Cooke, William, 26

"Corn right," 37

Council of Safety, 34, 44

Covenhoven, Robert, 22

Crawford, James, 77, 82, 83

Cruger, Daniel, 96

Culbertson, Mr., 67

Cumberland County, 19, 20

Cumberland Valley, 47, 105

Curti, Merle, 76, 100

Dauphin County, 19, 20

Davy, Mr., 56, 63

Declaration of Independence, 42, 43, 71, 74, 106

"Declaration of Independence" of Fair Play Settlers, 42-44, 61, 62, 71, 74, 83, 106, 107

Defense, 84, 103, 108

Demography, 16-29, 100, 104-107

DeSchweinitz, Edmund A., 8, 10

Dewitt, Abraham, 40

Dewitt, Peter, 95, 96

Dickinson, John, 43, 78, 81

Donegal Presbytery, 67

Dougherty, Samuel, 40

Drinking, 71, 72, 74, 75, 98

Duncan, Mr., 38

Dunn, William, 96

Economic institutions, 89-91, 97, 99-102, 104, 107, 109; _see also_ Farming

Education, 17, 58, 65, 69

Ejectment, 35-39, 41, 106

English, 16-20, 24-26, 28, 54, 57, 58, 83, 84, 93, 95, 102

Ettwein, Bishop John, 9, 10, 13

Evans, Lewis, 9-11, 13

Fair Play men, 3, 31, 35-36, 38, 40, 41, 45, 73, 77, 81-83, 92, 94, 95, 97, 102, 109; _see also_ Tribunal, Fair Play

Faith, 17, 68, 73, 75, 98, 99

Family life, 17, 58, 64, 65, 68, 100, 110

Ferguson, Thomas, 40

Fithian, Philip Vickers, 9, 10, 13, 43, 53, 61, 66, 67, 69, 79, 82

Fleming, Betsey, 53

Fleming, John, 43, 66, 67, 69, 77, 81, 82, 85

Fleming, Robert, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87

Forster, Thomas, 26

Fort Antes, 34, 78, 80, 81, 86, 93

Fort Augusta, 22, 71, 79, 85

Fort Fleming, 81

Fort Horn, 34, 82-84, 86, 93

Fort Muncy, 34

Fort Reed, 34, 81, 83, 86

Fort Stanwix, Treaties of, 2, 3, 5-9, 12, 13, 21, 25, 29, 33, 34, 36, 67, 81, 86, 103

Forts, 64, 77, 81-83

Franklin, Benjamin, 52, 81

French, 2, 16-18, 58, 86, 95, 102

French and Indian War, 2, 16, 21

Galbreath, Robert, 9, 11

General Assembly, 9, 11, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 96

George III, 84

Germans, 16-20, 24-26, 28, 54, 57, 58, 82-84, 93, 95, 102

Germantown, 78, 83

Great Island, 3, 12, 14, 34, 35, 40, 48, 67, 79, 81, 105

Great Runaway 21-23, 29, 33, 34, 71, 80, 84, 85, 88, 106

Great Shamokin Path, 47, 48

Greene County, 100, 101, 105

Grier, Rev. Isaac, 67

Grier, James, 40, 41

_Grier_ vs. _Tharpe_, 40

Gristmills, 54, 64

Haines, Joseph, 40

Hamilton, Alexander, 43, 77, 82, 85, 86

Hamilton, Anna Jackson, 43, 44, 62, 66, 71, 107

Hamilton, John, 44

Hartley, Col. Thomas, 22, 23

Harvest, 53, 74, 95, 98, 107

Hill, Aaron, 6

Homes, 51, 52, 59, 104

Horn, Samuel, 77, 82, 83, 85

Hospitality, 60, 73

Huff, Edmund, 40, 41

Huff-Latcha (Satcha) case, 40, 41, 92

Huggins, Mr., 95

Hughes, James, 38, 39

Hughes, Thomas, 38, 39, 77, 83

_Hughes_ vs. _Dougherty_, 36-40

Hunter, Col. Samuel, 21, 22, 84, 85

Immigration, 19-21, 24, 25, 28, 29

"Improvements," 37-39, 41, 58, 64, 72, 97

Indentured servitude, 64, 95

Independence, 68, 95, 103; _see also_ Declaration of Independence

Indians, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 21-24, 29, 41, 42, 63, 67, 84, 86, 88, 94, 109

Individualism, 17, 72, 74, 98, 104, 107, 109, 110

Industry, 54, 55

Intermarriage, 58, 60

Irish, 16-18, 58, 83, 95, 102

Irwin (Irvin), James, 26, 40

Jamison, John, 26

Jersey Shore, 15, 19, 34, 42, 79, 84

Johnson, Sir William, 2, 21

Jones, Isaiah, 26

Juniata Valley, 20, 48

Kemplen, Thomas, 40, 41

Kendall, Willmoore, 91

Kincaid, Mr., 42

King, Robert, 26

King, William, 40, 41

Labor, 95, 99, 107

Lancaster, 70

Lancaster County, 19, 20, 38

Land claims, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38-40, 45, 62, 73, 80, 86, 92-94, 106

Land Office, 12, 21, 24, 86

Larrys Creek, 14, 15

Latcha, Jacob, 40

Law, unwritten, 37-39

Leadership, 36, 76-88, 104, 107, 108

Lewisburg, 67

Leyburn, James G., 37, 53

"Limping Messenger," 4, 8, 10

Linn, John Blair, 5-7, 20, 101

Lock Haven, 2, 14, 15, 34, 61, 81, 84, 105

Locke, John, 31

Logan, James, 16

Long, Cookson, 40, 77, 83

Love, Robert, 67

Lycoming Church, 67

Lycoming County courts, 33, 35, 36, 62, 65, 72, 94

Lycoming Creek 2-6, 9-15, 21, 24, 30, 35, 48, 67, 79, 105

Lycoming _Gazette_, 49

Lycoming Township, 28

Lydius, John Henry, 23

McElhattan, Pa., 84

McElhattan, William, 95, 96

McKean, Thomas, 22, 36, 37

McMeans, William, 40

MacMinn, Edwin, 78, 101

Manning, Richard, 70

Marshall, Peter, 12

Martin, John, 41

Maynard, D. S., 6, 7

Medical practices, 70, 71

Meginness, John, 4-7, 10, 20, 41, 42, 101

Methodists, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 97, 98

Milesburg, 48

Military service, 38-41, 45, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 94

Milton, 62

Ministers, itinerant, 66, 69, 71, 73

Missionaries, 67

Montgomery County, 78

Montour, Andrew, 10

Montoursville; _see_ Ostonwaken

Moravians, 78

Muhlenberg, Henry, 78

Muhlenberg, Hiester H., 9

Muncy, 14, 20, 34, 64

Muncy Creek, 20

Muncy Hills, 50

Music, 70, 100

National origins, 16-18, 26, 33, 36, 57, 58, 61, 64, 73, 76, 82, 83, 91, 93, 97, 99, 102, 105, 107

Nationalism, 99, 102, 103, 108

New Hampshire, 31

New Jersey, 19, 20

"New Purchase," 8, 11, 12, 20, 21, 24, 29, 64

New York, 19, 20, 84

Newspapers, 49

Niagara, N. Y., 8

Nippenose Valley, 42, 80

Nittany Valley, 48

Northumberland County, 24-26, 35, 38, 56, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 106

Northumberland County courts, 33, 36, 39, 41, 48, 62, 65, 72, 94

Northumberland _Gazette_, 49

Northumberland Presbytery, 67

Office holding, 76, 77, 79, 87, 88, 92, 108

"Old Purchase," 11

Onondaga (Syracuse), N. Y., 8, 9

Orange County, N. Y., 20

Ostonwaken (Montoursville), 4, 8

Paine, Thomas, 43

Parr, James, 40

Patriotism, 71, 73-75, 98, 99, 103

Paul, William, 41

Pennamite Wars, 20

Petitions, 28, 33, 76, 86, 87, 93, 94, 103

Philadelphia, 52, 80, 81

Philadelphia County, 19, 79

Pine Creek, 2-15, 19, 30, 35, 43, 44, 48, 62, 67, 71, 79, 80, 105, 107

Pine Creek Church, 67

Pine Creek Township, 24, 28

Plymouth Colony, 31

Political equality, 17, 69, 73, 75, 91, 92, 95, 99

Pottstown, 78

Pragmatism, 99, 102, 104

"Praying societies," 66

Pre-emption, 27-29, 33, 38, 39, 58, 84, 86, 94, 97, 103

Presbyterianism, 17, 29, 33, 61-63, 65-69, 74, 97, 98, 101

Price, John, 26

Proclamation of 1763, 2, 3, 21

Property right, 35, 72

Quilting, 49, 60, 70, 74

Ranney, Austin, 91

Read, Mr., 38

Recreation, 71, 100

Reed, William, 45, 77, 82, 83

Religion, 33, 58, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 73, 74, 91-93, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 107

Revolution; _see_ American Revolution

Rhode Island, 31, 96

Roads, 48

Rodey, Peter, 36, 37

Schebosh, John, 4

Scotch-Irish, 16-21, 24, 25, 28-30, 33, 36, 37, 47, 53, 54, 57-60, 63-65, 70-72, 74, 82-84, 93, 95, 97, 101, 102, 105, 106

Scots, 16-18, 28, 58, 83, 95, 102

Self-determination, 89-91, 94, 97-99, 109

Self-reliance, 102, 103, 107

Self-sufficiency, 54, 56-58

Sergeant, Thomas, 6

Settlement, 35-37, 39, 72, 73, 90, 106

Sheshequin Path, 8-10, 48

Shickellamy, 9, 10

Shippen, Justice Edward, 39

Singmaster, Elsie, 8

Slavery, 64, 95

Smith, Charles, 38

Smith, Daniel, 38

Social compact, 31, 90

Social structure, 53, 58, 59, 64, 73, 75, 91, 97, 99-101, 103, 104, 107, 109

Sour's ferry, 69

Spangenburg, Bishop Augustus, 4, 8-10, 13, 78

Squatters' rights, 24, 72, 107

Stover, Martin, 9, 11

Suffrage, 33, 34, 92, 93, 96

Sunbury, 22, 47-49

Supreme Court, Pennsylvania, 36, 39

Supreme Executive Council, 44, 45, 86, 93, 94

Sweeney, Morgan, 41

Syracuse, N. Y.; _see_ Onondaga, N. Y.

Tax lists, 25-27, 34, 56, 59, 76, 77, 101

Temperance, 73-75, 98, 99

Tenancy, 64, 95-97

Tenure, land, 37-40, 106

Tiadaghton Creek, 2-14, 24, 105

"Tiadaghton Elm," 13, 14, 43, 71

Tilghman, James, 12

"Tomahawk right," 37

Toner, John, 41

Tools, 49, 50, 52, 53, 70, 104

Tribunal, Fair Play, 32-36, 42, 48, 50, 58, 61, 72, 73, 82, 83, 88, 90, 92, 94, 102, 106, 109; _see also_ Fair Play men

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1, 19, 99-102, 104, 108, 109

Values, 58, 65, 68, 72, 91, 97-100, 104, 107

Virginia, 72, 105

Voluntary associations, 58, 60-62

Walker, John, 77, 83, 86

Wallace, Paul A. W., 13, 23

Weiser, Conrad, 4, 9-11, 13

Welsh, 16-18, 26, 28, 58, 95, 102

Whitefield, George, 78

Williamsport, 2, 49

Wills, 65, 69, 72, 73, 75, 101

Winters Massacre, 23

Women, 55, 59, 60, 65

Wyoming Massacre, 21-23

Wyoming Valley, 20

York County, 19

Zeisberger, David, 4, 8, 10

Zinzendorf, Nicholas von, 78

Transcriber's Endnotes

Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.

Archaic spellings in quoted material have been retained.

The following discrepancies have been noted and corrected where possible:

Page 26, Chart 4. The data in column headed '1774' does not tally with the total below. With no obvious solution, the table remains as originally published.

Footnote 18, Chapter 3. 'See nn. 6 and 7, p. 4.' Corrected to _See nn. 6 and 7, p. 33._

Footnote 20, Chapter 3. 'Supra, p. 4.' Corrected to _Supra, p. 33._

Index entry 'Economic institutions'. There is no index entry for '_Farming_', however the main references to farming can found in