CHAPTER XII.

CONCLUSION

I think that I have never read, in all the sad chronicles of hapless authors, anything more pitiful than the history of the last years of this life so short, yet so rich in its sheaves of golden grain and piles of purple fruit. Everything possible of long-continued torture, necessity of work, poverty, anxiety, and hope of recovery continually deferred, are crammed into the miserable record which closes this volume.

Jefferies fell ill in December, 1881, five years and a half before the end. He was attacked by a disease for which an operation of a very severe and painful nature is the only cure. It is, however, one which, in the hands of a skilful surgeon, is generally successful. Horrible to relate, in his case, the operation proved unsuccessful, and had to be repeated again and again. Four times in twelve months the dreadful surgeon's knife was used upon this poor sufferer. For a whole year he could do no work at all. The modest savings of the preceding years were spent upon the physicians and the surgeons, and in the maintenance of his household, while the pen of the breadwinner was perforce resting. Before he was able to take pen in hand again, he was reduced to something approaching destitution. You shall read directly how, when he recovered, hope immediately returned, and he was once more happy in the thought that now he could again work, though it was to begin the world once more. Alas! the interval of hope was brief indeed. Another, and a more mysterious disease attacked him. He felt an internal pain constantly gnawing him; he could not eat without pain; he grew daily weaker; he was at last no longer able to walk; he could only crawl.

Henceforth his days and nights were a long struggle against suffering, with a determination, however, to go on with his work. Nothing more wonderful than the courage and resolution of this man. As in youth he had resolved to succeed somehow, though as yet ignorant of the better way, so now he _would_ not be beaten by pain. His very best work, the work which will cause him to live, the work which places him among the writers of his country, to be remembered and to be read long after the men of his generation are dead and forgotten, was actually done while he was in this suffering. The "Pageant of Summer," for example: well, the "Pageant of Summer" reads as if it were the work of a man revelling in the warmth of the quivering air; of a man in perfect health and strength, body and mind at ease, surrendered wholly to the influence of the flowers and the sunshine, at peace, save for the natural sadness of one who communes much with himself on change, decay, and death. And yet the "Pageant of Summer" was written while he was in deadly pain and torture. Again, between 1883 and 1886 he published those collections of papers called "Life in the Fields" and "The Open Air." He also wrote "Red Deer," "Amaryllis," and a quantity of papers which have yet to be collected and published. If, even for a moment, he had an interval of strength, his busy pen began again to race over the paper, hasting to set down the thoughts that filled his brain.

His disease was discovered, after a period of intense suffering, to be an ulceration of the small intestine. It was weakness induced by this disease, which caused other complications, under which he gradually sank.

I suppose that Jefferies could never be considered a strong man. As a boy, tall, active, nervous, he was muscularly weaker than his younger brother. At the age of eighteen he showed symptoms which caused fear of a decline. Perhaps his intense love of the open air indicated the kind of medicine which he most needed. When he could no longer go into the open air he died. Perhaps, too, the consciousness of physical weakness, the sense of impending early death, caused him to yearn with so much longing after physical perfection and the fuller life which he clearly saw was possible. Those who are doomed to die young--as has been often observed--have the deepest sense and the keenest enjoyment of life.

Still, though not a strong man, he was apparently a healthy man. He lived at all times a simple and a healthy life; there was nothing to show that he was going to be struck down by so cruel an illness.

The period of greatest suffering seems to have been in the year 1884. The weakness following it set in some time during the year 1885.

He writes to Mr. Charles Longman in May of the latter year:

"Your suggestion"--that he should write a year-book of Nature--"of a diary out of doors would no doubt make a good book, and I shall give serious thought to it. My great difficulty is the physical difficulty of writing. Since the spine gave way, there is no position in which I can lie or sit so as to use a pen without distress. Even a short letter like this is painful. Consequently, a vast mass of ideas go into space, for I cannot write them down."

In August he returns to the subject:

"Many thanks for your kind letter and interest in my weakness. I sometimes rather need moral support of this sort, for after so long the spirits show signs of flagging, and the way seems endless. Such sympathy, therefore, helps me very much.... I should have liked to have written the book you proposed. I made several attempts, but it never satisfied me. I am glad, at all events, that you have forgiven my unintentional nonfulfilment of the promise. Even yet, perhaps, I may do something in that direction. Professor Gamgee, under whom I have been lately, says that complete recovery would follow a few weeks' basking in South Africa, or, failing that, Southern Europe. There is plenty of energy in me still. I sometimes dream of using the rifle--a dream, indeed, to a man who can with difficulty drag himself across a field."

In June he writes to his friend, Mr. C.P. Scott, of the _Manchester Guardian_:

"Since I last wrote to you I have been very seriously ill. The starvation went on and on, and no one could relieve it, till I had to stay in the bedroom, and finally went to bed, fainting nearly all day and night, and yet craving for food, half delirious, and in the most dreadful state. How I endured I cannot tell. At last I had Dr. Kidd down from London, and in forty-eight hours his treatment checked the disease. I got downstairs, next, out of doors in a Bath-chair, and now I can walk two hundred yards. But I am still the veriest shadow of a man--my nerves are gone to pieces--and he warns me that it will take months to effect a cure. Of that, however, he is certain. Under his advice I have left Eltham, and am staying here (Rotherfield, Sussex) till a cottage can be found for me near Tunbridge Wells.... My last piece of MS. appears in _Longman_ this month, and I have now no more left, having exhausted all I wrote when able. At least, there remains but one piece--'Nature in the Louvre.' It is about a beautiful statue that interested me greatly, and which seems to have escaped notice in England. I think you would like the ideas expressed in it."

At this time it was suggested that he should make an application to the Royal Literary Fund. He writes both to Mr. Longman and to Mr. Scott in the strongest terms upon the subject. I do not, for my own part, in the least agree with Jefferies in his wholesale condemnation of that useful society, and therefore have the less hesitation in printing what he says of it:

'August 18, 1885.

"You have put before me a very great temptation. It is impossible for you to know how great, for there can be no doubt that it is the winter that is my enemy. Last winter I was indoors six months--in fact, it was eight before I really got out of doors, most of this time helpless, sitting in an easy chair before the fire, my feet on a pillow, and legs wrapped up in a railway-rug, up and down stairs on hands and knees, and unable even to dress myself. Even now it tears me to pieces even to walk a short distance. So that to pass next winter in warmth seems almost like life, besides the great possibility of complete recovery. There would be also the pleasure of the sights and scenes of Algiers or South Africa. In short, it has been a very great temptation, and I am sure it was most kind of you to think of me. But the Royal Literary Fund is a thing to accept aid from which humiliates the recipient past all bounds; it is worse than the workhouse. If long illness ultimately drove me to the workhouse, I should feel no disgrace, having done my utmost to fight with difficulties. Everyone has a right to that last relief. If this fund were maintained by pressmen, authors, journalists, editors, publishers, newspaper proprietors, and so on, that would be quite another matter. There would be no humiliation--rather the contrary--and in time one might subscribe some day and help someone else. It is no such thing. It is kept up by dukes and marquises, lords and titled people, with a Prince at their head, and a vast quantity of trumpet-blowing, in order that these people may say they are patrons of literature! Patrons of literature! Was there ever such a disgrace in the nineteenth century? Patrons of literature! The thing is simply abominable! I dare say if I were a town-born man I should not think so, but to me it wears an aspect of standing insult.

"No doubt we ought to combine--all who have ever touched a pen--then we could assist each other in a straightforward and manly way.

"The temptation to me is very great indeed, because there is no question that I have been slowly sinking for years for want of some such travel or stimulus working through the nervous system. But I have made up my mind to say no. I would rather run the risk of quitting this world altogether next winter than degrade myself in that way.

"I am trying all I can to move altogether to the neighbourhood of the sea. Possibly, even Dorset or Devon might answer; or, failing that, I may try to pay a short visit to Schwalbach, and see if the natural iron medicine of a mineral spring may do what compound physic cannot. But I fancy the sea residence would be preferable.

"Change is the only thing that as yet has affected me, which seems to point conclusively to an exhausted system rather than to disease."

To Mr. Scott he writes in a similar strain. It galls him to think of being "patronized," and, indeed, if that were the view taken by the council of the Royal Literary Fund, I, for one, should be the first to agree with him. But it is not. Jefferies was wrong about the supporters of the Fund which is, in fact, assisted by everybody who ever makes any success in literature, and by every writer of any distinction either in letters or in other fields. He adds, however, a paragraph in which I cordially agree, and to the carrying out of the suggestion contained in it some of us have, during the last three years, devoted a great deal of time and effort.

"We ought, of course, to have a real Literary Association, to which subscription should be almost semi-compulsory. We ought to have some organization. Literature is young yet--scarce fifty years old. The legal and medical professions have had a start of a thousand years. Our profession is young yet, but will be the first of all in the time to come."

He goes on to speak of his health:

"Ever since Christmas I have been trying to move to the sea-coast, but I cannot effect it. I cannot stick to work long enough to produce any result, the extreme weakness will not let me, so that I cannot do anything. Whatever I wish to do, it seems as if a voice said, 'No, you shall not do it. Feebleness forbids.' I think I should like a good walk. No. I think I should like to write. No. I think I should like to rest. No. Always No to everything. Even writing this letter has made the spine ache almost past endurance. I cannot convey to you how miserable it is to be impotent; to feel yourself full of ideas and work, and to be unable to effect anything; to sit and waste the hours. It is absolutely maddening."

In November he writes again. He is at Crowborough, where the fine air at first seemed to be restoring him. He could walk about in the field at the back of the house.

"Suddenly I went down as if I had been shot. All the improvement was lost, and now I have been indoors three months, steadily becoming weaker and more emaciated every day. It is, in fact, starvation. They cannot feed me, try what they will. No one would believe what misery it is, and what extreme debility it produces. The worst of all is the helplessness. Often I am compelled to sit or lie for days and think, think, till I feel as if I should become insane, for my mind seems as clear as ever, and the anxiety and eager desire to do something is as strong as in my best days. There is an ancient story of a living man tied to a dead one, and that is like me; mind alive and body dead. I fear that my old friends will give me up in time, because I cannot travel the path of friendship now, and the Cymric proverb says that it soon grows covered with briars."

A letter, dated June 19, 1886, is too sad to be quoted. His dependence on others, even for the putting on of his clothes, his longing for the sea-coast, which he thinks is certain to do him good, his lament over the poverty which, through no fault of his own, has fallen upon him, fill up this melancholy letter. Day and night there is no cessation of pain.

Help of all kinds was forthcoming from friends whom one must not name: money, the offer of a house on the sea-coast; but there was the difficulty of travelling. How was he to be moved? This difficulty was got over, and he went to Bexhill for a time, returning to Crowborough in September. The sea had done him good. On the night of his return, he enjoyed a tranquil sleep for some hours, and awoke without pain.

Among the letters sent to me by Mr. Scott is one from a well-known physician who had been consulted on the case.

"There is no doubt," he says, "that there is some tuberculous affection of his lungs, though, so far as I have been able to make out, this does not seem to be at all in an active state.

"The serious complaints which make his life a misery to him I believe to be purely functional. He strikes me as being a very marked example of hysteria in man, though in his case, as in many among women, the commoner phenomena of hysteria are absent. I am surprised to hear that he spoke warmly of my treatment, for he would not admit to his ordinary attendant, nor to me, that his symptoms had undergone any palliation whatever. He is prejudiced against any treatment, and the result, according to him, always agrees with his prediction."

Evidently an extremely difficult and nervous patient to treat. But that might be expected. In October of 1886, Mr. Scott proposed to raise a fund among the friends and admirers of his works which should be devoted to sending him to a warmer climate. He consented, though with pain and bitterness of soul. "I have written," he says, "fourteen books." He enumerates them. "Scarcely anyone living has done so much." Yet he forgets to consider for how small and select an audience he has written. "All of them have been praised by the reviews. I cannot help feeling it hard, after so much work, to come to such disgrace." It was hard, it was cruelly hard. While the pensions of the Civil List--a breach of trust if ever there was one--are bestowed upon daughters of distinguished officers and widows of civil servants, such a man as Jefferies, for whose assistance the grant is yearly asked and voted, is left to starve. It is indeed cruelly hard on literature that the rulers of the country should be so blind, so deaf, so pitiless--so dishonest. They made Burns a gauger. Well: that was something. Could they not have made Jefferies a police-constable, for instance? They gave him nothing: it would have been useless to ask any Government to give anything: they wanted all the money for persons for whom it was never intended. There never has been--there is not now--not even at a time when Prime Ministers and ex-Cabinet Ministers write articles for monthly magazines, any Government which has had the least concern for, knowledge of, or touch with, literature, or its makers. Authors must develop and increase their own Society, and then they will not have to ask the Government for any Civil Pension list at all, and ministers may go on asking for the grant for the support of science and letters, and giving it all to their own creatures, and to the daughters, widows, and sisters of officers. It is hard, it is cruelly hard, as Jefferies said: it is a hardship and a disgrace to all of us that such a man as Jefferies should "come to such disgrace."

Well, the fund was raised, quietly, among the private friends of its promoters. But it came too late for the Algerian or South African expedition. The sick man was sent, however, to the seaside; to a house at Goring, on the Sussex coast. From this place he wrote to Mr. Scott a little history of his illness, the nature of which I have already sketched. The description by a highly-sensitive man, then in a most nervous condition, of the horrible pain which he had been enduring is most terrible to read, and is altogether too terrible to be quoted. I dare not quote the whole of this dreadful story of long-continued agony. Take, however, the end of it. At last his wounds were somehow made to heal.

"Now imagine my joy. The wounds were well at last. I was free. I could walk and sit--actually sit down. I could work. I was very faint and ill, but fresh air would soon set that right. All these expenses had swallowed up a large share of my savings, and I had practically to begin life again. But I did not mind that. I went to work joyously.

"Now judge again of my disappointment. Within two months--in February--I was seized with a mysterious wasting disease, accompanied by much pain. I gradually wasted away to mere bones. By degrees this pain increased till it became almost insupportable. I can compare it to nothing but the flame of a small spirit lamp continually burning within me. Sometimes it seemed like a rat always gnaw, gnaw, night and day. I had no sleep. Everything I ate or drank seemed to add fuel to the flame. The local doctors could do nothing, so I went to London again, and in the course of the two years and more that it lasted I was under five of the leading London physicians. Altogether I had some forty prescriptions, and took something like sixty drugs, besides being put on diet. It was not the slightest use, and it became evident that they had no idea what was really the matter with me. The pain went on, burn, burn, burn. If I wrote a volume I could not describe it to you, this terrible scorching pain, night and day. There is nothing in medical books like it, except the pain that follows corrosive sublimate which burns the tissues. It was at times so maddening that I dreaded to go a few miles alone by rail lest I should throw myself out of the window of the carriage. I worked and wrote all this time, and some of my best work was done in this intense agony. I received letters from New Zealand, from the United States, even from the islands of the Pacific, from people who had read my writings. It seemed so strange that I should read these letters, and yet all the time, to be writhing in agony.

"At last, in April, 1885, nature gave way, and I broke down utterly, and could only lie on the sofa in a fainting condition. In a few days I became so helpless and weak that there appeared little chance of my living. Someone suggested that Dr. Kidd should be sent for. He came on Sunday morning, and found me nearly ended. I was fainting during the examination. He discovered that it was ulceration of the intestines. You know how painful an ulcer is anywhere--say on your lip--now for over two years this ulceration had been burning its way in the intestines.

"He put me on milk diet, malt bread, malt extract, malted food, meat shredded and pounded in a mortar, raw beef, and so on. In forty-eight hours the pain was better. For three weeks I improved and hoped. I think that had the diet been then altered to the ordinary food, I might have made a recovery; instead of which it was kept up for nine weeks, at the end of which I had lost all the improvement, and was so weak that I could but just crawl up and down stairs. I attribute my subsequent exhaustion to the continued use of milk, which has the effect of destroying nervous energy."

* * * * *

'Oct. 22, 1886.

"I have been obliged to set all aside from extreme feebleness. During the last four weeks, indeed, the weakness and emaciation have become very great, so much so that I almost fancy the bones waste. But what I feel most is the loss of fresh air from inability to go out. The last two days have been dry, so that I have been able to get up and down by the house a little.

"Still, I should have managed somehow to write to you were it not for the great dislike I feel to this begging business. You must not take offence at this, though you may think me very foolish. I keep putting it off and putting it off, till now I suppose I must do it, or stay the winter indoors in helplessness. To-day I have written to obtain the information necessary to fill up the form you sent.

"In September, 1885, my spine seemed suddenly to snap. It happened in ten minutes--quite suddenly. It felt as if one of the vertebrae had been taken away. It was no doubt a form of paralysis. I had to take to the sofa again, and was confined to the house for over seven months, quite helpless. I could not undress myself. At Christmas, other troubles set in; the local doctor gave me up. He told my wife that nothing could be done for me, and that the only hope was in my keeping in good spirits. The misery of that dreadful winter will never be forgotten. At length nature seemed to revive a little, and I got downstairs, and soon after Miss Scott came to see me, and you sent me to the sea. On returning from the sea I slowly lost ground again. In the summer I had an attack of vomiting blood--of itself enough to alarm most people. By October I was confined indoors again. At last I got down here.

"Besides all these sufferings I had another trial--a loss by death--one that I cannot dwell upon;"--it was the death of his youngest child--"but it broke me down very much.

"Of the loss of all my savings I need not say much. But it is difficult to begin the world afresh"--alas! he was just about to end the world--"even with good health.

"With truth I think I may say that there are few, very few, perhaps none, living who have gone through such a series of diseases. There are many dead--many who have killed themselves for a tenth part of the pain--there are few living.

"My wearied and exhausted system constantly craves rest. My brain is always asking for rest. I never sleep. I have not slept now for five years properly, always waking, with broken bits of sleep, and restlessness, and in the morning I get up more weary than I went to bed. Rest, that is what I need. You thought naturally that it was work I needed; but I have been at work, and next time I will tell you all of it. It is not work, it is _rest_ for the brain and the nervous system. I have always had a suspicion that it was the ceaseless work that caused me to go wrong at first.

"It has taken me a long time to write this letter; it will take you but a few minutes to read it. Had you not sent me to the sea in the spring I do not think that I should have been alive to write it."

Was there ever a more miserable tale of slow torture? Parts of it--the parts relating to his operations--I have omitted. Enough remains. Picture to yourself this tall, gaunt man reduced to a skeleton, not able to use his pen for more than a few minutes at a time, his spine broken down, spitting blood, lying back on the sofa, his mind full of splendid thoughts which he _cannot_ put upon paper, dictating sometimes when he was strong enough, resolved on making money so as to save himself the "disgrace" of applying to the Literary Fund, full of pain by day and night, growing daily weaker, but never losing heart or hope--is there in the whole calamitous history of authors a picture more full of sadness and of pity than this?

He writes again on January 10, 1887. He is no worse. The letter is about money matters--that is to say, he has no money.

On February 2 he writes again. He has been able to dictate a little.

"I hope to be able to do more work after a time; when the weather becomes sufficiently warm for me to sit out of doors. With me the power to write is almost entirely dependent upon being out of doors. Confined indoors, I have nothing to write, and I cannot express my ideas if they do occur to me so boldly. You have no idea what a difference it makes. A little air and movement seem to brighten up the mind and give it play. I am in hope, too, that as the warmth comes on the sea will help me more. Up to the present the winter has gone well."

The last letter to Mr. Scott was written on March 23. He is pleased and surprised to hear that the fund raised for him amounts to so much. Perhaps it will enable him to go abroad presently. Meantime, he has had a relapse--an attack of haemorrhage--"and then so feeble that I have not been able to dictate. This loss of time worries me more than I can tell you."

And so with thanks to this good friend, Richard Jefferies lays down his pen for the last time. The busy hand which has written so much will write no more. He can no longer dictate. His very feebleness will soon be past, and he will be at rest, whether in the unconscious clay-cold rest of the dark grave, or in that better life of the Fuller Soul of which he had so great and glorious a Vision--who knoweth?

* * * * *

You have read the life of Richard Jefferies. You have seen how the country lad, ill-educated, slenderly provided with books or friends, formed in early life a resolution to succeed in letters. The resolution was formed when as yet he had no knowledge or thought of style. You have read how he fought long years against ill-success, against the ridicule and coldness of his friends, but still kept up his courage; how he did succeed at length, yet not at all in the way that at first he hoped. That way would have taken him along the paths trodden by those who write romances and stories to beguile their brothers and sisters, and to cheat them into forgetfulness of their disappointments and anxieties; that way, by which he wished to go, would have led him quickly to the ease of fortune which at all times he ardently desired. It is foolish, and worse than foolish, to pretend that any man--even the best of men, even the most philosophic of men--desires poverty, which is dependence; therefore one does not blame this man for desiring fortune. The way, however, by which he succeeded was a far higher and a nobler way, though he understood not that at first.

You have seen, also, not only that his early life was that of an obscure reporter for a little country paper, but that his first ambition was altogether for the making of money rather than for the production of good work. The love of good work, as such, grew gradually in him. At first it is not apparent at all. At first we have nothing but a commonplace lad, poor, and therefore eager to make money, and fondly thinking that it can be made by writing worthless and commonplace stories. Nothing in his early life has been concealed. You have read his very words, where they could be recovered. They are in no way remarkable words; they are generally, in fact, commonplace. Nothing, except a steady and consistent belief in his own future, the nature of which he does not even suspect, reveals the power latent in his mind. There is nothing at all in these early utterances to show the depths of poetry in his soul. Nay, I think there were none of these depths in him at first. So long as he worked among men, and contemplated their ways, he felt no touch of poetry, he saw no gleam of light. Mankind seemed to him sordid and creeping; either oppressor or oppressed. Away from men, upon the breezy down and among the woods, he is filled with thoughts which, at first, vanish like the photographs of scenery upon the eye. Presently he finds out the way to fix those photographs. Then he is transformed, but not suddenly; no, not suddenly. When he discovers the Gamekeeper at Home, he begins to be articulate; with every page that follows he becomes more articulate. At first he draws a faithful picture of the cottager, the farmer, the gamekeeper, the poacher; the pictures are set in appropriate scenery; by degrees the figures vanish and the setting remains. But it is no longer the same; it is now infused with the very soul of the painter. The woods speak to us, through him; the very flowers speak and touch our hearts, through him. The last seven years of his life were full, indeed, of pain and bodily torture; but they were glorified and hallowed by the work which he was enabled to do. Nay, they even glorify and hallow all the life that went before. We no longer see the commonplace young country reporter who tries to write commonplace and impossible stories--we watch the future poet of the "Pageant of Summer" whose early struggles we witness while he is seeking to find himself. Presently he speaks. HE HAS FOUND HIMSELF; he has obtained the prayer of his heart; he has been blessed with the FULLER SOUL.

* * * * *

At the last, during the long communings of the night when he lay sleepless, happy to be free, if only for a few moments, from pain, the simple old faith came back to him. He had arrived long before, as we have seen, at the grand discovery: that the perfect soul wants the perfect body, and that the perfect body must be inhabited by the perfect soul. To this conclusion, you have seen, he was led by Nature herself. Now he beheld clearly--perhaps more clearly than ever--the way from this imperfect and fragmentary life to a fuller, happier life beyond the grave. He had no need of priest; he wanted no other assurance than the voice and words of Him who swept away all priests. The man who wrote the "Story of My Heart;" the man who was filled to overflowing with the beauty and order of God's handiwork; the man who felt so deeply the shortness, and imperfections, and disappointments of life that he was fain to cry aloud that all happens by chance; the man who had the vision of the Fuller Soul, died listening with faith and love to the words contained in the Old Book.

* * * * *

What follows is written by his friend, Mr. J.W. North, who was with him during the last days.

"It was in the early summer, two or three months before his death, that I saw Jefferies for the last time alive. He had then been living at Goring for some short time, and this was my first visit to him there. I was pleased to find that his house was far pleasanter than the dreary and bleak cottage which he had rented at Crowborough. It had a view of the sea, a warm southern exposure, and a good and interesting garden: in one corner a quaint little arbour, with a pole and vane, and near the centre a genuine old-fashioned draw-well. Poor fellow! Painfully, with short breathing, and supported on one side by Mrs. Jefferies and on the other by myself, he walked round this enclosure, noticing and drawing our attention to all kinds of queer little natural objects and facts. Between the well and the arbour was a heap of rough, loose stones, overgrown by various creeping flowers. This was the home of a common snake, discovered there by Harold, and poor Jefferies stood, supported by us, a yard or so away and peered into every little cranny and under every leaf with eyes well used to such a search until some tiny gleam, some minute cold glint of light, betrayed the snake. Weakness and pain seemed forgotten for the moment--alas! only for the moment. Uneasily he sat in the little arbour telling me how his disease seemed still to puzzle the doctors; how he felt well able in mind to work, plenty of mental energy, but so weak, _so fearfully weak_, that he could no longer write with his own hand; that his wife was patient and good to help him. He had nobody to come and talk with him of the world of literature and art. Why couldn't I come and settle by? There was plenty to paint. Though Goring itself was one of the ugliest places in the world, there was Arundel, and its noble park, and river, and castle close by. I must go and see it the very next day, and see whether I could not work there, and come back every day and cheer him. I was the best doctor, after all.

"Poor fellow! I did not then know or believe that he was so utterly without sympathetic society except his devoted wife. It was so. I am one of the dullest companions in the world; but I had sympathy with his work, and knowledge, too, of his subjects. Well, nothing would do but that I must go to Arundel the next day, and Mrs. Jefferies must show me the town. 'He would do well enough for one day. A good neighbour would come in, and with little Phyllis and the maid he would be safe.'

"Therefore we went to Arundel (a short journey by train), and on coming back found him standing against the door-post to welcome us.

"I have seldom been more touched than by my experience of that evening, finding, amongst other things, that he had partly planned and insisted on this Arundel trip to get us away so that he might, unrebuked, spend some of his latest hard earnings in a pint of 'Perrier Jouet' for my supper.

"Do you know Goring churchyard? It is one of those dreary, over-crowded, dark spots where the once-gravelled paths are green with slimy moss, and it was a horror to poor Jefferies. More than once he repeated the hope that he might not be laid there, and he chose the place where his widow at last left him--amongst the brighter grass and flowers at Broadwater.

"He died at Goring at half-past two on Sunday morning, August 14, 1887. His soul was released from a body wasted to a skeleton by six long weary years of illness. For nearly two years he had been too weak to write, and all his delightful work, during that period, was written by his wife from his dictation. Who can picture the torture of these long years to him, denied as he was the strength to walk so much as one hundred yards in the world he loved so well? What hero like this, fighting with Death face to face so long, fearing and knowing, alas! too well, that no struggles could avail, and, worse than all, that his dear ones would be left friendless and penniless. Thus died a man whose name will be first, perhaps for ever, in his own special work."

* * * * *

'Monday, Aug. 15,

"... I went yesterday, expecting once more to speak with him. I found him lying _dead, twelve hours dead_. I saw him with Mrs. Jefferies and their little Phyllis. A pitiful sight to see them kiss the poor cold face! God help them! All through his last days his wife was with him _day and night_; a young country girl, who behaved nobly all through, was her only help.... His long, long illness of six years (four years before at Eltham he looked near death)--this long, wearisome time had almost persuaded many who knew him not intimately that his illness was partly imaginary. He proved it otherwise. A soldier who in health, high spirits, and excitement, rides to what appears certain death is called a hero: glory and honours are heaped upon him; but what is that compared with years of fighting without cessation, and the _absolute certainty_ of defeat always present to the mind? I asked Mrs. Jefferies if he had made a will. She said: 'No; surely it would have been useless, we have nothing. A woman singly, strong as I am, could rough it; but if something can be done for the children--.' Something shall be done. I had to call at my framemaker's to put off an appointment. I told him roughly what had happened to me yesterday. He had never heard of Jefferies, and knew nothing of his work; but he said, 'I shall be glad if anything can be done if you will put us down for two guineas.' All those who are country born and bred, and have a heart inside their body, have always recognised and admired poor Jefferies' writing. Shall I say what I think and _know_, that in all our literature until now he has never had a rival, and that it is most likely he will never be equalled? In a hundred years he will be only more truly appreciated than at present. The number of men who combine the love and the knowledge of literary work is more limited, perhaps, in this age than in any previous one. Few people, again, of intelligence and refinement of heart and mind live completely in the country, and much, very much of his work, will be always unintelligible to those who cannot exist in a country-house unless it is full of frequently-changing guests. I have been trying by a different art for thirty years--equal to almost the whole of his life on earth--to convey an idea to others of some such subjects, and I feel with shame that in the work of half a year I do not get so near the heart and truth of Nature as he in one paragraph. With strict charge that it should not leave my hands, Mrs. Jefferies lent me the proof of an article which appeared in _Longman's Magazine_ in spring, 1886. It was the very last copy he wrote with his own hand. Since then his wife wrote from his dictation. Read this quotation from it, which touched me greatly yesterday:

"'I wonder to myself how they can all get on without me; how they manage, bird and flower, without ME, to keep the calendar for them. For I noted it so carefully and lovingly day by day.'

"And this:

"'They go on without me, orchis-flower and cowslip. I cannot number them all. I hear, as it were, the patter of their feet--flower and buds, and the beautiful clouds that go over, with the sweet rush of rain and burst of sun glory among the leafy trees. They go on, and I am no more than the least of the empty shells that strew the sward of the hill.'

"One thing I saw in one of his last note-books: 'Three great giants are against me--disease, despair, and poverty.'

"One thing more. His wife said that their time had been for long spent in prayer together and reading St. Luke.

"Almost his last intelligible words were, 'Yes, yes; that is so. Help, Lord, for Jesus' sake. Darling, good-bye. God bless you and the children, and save you all from such great pain.'

* * * * *

"He was buried at Broadwater, by Worthing, Sussex.

"In the gentlest, sweet, soft, sunny rain he was borne along the path to his grave in the grass, and when the last part of the service for the dead had been read, well and solemnly, and we turned away leaving him for ever on earth, the large tears from heaven fell thick and fast, and over and over again came to me the saying, 'Happy are the dead that the rain rains on.' The modest home-made wreath of wild wood-clematis and myrtle my wife had sent pleased me by happy symbolism--for as the myrtle is, so will his memory be, 'for ever green.'

"Mourn, little harebells, o'er the lea; Ye stately foxgloves fair to see; Ye woodbines hanging bonnilie In scented bowers; Ye roses on your thorny tree, The first o' flowers.

"Mourn, Spring, thou darling of the year; Ilk cowslip-cup shall kep a tear; Thou Summer, while each corny spear Shoots up its head, Thy gay, green, flowery tresses shear For him that's dead."

"J.W.N."

APPENDIX I.

LIST OF JEFFERIES' WORKS.

(_The Dates of the First Editions only are given._)

REPORTING, EDITING AND AUTHORSHIP. John Snow and Co., Ivy Lane; Alfred Bull, Victoria Street, Swindon, 1873. Handbook.

A MEMOIR OF THE GODDARDS OF NORTH WILTS. Published by the author, Coate, Swindon, 1873.

JACK BRASS, EMPEROR OF ENGLAND. T. Pettit, and Co., 23, Frith Street, Soho, 1873. Pamphlet.

THE SCARLET SHAWL. Tinsley Bros., 1874. 1 vol. novel.

RESTLESS HUMAN HEARTS. Tinsley Bros., 1875. 3 vols.

SUEZ-CIDE. John Snow and Co., Ivy Lane, 1876. Pamphlet.

WORLD'S END. Tinsley Bros., 1877. 3 vols.

GAME-KEEPER AT HOME. Smith and Elder, 1878. 1 vol.

AMATEUR POACHER. Smith and Elder, 1881.

WILD LIFE IN A SOUTHERN COUNTY. Smith and Elder, 1879. 1 vol.

GREENE FERNE FARM. Smith and Elder, 1880. 1 vol.

HODGE AND HIS MASTERS. Smith and Elder, 1880. 2 vols.

ROUND ABOUT A GREAT ESTATE. Smith and Elder, 1880. 1 vol.

WOOD MAGIC. Cassell, 1881. 1 vol.

BEVIS. Sampson Low and Co., 1882. 3 vols.

NATURE NEAR LONDON. Chatto and Windus, 1883. 1 vol.

STORY OF MY HEART. Longmans, 1883. 1 vol.

THE DEWY MORN. Chapman and Hall, 1884. 2 vol. novel.

LIFE OF THE FIELDS. Chatto and Windus, 1884. 1 vol.

RED-DEER. Longmans, 1884. 1 vol.

AFTER LONDON. Cassell, 1885. 1 vol.

THE OPEN AIR. Chatto and Windus, 1885. 1 vol.

AMARYLLIS AT THE FAIR. Sampson Low and Co., 1887. 1 vol.

APPENDIX II.

LIST OF PAPERS STILL UNPUBLISHED.

MY OLD VILLAGE. _Longman's Magazine_, October, 1887.

HOURS OF SPRING. _Longman's Magazine_, 1885.

APRIL GOSSIP. _St. James's Gazette._

SOME APRIL SWEETS. _Pall Mall Gazette._

THE MAKERS OF SUMMER. _Pall Mall Gazette._

WALKS IN THE WHEATFIELDS. _English Illustrated Magazine._

SOMERSET IN JUNE. _English Illustrated Magazine_, October, 1887.

BIRDS' NESTS. _St. James's Gazette._

FIELD SPORTS IN ART. _Art Journal._

NATURE IN THE LOUVRE. _Magazine of Art._

NATURE AND BOOKS. _Fortnightly Review._

BUCKHURST PARK. _Standard._

COUNTRY PLACES. _Manchester Guardian._

THE JULY GRASS. _Pall Mall Gazette._

THE COUNTRY-SIDE. _Manchester Guardian._

WINDS OF HEAVEN. _Chambers' Journal._

THE COUNTRY SUNDAY. _Longman's Magazine_, June, 1887.

SWALLOW-TIME. _Standard._

HOUSE-MARTINS. _Standard._

AMONG THE NUTS. _Standard._

LOCALITY AND NATURE. _Pall Mall Gazette._

FIELD WORDS AND WAYS. _Chambers' Journal._

COTTAGE IDEAS. _Chambers' Journal._

STEAM ON COUNTRY ROADS. _Standard._

THE TIME OF YEAR. _Pall Mall Gazette._

MIXED DAYS OF MAY AND DECEMBER. _Pall Mall Gazette._

JUST BEFORE WINTER. _Chambers' Journal._

MY CHAFFINCH. _Pall Mall Gazette._

APPENDIX III.

LETTER TO THE _TIMES_, NOVEMBER, 1872.

SIR,--The Wiltshire agricultural labourer is not so highly paid as those of Northumberland, nor so low as those of Dorset; but in the amount of his wages, as in intelligence and general position, he may fairly be taken as an average specimen of his class throughout a large portion of the kingdom.

As a man, he is usually strongly built, broad-shouldered, and massive in frame, but his appearance is spoilt by the clumsiness of his walk and the want of grace in his movements. Though quite as large in muscle, it is very doubtful if he possesses the strength of the seamen who may be seen lounging about the ports. There is a want of firmness, a certain disjointed style, about his limbs, and the muscles themselves have not the hardness and tension of the sailor's. The labourer's muscle is that of a cart-horse, his motions lumbering and slow. His style of walk is caused by following the plough in early childhood, when the weak limbs find it a hard labour to pull the heavy-nailed boots from the thick clay soil. Ever afterwards he walks as if it were an exertion to lift his legs. His food may, perhaps, have something to do with the deadened slowness which seems to pervade everything he does--there seems a lack of vitality about him. It consists chiefly of bread and cheese, with bacon twice or thrice a week, varied with onions, and if he be a milker (on some farms) with a good "tuck-out" at his employer's expense on Sundays. On ordinary days he dines at the fashionable hour of six or seven in the evening--that is, about that time his cottage scents the road with a powerful odour of boiled cabbage, of which he eats an immense quantity. Vegetables are his luxuries, and a large garden, therefore, is the greatest blessing he can have. He eats huge onions raw; he has no idea of flavouring his food with them, nor of making those savoury and inviting messes or vegetable soups at which the French peasantry are so clever. In Picardy I have often dined in a peasant's cottage, and thoroughly enjoyed the excellent soup he puts upon the table for his ordinary meal. To dine in an English labourer's cottage would be impossible. His bread is generally good, certainly; but his bacon is the cheapest he can buy at small second-class shops--oily, soft, wretched stuff; his vegetables are cooked in detestable style, and eaten saturated with the pot-liquor. Pot-liquor is a favourite soup. I have known cottagers actually apply at farmers' kitchens, not only for the pot-liquor in which meat has been soddened, but for the water in which potatoes have been boiled--potato-liquor--and sup it up with avidity. And this not in times of dearth or scarcity, but rather as a relish. They never buy anything but bacon; never butcher's meat. Philanthropic ladies, to my knowledge, have demonstrated over and over again even to their limited capacities that certain parts of butchers' meat can be bought just as cheap, and will make more savoury and nutritive food; and even now, with the present high price of meat, a certain portion would be advantageous. In vain; the labourers obstinately adhere to the pig, and the pig only. When, however, an opportunity does occur, the amount of food they will eat is something astonishing. Once a year, at the village club dinner, they gormandize to repletion. In one instance I knew of a man eating a plate of roast beef (and the slices are cut enormously thick at these dinners), a plate of boiled beef, then another of boiled mutton, and then a fourth of roast mutton, and a fifth of ham. He said he could not do much to the bread and cheese; but didn't he go into the pudding! I have even heard of men stuffing to the fullest extent of their powers, and then retiring from the table to take an emetic of mustard and return to a second gorging. There is scarcely any limit to their power of absorbing beer. I have known reapers and mowers make it their boast that they could lie on their backs and never take the wooden bottle (in the shape of a small barrel) from their lips till they had drunk a gallon, and from the feats I have seen I verily believe it a fact. The beer they get is usually poor and thin, though sometimes in harvest the farmers bring out a taste of strong liquor, but not till the work is nearly over; for from this very practice of drinking enormous quantities of small beer the labourer cannot drink more than a very limited amount of good liquor without getting tipsy. This is why he so speedily gets inebriated at the alehouse. While mowing and reaping many of them lay in a small cask.

They are much better clothed now than formerly. Corduroy trousers and slops are the usual style. Smock-frocks are going out of use, except for milkers and faggers. Almost every labourer has his Sunday suit, very often really good clothes, sometimes glossy black, with the regulation "chimney-pot." His unfortunate walk betrays him, dress how he will. Since labour has become so expensive it has become a common remark among the farmers that the labourer will go to church in broadcloth and the masters in smock-frocks. The labourer never wears gloves--that has to come with the march of the times; but he is particularly choice over his necktie. The women must dress in the fashion. A very respectable draper in an agricultural district was complaining to me the other day that the poorest class of women would have everything in the fashionable style, let it change as often as it would. In former times, if he laid in a stock of goods suited to tradesmen, and farmers' wives and daughters, if the fashion changed, or they got out of date, he could dispose of them easily to the servants. Now no such thing. The quality did not matter so much, but the style must be the style of the day--no sale for remnants. The poorest girl, who had not got two yards of flannel on her back, must have the same style of dress as the squire's daughter--Dolly Vardens, chignons, and parasols for ladies who can work all day reaping in the broiling sun of August! Gloves, kid, for hands that milk the cows!

The cottages now are infinitely better than they were. There is scarcely room for further improvement in the cottages now erected upon estates. They have three bedrooms, and every appliance and comfort compatible with their necessarily small size. It is only the cottages erected by the labourers themselves on waste plots of ground which are open to objection. Those he builds himself are indeed, as a rule, miserable huts, disgraceful to a Christian country. I have an instance before me at this moment where a man built a cottage with two rooms and no staircase or upper apartments, and in those two rooms eight persons lived and slept--himself and wife, grown-up daughters, and children. There was not a scrap of garden attached, not enough to grow half a dozen onions. The refuse and sewage was flung into the road, or filtered down a ditch into the brook which supplied that part of the village with water. In another case at one time there was a cottage in which twelve persons lived. This had upper apartments, but so low was the ceiling that a tall man could stand on the floor, with his head right through the opening for the staircase, and see along the upper floor under the beds! These squatters are the curse of the community. It is among them that fever and kindred infectious diseases break out; it is among them that wretched couples are seen bent double with rheumatism and affections of the joints caused by damp. They have often been known to remain so long, generation after generation, in these wretched hovels that at last the lord of the manor having neglected to claim quit-rent, they can defy him, and claim them as their own property, and there they stick, eyesores and blots, the fungi of the land. The cottages erected by farmers or by landlords are now, one and all, fit and proper habitations for human beings; and I verily believe it would be impossible throughout the length and breadth of Wiltshire to find a single bad cottage on any large estate, so well and so thoroughly have the landed proprietors done their work. On all farms gardens are attached to the cottages, in many instances very large, and always sufficient to produce enough vegetables for the resident. In villages the allotment system has been greatly extended of late years, and has been found most beneficial, both to owners and tenants. As a rule the allotments are let at a rate which may be taken as L4 per annum--a sum which pays the landlord very well, and enables the labourer to remunerate himself. In one village which came under my observation the clergyman of the parish has turned a portion of his glebe-land into allotments--a most excellent and noble example, which cannot be too widely followed or too much extolled. He is thus enabled to benefit almost every one of his poor parishioners, and yet without destroying that sense of independence which is the great characteristic of a true Englishman. He has issued a book of rules and conditions under which these allotments are held, and he thus places a strong check upon drunkenness and dissolute habits, indulgence in which is a sure way to lose the portions of ground. There is scarcely an end to the benefits of the allotment system. In villages there cannot be extensive gardens, and the allotments supply their place. The extra produce above that which supplies the table and pays the rent is easily disposed of in the next town, and places many additional comforts in the labourer's reach. The refuse goes to help support and fatten the labourer's pig, which brings him in profit enough to pay the rent of his cottage, and the pig, in turn, manures the allotment. Some towns have large common lands, held under certain conditions; such are Malmesbury, with 500 acres, and Tetbury (the common land of which extends two miles): both these being arable, etc. These are not exactly in the use of labourers, but they are in the hands of a class to which the labourer often rises. Many labourers have fruit trees in their gardens which, in some seasons, prove very profitable. In the present year, to my knowledge, a labourer sold L4 worth of apples; and another made L3 10s. of the produce of one pear-tree, pears being scarce.

To come at last to the difficult question of wages. In Wiltshire there has been no extended strike, and very few meetings upon the subject, for the simple reason that the agitators can gain no hold upon a county where, as a mass, the labourers are well paid. The common day-labourer receives 10s., 11s., and 12s. a week, according to the state of supply and demand for labour in various districts, and, if he milks, 1s. more, making 13s. a week, now common wages. These figures are rather below the mark; I could give instances of much higher pay. To give a good idea of the wages paid, I will take the case of a hill farmer (arable, Marlborough Downs), who paid this last summer during harvest 18s. per week per man. His reapers often earned 10s. a day; enough to pay their year's rent in a week. These men lived in cottages on the farm, with three bedrooms each, and some larger, with every modern appliance, each having a garden of a quarter of an acre attached and close at hand, for which cottage and garden they paid 1s. per week rent. The whole of these cottages were insured by the farmer himself, their furniture, etc., in one lump, and the insurance policy cost him, as nearly as possible, 1s. 3d. per cottage per year. For this he deducted 1s. per year each from their wages. None of the men would have insured unless he had insisted upon doing it for them. These men had from six to eight quarts of beer per man (over and above their 18s. per week) during harvest every day. In spring and autumn their wages are much increased by forced work, hoeing, etc. In winter the farmer draws their coal for them in his waggons, a distance of eight miles from the nearest wharf, enabling them to get it at cost price. This is no slight advantage, for, at the present high price of coal, it is sold, delivered in the villages, at 2s. per cwt. Many who cannot afford it in the week buy a quarter of a cwt. on Saturday night to cook their Sunday's dinner with, for 6d. This is at the rate of L2 per ton. Another gentleman, a large steam cultivator in the Vale, whose name is often before the public, informs me that his books show that he paid L100 in one year in cash to one cottage for labour, showing the advantage the labourer possesses over the mechanic, since his wife and child can add to his income. Many farmers pay L50 and L60 a year for beer drunk by their labourers--a serious addition to their wages. The railway companies and others who employ mechanics do not allow them any beer. The allowance of a good cottage and a quarter of an acre of garden for 1s. per week is not singular. Many who were at the Autumn Manoeuvres of the present year may remember having a handsome row of houses, rather than cottages, pointed out to them as inhabited by labourers at 1s. per week. In the immediate neighbourhood of large manufacturing towns 1s. 6d. a week is sometimes paid; but then these cottages would in such positions readily let to mechanics for 3s., 4s., and even 5s. per week. There was a great outcry when the Duke of Marlborough issued an order that the cottages on his estate should in future only be let to such men as worked upon the farms where those cottages are situated. In reality this was the very greatest blessing the Duke could have conferred upon the agricultural labourer; for it insured him a good cottage at a nearly nominal rent and close to his work; whereas in many instances previously the cottages on the farms had been let at a high rate to the mechanics, and the labourer had to walk miles before he got to his labour. Cottages are not erected by landowners or by farmers as paying speculations. It is well known that the condition of things prevents the agricultural labourer from being able to pay a sufficient rent to be a fair percentage upon the sum expended. In one instance a landlord has built some cottages for his tenant, the tenant paying a certain amount of interest on the sum invested by the landlord. Now, although this is a matter of arrangement, and not of speculation--that is, although the interest paid by the tenant is a low percentage upon the money laid out, yet the rent paid by the labourers inhabiting these cottages to the tenant does not reimburse him what he pays his landlord as interest--not by a considerable margin. But then he has the advantage of his labourers close to his work, always ready at hand.

Over and above the actual cash wages of the labourer, which are now very good, must be reckoned his cottage and garden, and often a small orchard, at a nominal rent, his beer at his master's expense, piecework, gleaning after harvest, etc., which alter his real position very materially. In Gloucestershire, on the Cotswolds, the best-paid labourers are the shepherds, for in that great sheep country much trust is reposed in them. At the annual auctions of shearlings which are held upon the low farms a purse is made for the shepherd of the flock, into which everyone who attends is expected to drop a shilling, often producing L5. The shepherds on the Wiltshire downs are also well paid, especially in lambing time, when the greatest watchfulness and care are required. It has been stated that the labourer has no chance of rising from his position. This is sheer cant. He has very good opportunities of rising, and often does rise, to my knowledge. At this present moment I could mention a person who has risen from a position scarcely equal to that of a labourer, not only to have a farm himself, but to place his sons in farms. Another has just entered on a farm; and several more are on the high-road to that desirable consummation. If a labourer possesses any amount of intelligence he becomes head carter or head fagger, as the case may be; and from that to be assistant or underbailiff, and finally bailiff. As a bailiff he has every opportunity to learn the working of a farm, and is often placed in entire charge of a farm at a distance from his employer's residence. In time he establishes a reputation as a practical man, and being in receipt of good wages, with very little expenditure, saves some money. He has now little difficulty in obtaining the promise of a farm, and with this can readily take up money. With average care he is a made man. Others rise from petty trading, petty dealing with pigs and calves, till they save sufficient to rent a small farm, and make that the basis of larger dealing operations. I question very much whether a clerk in a firm would not find it much more difficult, as requiring larger capital, to raise himself to a level with his employer than an agricultural labourer does to the level of a farmer.

Many labourers now wander far and wide as navvies, etc., and perhaps when these return home, as most of them do, to agricultural labour, they are the most useful and intelligent of their class, from a readiness they possess to turn their hand to anything. I know one at this moment who makes a large addition to his ordinary wages by brewing for the small inns, and very good liquor he brews, too. They pick up a large amount of practical knowledge.

The agricultural women are certainly not handsome; I know no peasantry so entirely uninviting. Occasionally there is a girl whose nut-brown complexion and sloe-black eyes are pretty, but their features are very rarely good, and they get plain quickly, so soon as the first flush of youth is past. Many have really good hair in abundance, glossy and rich, perhaps from its exposure to the fresh air. But on Sundays they plaster it with strong-smelling pomade and hair-oil, which scents the air for yards most unpleasantly. As a rule, it may safely be laid down that the agricultural women are moral, far more so than those of the town. Rough and rude jokes and language are, indeed, too common; but that is all. No evil comes of it. The fairs are the chief cause of immorality. Many an honest, hard-working servant-girl owes her ruin to these fatal mops and fairs, when liquor to which she is unaccustomed overcomes her. Yet it seems cruel to take from them the one day or two of the year on which they can enjoy themselves fairly in their own fashion. The spread of friendly societies, patronized by the gentry and clergy, with their annual festivities, is a remedy which is gradually supplying them with safer, and yet congenial, amusement. In what may be termed lesser morals I cannot accord either them or the men the same praise. They are too ungrateful for the many great benefits which are bountifully supplied them--the brandy, the soup, and fresh meat readily extended without stint from the farmer's home in sickness to the cottage are too quickly forgotten. They who were most benefited are often the first to most loudly complain and to backbite. Never once in all my observation have I heard a labouring man or woman make a grateful remark; and yet I can confidently say that there is no class of persons in England who receive so many attentions and benefits from their superiors as the agricultural labourers. Stories are rife of their even refusing to work at disastrous fires because beer was not immediately forthcoming. I trust this is not true; but it is too much in character. No term is too strong in condemnation for those persons who endeavour to arouse an agitation among a class of people so short-sighted and so ready to turn against their own benefactors and their own interest. I am credibly informed that one of these agitators, immediately after the Bishop of Gloucester's unfortunate but harmlessly intended speech at the Gloucester Agricultural Society's dinner--one of these agitators mounted a platform at a village meeting and in plain language incited and advised the labourers to duck the farmers! The agricultural women either go out to field-work or become indoor servants. In harvest they hay-make--chiefly light work, as raking; and reap, which is much harder labour; but then, while reaping, they work their own time, as it is done by the piece. Significantly enough, they make longer hours while reaping. They are notoriously late to arrive, and eager to return home on the hayfield. The children help both in haymaking and reaping. In spring and autumn they hoe and do other piecework. On pasture farms they beat clots or pick up stones out of the way of the mowers' scythes. Occasionally, but rarely now, they milk. In winter they wear gaiters, which give the ankles a most ungainly appearance. Those who go out to service get very low wages at first from their extreme awkwardness, but generally quickly rise. As dairymaids they get very good wages indeed. Dairymaids are scarce and valuable. A dairymaid who can be trusted to take charge of a dairy will sometimes get L20 besides her board (liberal) and sundry perquisites. These often save money, marry bailiffs, and help their husbands to start a farm.

In the education provided for children Wiltshire compares favourably with other counties. Long before the passing of the recent Act in reference to education the clergy had established schools in almost every parish, and their exertions have enabled the greater number of places to come up to the standard required by the Act, without the assistance of a School Board. The great difficulty is the distance children have to walk to school, from the sparseness of population and the number of outlying hamlets. This difficulty is felt equally by the farmers, who, in the majority of cases, find themselves situated far from a good school. In only one place has anything like a cry for education arisen, and that is on the extreme northern edge of the country. The Vice-Chairman of the Swindon Chamber of Agriculture recently stated that only one-half of the entire population of Inglesham could read and write. It subsequently appeared that the parish of Inglesham was very sparsely populated, and that a variety of circumstances had prevented vigorous efforts being made. The children, however, could attend schools in adjoining parishes, not farther than two miles, a distance which they frequently walk in other parts of the country.

Those who are so ready to cast every blame upon the farmer, and to represent him as eating up the earnings of his men and enriching himself with their ill-paid labour, should remember that farming, as a rule, is carried on with a large amount of borrowed capital. In these days, when L6 an acre has been expended in growing roots for sheep, when the slightest derangement of calculation in the price of wool, meat, or corn, or the loss of a crop, seriously interferes with a fair return for capital invested, the farmer has to sail extremely close to the wind, and only a little more would find his canvas shaking. It was only recently that the cashier of the principal bank of an agricultural county, after an unprosperous year, declared that such another season would make almost every farmer insolvent. Under these circumstances it is really to be wondered at that they have done as much as they have for the labourer in the last few years, finding him with better cottages, better wages, better education, and affording him better opportunities of rising in the social scale.

I am, Sir, faithfully yours, RICHARD JEFFERIES.

Coate Farm, Swindon, _November 12_.

THE END

BILLING AND SONS, PRINTERS. GUILDFORD

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* * * * *

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* * * * *

THE PICCADILLY NOVELS.

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_BY MRS. H. LOVETT CAMERON._ Deceivers Ever. Juliet's Guardian.

_BY MORTIMER COLLINS._ Sweet Anne Page. Transmigration. From Midnight to Midnight.

_MORTIMER & FRANCES COLLINS._ Blacksmith and Scholar. The Village Comedy. You Play me False.

_BY WILKIE COLLINS._ Antonina. Basil. Hide and Seek. The Dead Secret. Queen of Hearts. My Miscellanies. Woman in White. The Moonstone. Man and Wife. Poor Miss Finch. Miss or Mrs.? New Magdalen. The Frozen Deep. The Law and the Lady. The Two Destinies. Haunted Hotel. The Fallen Leaves. Jezebel's Daughter. The Black Robe. Heart and Science. "I Say No." Little Novels. The Evil Genius.

_BY DUTTON COOK._ Paul Foster's Daughter.

_BY WILLIAM CYPLES._ Hearts of Gold.

_BY ALPHONSE DAUDET._ The Evangelist; or, Port Salvation.

_BY JAMES DE MILLE._ A Castle in Spain.

_BY J. LEITH DERWENT._ Our Lady of Tears. Circe's Lovers.

_BY M. BETHAM-EDWARDS._ Felicia.

_BY MRS. ANNIE EDWARDES._ Archie Lovell.

_BY PERCY FITZGERALD._ Fatal Zero.

_BY R.E. FRANCILLON._ Queen Cophetua. One by One. A Real Queen. King or Knave? _Prefaced by Sir BARTLE FRERE._ Pandurang Hari.

_BY EDWARD GARRETT._ The Capel Girls.

_BY CHARLES GIBBON._ Robin Gray. What will the World Say? In Honour Bound. Queen of the Meadow. The Flower of the Forest. A Heart's Problem. The Braes of Yarrow. The Golden Shaft. Of High Degree. Loving a Dream.

_BY THOMAS HARDY._ Under the Greenwood Tree.

_BY JULIAN HAWTHORNE._ Garth. Ellice Quentin. Sebastian Strome. Dust. Fortune's Fool. Beatrix Randolph. David Poindexter's Disappearance.

_BY SIR A. HELPS._ Ivan de Biron.

_BY MRS. ALFRED HUNT._ Thornicroft's Model. The Leaden Casket. Self-Condemned. That other Person.

_BY JEAN INGELOW._ Fated to be Free.

_BY R. ASHE KING._ A Drawn Game. The Wearing of the Green.

_BY HENRY KINGSLEY._ Number Seventeen.

_BY E. LYNN LINTON._ Patricia Kemball. Atonement of Leam Dundas. The World Well Lost. Under which Lord? "My Love!" Ione. Paston Carew.

_BY HENRY W. LUCY._ Gideon Fleyce.

_BY JUSTIN McCARTHY._ The Waterdale Neighbours. A Fair Saxon. Dear Lady Disdain. Miss Misanthrope. Donna Quixote. The Comet of a Season. Maid of Athens. Camiola.

_BY MRS. MACDONELL._ Quaker Cousins.

_BY FLORENCE MARRYAT._ Open! Sesame! Written In Fire.

_BY D. CHRISTIE MURRAY._ Life's Atonement. Joseph's Coat. A Model Father. Coals of Fire. Val Strange. Hearts. By the Gate of the Sea. The Way of the World. A Bit of Human Nature. First Person Singular. Cynic Fortune.

_BY MRS. OLIPHANT._ Whiteladies.

_BY OUIDA._ Held In Bondage. Strathmore. Chandos. Under Two Flags. Idalla. Cecil Castlemaine's Gage. Tricotrin. Puck. Folle Farine. A Dog of Flanders. Pascarel. Signa. Princess Napraxine. Two Little Wooden Shoes. In a Winter City. Ariadne. Friendship. Moths. Pipistrello. A Village Commune. Bimbi. Wanda. Frescoes. In Maremma. Othmar.

_BY MARGARET A. PAUL._ Gentle and Simple.

_BY JAMES PAYN._ Lost Sir Massingberd. Walter's Word. Less Black than We're Painted. By Proxy. High Spirits. Under One Roof. A Confidential Agent. From Exile. A Grape from a Thorn. Some Private Views. The Canon's Ward. Talk of the Town. Glow-worm Tales.

_BY E.C. PRICE._ Valentina. Mrs. Lancaster's Rival. The Foreigners.

_BY CHARLES READE._ It Is Never Too Late to Mend. Hard Cash. Peg Woffington. Christie Johnstone. Griffith Gaunt. Foul Play. The Double Marriage. Love Me Little, Love Me Long. The Cloister and the Hearth. The Course of True Love. The Autobiography of a Thief. Put Yourself in His Place. A Terrible Temptation. The Wandering Heir. A Simpleton. A Woman-Hater. Readiana. Singleheart and Doubleface. The Jilt. Good Stories of Men and other Animals.

_BY MRS. J.H. RIDDELL._ Her Mother's Darling. Prince of Wales's Garden Party. Weird Stories.

_BY F.W. ROBINSON._ Women are Strange. The Hands of Justice.

_BY JOHN SAUNDERS._ Bound to the Wheel. Guy Waterman. Two Dreamers. The Lion in the Path.

_BY KATHARINE SAUNDERS._ Margaret and Elizabeth. Gideon's Rock. Heart Salvage. The High Mills. Sebastian.

_BY T.W. SPEIGHT._ The Mysteries of Heron Dyke.

_BY R.A. STERNDALE._ The Afghan Knife.

_BY BERTHA THOMAS._ Proud Maisie. Cressida. The Violin-Player

_BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE._ The Way we Live Now. Frau Frohmann. Marion Fay. Kept in the Dark. Mr. Scarborough's Family. The Land Leaguers.

_BY FRANCES E. TROLLOPE._ Like Ships upon the Sea. Anne Furness. Mabel's Progress.

_BY IVAN TURGENIEFF, &c._ Stories from Foreign Novelists.

_BY SARAH TYTLER._ What She Came Through. The Bride's Pass. Saint Mungo's City. Beauty and the Beast. Noblesse Oblige. Citoyenne Jacqueline. The Huguenot Family. Lady Bell. Buried Diamonds.

_BY C.C. FRASER-TYTLER._ Mistress Judith.

* * * * *

CHEAP EDITIONS OF POPULAR NOVELS.

Post 8vo, illustrated boards, 2s. each.

_BY EDMOND ABOUT._ The Fellah.

_BY HAMILTON AIDE._ Carr of Carrlyon. Confidences.

_BY MRS. ALEXANDER._ Maid, Wife, or Widow? Valerie's Fate.

_BY GRANT ALLEN._ Strange Stories. Philistia. Babylon. In all Shades. The Beckoning Hand.

_BY SHELSLEY BEAUCHAMP._ Grantley Grange.

_BY W. BESANT & JAMES RICE._ Ready-Money Mortiboy. With Harp and Crown. This Son of Vulcan. My Little Girl. The Case of Mr. Lucraft. The Golden Butterfly. By Celia's Arbour. The Monks of Thelema. 'Twas In Trafalgar's Bay. The Seamy Side. The Ten Years' Tenant. The Chaplain of the Fleet.

_BY WALTER BESANT._ All Sorts and Conditions of Men. The Captains' Room. All in a Garden Fair. Dorothy Forster. Uncle Jack. Children of Gibeon.

_BY FREDERICK BOYLE._ Camp Notes. Savage Life. Chronicles of No-man's Land.

_BY BRET HARTE._ An Heiress of Red Dog. The Luck of Roaring Camp. Californian Stories. Gabriel Conroy. Flip. Maruja. A Phyllis of the Sierras.

_BY ROBERT BUCHANAN._ The Shadow of the Sword. The Martyrdom of Madeline. A Child of Nature. Annan Water. God and the Man. The New Abelard. Love Me for Ever. Matt. Foxglove Manor. The Master of the Mine.

_BY MRS. BURNETT._ Surly Tim.

_BY HALL CAINE._ The Shadow of a Crime. A Son of Hagar.

_BY COMMANDER CAMERON._ The Cruise of the "Black Prince."

_BY MRS. LOVETT CAMERON._ Deceivers Ever. Juliet's Guardian.

_BY MACLAREN COBBAN._ The Cure of Souls.

_BY C. ALLSTON COLLINS._ The Bar Sinister.

_BY WILKIE COLLINS._ Antonina. Queen of Hearts. Basil. My Miscellanies. Hide and Seek. Woman in White. The Dead Secret. The Moonstone. Man and Wife. Poor Miss Finch. Miss or Mrs.? New Magdalen. The Frozen Deep. Law and the Lady. The Two Destinies. Haunted Hotel. The Fallen Leaves. Jezebel's Daughter. The Black Robe. Heart and Science. "I Say No." The Evil Genius.

_BY MORTIMER COLLINS._ Sweet Anne Page. Transmigration. From Midnight to Midnight. A Fight with Fortune.

_BY MORTIMER & FRANCES COLLINS._ Sweet and Twenty. Frances. Blacksmith and Scholar. The Village Comedy. You Play me False.

_BY M.J. COLQUHOUN._ Every Inch a Soldier.

_BY MONCURE D. CONWAY._ Pine and Palm.

_BY DUTTON COOK._ Leo. Paul Foster's Daughter.

_BY C. EGBERT CRADDOCK._ The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountains.

_BY WILLIAM CYPLES._ Hearts of Gold.

_BY ALPHONSE DAUDET._ The Evangelist; or, Port Salvation.

_BY JAMES DE MILLE._ A Castle In Spain.

_BY J. LEITH DERWENT._ Our Lady of Tears. Circe's Lovers.

_BY CHARLES DICKENS._ Sketches by Boz. Pickwick Papers. Oliver Twist. Nicholas Nickleby.

_BY DICK DONOVAN._ The Man-Hunter.

_BY MRS. ANNIE EDWARDES._ A Point of Honour. Archie Lovell.

_BY M. BETHAM-EDWARDS._ Felicia. Kitty.

_BY EDWARD EGGLESTON._ Roxy.

_BY PERCY FITZGERALD._ Bella Donna. Never Forgotten. The Second Mrs. Tillotson. Polly. Fatal Zero. Seventy-five Brooke Street. The Lady of Brantome.

_BY ALBANY DE FONBLANQUE._ Filthy Lucre.

_BY R.E. FRANCILLON._ Olympia. One by One. Queen Cophetua. A Real Queen.

_BY HAROLD FREDERIC._ Seth's Brother's Wife. _Prefaced by Sir H. BARTLE FRERE._ Pandurang Hari.

_BY HAIN FRISWELL._ One of Two.

_BY EDWARD GARRETT._ The Capel Girls.

_BY CHARLES GIBBON._ Robin Gray. For Lack of Gold. What will the World Say? In Honour Bound. In Love and War. For the King. In Pastures Green. Queen of the Meadow. A Heart's Problem. The Flower of the Forest. Braes of Yarrow. The Golden Shaft. Of High Degree. Fancy Free. Mead and Stream. Loving a Dream. A Hard Knot. Heart's Delight.

_BY WILLIAM GILBERT._ Dr. Austin's Guests. James Duke. The Wizard of the Mountain.

_BY JAMES GREENWOOD._ Dick Temple.

_BY JOHN HABBERTON._ Brueton's Bayou. Country Luck.

_BY ANDREW HALLIDAY_ Every-Day Papers.

_BY LADY DUFFUS HARDY._ Paul Wynter's Sacrifice.

_BY THOMAS HARDY._ Under the Greenwood Tree.

_BY J. BERWICK HARWOOD._ The Tenth Earl.

_BY JULIAN HAWTHORNE._ Garth. Ellice Quentin. Sebastian Strome. Dust. Prince Saroni's Wife. Fortune's Fool. Miss Cadogna. Beatrix Randolph. Love--or a Name.

_BY SIR ARTHUR HELPS._ Ivan de Biron.

_BY MRS. CASHEL HOEY._ The Lover's Creed.

_BY TOM HOOD._ A Golden Heart.

_BY MRS. GEORGE HOOPER._ The House of Raby.

_BY TIGHE HOPKINS._ 'Twixt Love and Duty.

_BY MRS. ALFRED HUNT._ Thornicroft's Model. The Leaden Casket. Self-Condemned. That other Person.

_BY JEAN INGELOW._ Fated to be Free.

_BY HARRIETT JAY._ The Dark Colleen. The Queen of Connaught.

_BY MARK KERSHAW._ Colonial Facts and Fictions.

_BY R. ASHE KING._ A Drawn Game. The Wearing of the Green.

_BY HENRY KINGSLEY._ Oakshott Castle.

_BY JOHN LEYS._ The Lindsays.

_BY MARY LINSKILL._ In Exchange for a Soul.

_BY E. LYNN LINTON._ Patricia Kemball. The Atonement of Leam Dundes. The World Well Lost. Under which Lord? With a Silken Thread. The Rebel of the Family. "My Love!" Ione.

_BY HENRY W. LUCY._ Gideon Fleyce.

_BY JUSTIN McCARTHY._ Dear Lady Disdain. Miss Misanthrope. The Waterdale Neighbours. Donna Quixote. The Comet of a Season. My Enemy's Daughter. Maid of Athens. A Fair Saxon. Camiola. Linley Rochford.

_BY MRS. MACDONELL._ Quaker Cousins.

_BY KATHARINE S. MACQUOID._ The Evil Eye. Lost Rose.

_BY W.H. MALLOCK._ The New Republic.

_BY FLORENCE MARRYAT._ Open! Sesame. Fighting the Air. A Harvest of Wild Oats. Written in Fire.

_BY J. MASTERMAN._ Half-a-dozen Daughters.

_BY BRANDER MATTHEWS._ A Secret of the Sea.

_BY JEAN MIDDLEMASS._ Touch and Go. Mr. Dorillion.

_BY MRS. MOLESWORTH._ Hathercourt Rectory.

_BY D. CHRISTIE MURRAY._ A Life's Atonement. Hearts. A Model Father. Way of the World. Joseph's Coat. A Bit of Human Nature. Coals of Fire. By the Gate of the Sea. First Person Singular. Val Strange. Cynic Fortune. Old Blazer's Hero.

_BY ALICE O'HANLON._ The Unforeseen.

_BY MRS. OLIPHANT._ Whiteladies. The Primrose Path. The Greatest Heiress in England.

_BY MRS. ROBERT O'REILLY._ Phoebe's Fortunes.

_BY OUIDA._ Held In Bondage. Strathmore. Chandos. Under Two Flags. Idalia. Cecil Castlemaine's Gage. Tricotrin. Puck. Folle Farine. A Dog of Flanders. Pascarel. Signa. Princess Napraxine. Two Little Wooden Shoes. In a Winter City. Ariadne. Friendship. Moths. Pipistrello. A Village Commune. Bimbi. Wanda. Frescoes. In Maremma. Othmar.

_BY MARGARET AGNES PAUL._ Gentle and Simple.

_BY JAMES PAYN._ Lost Sir Massingberd. A Perfect Treasure. Bentinck's Tutor. Murphy's Master. A County Family. At Her Mercy. A Woman's Vengeance. Cecil's Tryst. Clyffards of Clyffe. The Family Scapegrace. Foster Brothers. Found Dead. Best of Husbands. Walter's Word. Halves. Fallen Fortunes. What He Cost Her. Humorous Stories. Gwendoline's Harvest. L200 Reward. Like Father, Like Son. Marine Residence. Married Beneath Him. Mirk Abbey. Not Wooed, but Won. Less Black than We're Painted. By Proxy. Under One Roof. High Spirits. Carlyon's Year. A Confidential Agent. Some Private Views. From Exile. A Grape from a Thorn. For Cash Only. Kit: A Memory. The Canon's Ward. Talk of the Town. Holiday Tasks.

_BY C.L. PIRKIS._ Lady Lovelace.

_BY EDGAR A. POE._ The Mystery of Marie Roget.

_BY E.C. PRICE._ Valentina. The Foreigners. Mrs. Lancaster's Rival. Gerald.

_BY CHARLES READE._ It Is Never Too Late to Mend. Hard Cash. Peg Woffington. Christie Johnstone. Griffith Gaunt. Put Yourself in His Place. The Double Marriage. Love Me Little, Love Me Long. Foul Play. The Cloister and the Hearth. The Course of True Love. Autobiography of a Thief. A Terrible Temptation. The Wandering Heir. A Simpleton. Readiana. A Woman-Hater. The Jilt. Singleheart and Doubleface. Good Stories of Men and other Animals.

_BY MRS. J.H. RIDDELL._ Her Mother's Darling. Prince of Wales's Garden Party. Weird Stories. Fairy Water. The Uninhabited House. The Mystery in Palace Gardens.

_BY F.W. ROBINSON._ Women are Strange. The Hands of Justice.

_BY JAMES RUNCIMAN._ Skippers and Shellbacks. Grace Balmaign's Sweetheart. Schools and Scholars.

_BY W. CLARK RUSSELL._ Round the Galley Fire. On the Fo'k'sle Head. In the Middle Watch. A Voyage to the Cape.

_BY BAYLE ST. JOHN._ A Levantine Family.

_BY GEORGE AUGUSTUS SALA._ Gaslight and Daylight.

_BY JOHN SAUNDERS._ Bound to the Wheel. One Against the World. Guy Waterman. Two Dreamers. The Lion In the Path.

_BY KATHARINE SAUNDERS._ Joan Merryweather. Margaret and Elizabeth. The High Mills. Heart Salvage. Sebastian.

_BY GEORGE R. SIMS._ Rogues and Vagabonds. The Ring o' Bells. Mary Jane's Memoirs. Mary Jane Married.

_BY ARTHUR SKETCHLEY._ A Match in the Dark.

_BY T.W. SPEIGHT._ The Mysteries of Heron Dyke. The Golden Hoop.

_BY R.A. STERNDALE._ The Afghan Knife.

_BY R. LOUIS STEVENSON._ New Arabian Nights. Prince Otto.

_BY BERTHA THOMAS._ Cressida. Proud Maisie. The Violin-Player.

_BY W. MOY THOMAS._ A Fight for Life.

_BY WALTER THORNBURY._ Tales for the Marines.

_BY T. ADOLPHUS TROLLOPE._ Diamond Cut Diamond.

_BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE._ The Way We Live Now. The American Senator. Frau Frohmann. Marion Fay. Kept In the Dark. Mr. Scarborough's Family. The Land-Leaguers. The Golden Lion of Granpere. John Caldigate.

_BY F. ELEANOR TROLLOPE._ Like Ships upon the Sea. Anne Furness. Mabel's Progress.

_BY J.T. TROWBRIDGE._ Farnell's Folly.

_BY IVAN TURGENIEFF, &c._ Stories from Foreign Novelists.

_BY MARK TWAIN._ Tom Sawyer. A Tramp Abroad. A Pleasure Trip on the Continent of Europe. The Stolen White Elephant. Huckleberry Finn. Life on the Mississippi. The Prince and the Pauper.

_BY C.C. FRASER-TYTLER._ Mistress Judith.

_BY SARAH TYTLER._ What She Came Through. The Bride's Pass. Saint Mungo's City. Beauty and the Beast. Lady Bell. Noblesse Oblige. Citoyenne Jacquiline. Disappeared.

_BY J.S. WINTER._ Cavalry Life. Regimental Legends.

_BY H.F. WOOD._ The Passenger from Scotland Yard.

_BY LADY WOOD._ Sabina.

_BY EDMUND YATES._ Castaway. The Forlorn Hope. Land at Last.

_ANONYMOUS._ Paul Ferroll. Why Paul Ferroll Killed his Wife.

* * * * *

POPULAR SHILLING BOOKS.

Jeff Briggs's Love Story. By BRET HARTE. The Twins of Table Mountain. By BRET HARTE. A Day's Tour. By PERCY FITZGERALD. Mrs. Gainsborough's Diamonds. By JULIAN HAWTHORNE. A Dream and a Forgetting. By ditto. A Romance of the Queen's Hounds. By CHARLES JAMES. Kathleen Mavourneen. By Author of "That Lass o' Lowrie's." Lindsay's Luck. By the Author of "That Lass o' Lowrie's." Pretty Polly Pemberton. By the Author of "That Lass o' Lowrie's." Trooping with Crows. By C.L. PIRKIS. The Professor's Wife. By L. GRAHAM. A Double Bond. By LINDA VILLARI. Esther's Glove. By R.E. FRANCILLON. The Garden that Paid the Rent. By TOM JERROLD. Curly. By JOHN COLEMAN. Illustrated by J.C. DOLLMAN. Beyond the Gates. By E.S. PHELPS. Old Maid's Paradise. By E.S. PHELPS. Burglars in Paradise. By E.S. PHELPS. Jack the Fisherman. By E.S. PHELPS. Doom: An Atlantic Episode. By JUSTIN H. MCCARTHY, M.P. Our Sensation Novel. Edited by JUSTIN H. MCCARTHY, M.P. Bible Characters. By CHAS. READE. The Dagonet Reciter. By G.R. SIMS. Wife or No Wife? By T.W. SPEIGHT. By Devious Ways. By T.W. SPEIGHT. The Silverado Squatters. By R. LOUIS STEVENSON.

J. OGDEN AND CO. LIMITED, PRINTERS, GREAT SAFFRON HILL, E.C.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Obvious typesetting errors have been corrected. Questionable or vintage spelling has been left as printed in the original publication. Inconsistencies in spelling have been normalized.

Punctuation (commas, periods and colons) has been normalized or supplied as needed for consistency in the formatting of the List of Books following the main text.

Page 203: A comma has been supplied, presumably missed in typesetting (evidenced by a blank space in original publication). Shown in brackets in the following: "... unequal to the subject--too low[,] pedestrian, and creeping...."

Page 229: Transcribed "this" as "his". As originially printed: "Unto this last."

Page 17 (List of Books): Transcribed "ARMOY" as "ARMORY". As originially printed: "BY A.E. SWEET and J. ARMOY KNOX".

End of Project Gutenberg's The Eulogy of Richard Jefferies, by Walter Besant