Part 4

The Scandinavian, EYR, EYRI, AUR, OI, ORE, occurs in ERI-boll, ERI-sta, ORE-sund, Sand-AREA, Net-AREA, Rabbit-AREA.

OFER, OFRA, OVER (Anglo-Saxon), _the shore_, _bank_.—Little OVER, Mickle OVER, OVER-leigh, Wend-OVER, And-OVER; OVER-yssel, Hann-OVER, OVER, near Cologne, OFER, in the neighbourhood of the Elbe.

POT (Scandinavian), _the hole formed by a river in the rocks which compose its bed_.—Lade-POT, Bull-POT, Spear-POTS.

PIDDLE, PUDDLE (Anglo-Saxon), _a thin stream_.—PIDDLE-town, PIDDLE-trent-hide, River BIDDEL, Tol-PUDDLE, Aff-PUDDLE.

POL, POLE, PELL (Anglo-Saxon), _deep standing water_, _a detached or enclosed piece of water_, _a haven or harbour_.—POOL-croft-hea, PUL-ham, PEL-ham, Yar-POLE, PUL-borough, POOL-ey, POLES-worth, POOLE, &c.

PINE (Provincial), _a pit_.—Wash-ford-PYNE.

PYT (Anglo-Saxon), _a body of standing water_, _a puddle_, _cistern_; from PYTTAN, _to excavate_.—PUTN-ey, PUTTEN-ham, PITS-ford, PUD-sey, PITN-ey, Wool-PIT, PIT-stone, &c.

RA (Scandinavian), _a river_.—Oxe-RA, Bro-RA (bridged-river), Nordu-RA.

REA (Anglo-Saxon), RY-ton, RYE-gate.

RUN (Anglo-Saxon), _a stream_, _water-course_.—RUN-ton, RUN-ham.

RACK (Scandinavian), _a trace_, _strait_, _channel_.—Dam-RACK, Sky-RACK, &c.; the RACE, Skage-RACK.

SOLA (Old High German), _water_, _river_.—Bagos-SOLA (BUG), SALZA, SAALE.

SLOH, SLAEW (Anglo-Saxon), _a slough_.—SLOUGH, the name of several places in England.

SLAED, SLADE (Anglo-Saxon), _wet ground_, _low marshy ground_.—Lin-SLADE, SLAI-thwaite, SLED-dale, SLOTEN.

SPOUT (Scandinavian), _a waterfall_.—Cautley SPOUT, Gale-forth-SPOUT, SPYTEN-vand (in Norway), SPOUT.

STRIND, STRUND (Scandinavian), _the beach_, _sea coast_.—The STRAND, Whitby-STRAND, Flad-STRUND, Nord-STRAND, Es-STRAND, &c.

SIKE (Scandinavian), _a water course_, _drain_.—Ful-SICK, Meer-SYKE.

STANG (Scandinavian), _a pool_.—Meller-STANG, Gar-STANG, &c.

STROM (Scandinavian), _a stream_.—STROMS-a, STROMS-oe, STROM-ness, STRAUMS-ey, STROMS-holm, and Mael-STROM.

STROMMER, _a channel_ which separates the Isle of Siaeland from the Isle of Amak.

SAEF, SIV (Anglo-Saxon), _a rush_, _torrent_.—The river SHEAF, SWAVES-ey, &c.

SEA (Anglo-Saxon), SEE (German), _the sea_, _a lake_.—SEA-ham, SEA-ton, SEA-forth, Horn-SEA, Whittle-SEA, &c.; Lang-SEE, Esrum-SEE, Gruner-SEE, and Moss-SEE.

The Scandinavian SOE (_sea_), occurs in Mor-SOE, Mos-SOE, Sonder-SOE, &c.

SKELL (Scandinavian), _a well_, _spring_.—SKEL-man-thorpe, SKELL-eftea, SKELDER-vik, SKEL-ton, &c.

SUND (Scandinavian), _separated_, _a channel_, _a strait_.—SUNDER-land, the SOUND, Helle-SUND, Stral-SUND, &c.

TJORN, TERN, TARN (Scandinavian), _a small lake_.—Lough-rigg-TARN, Flat-TARN, Flou-TERN-TARN (from FLOI, Scandinavian, _a bog_, _marsh_, &c.), Angle TARN, Beacon TARN, TJORN (an island off the coast of Sweden), Holms-JON, Mars-JON, Flas-JON.

VATN, VAT, VAND (Scandinavian), _water_, _a lake_.—Apa-VATN, My-VATN, Sands-VATN, Bjork-VATN-et, Rys-VAND; Olle-VAT (a lake in the Hebrides), VATN-dale, WATEND-lath (in Cumberland), Steapa-VAT, &c.

Sometimes VAND is changed into WATER, as in Helga-WATER (a lake in Shetland), Ulls-WATER, Gates-WATER, Broad-WATER, Oude-WATER, WATER-vliet (netherlands), Vara-BOT (France).

VAAG, VOE (Scandinavian), _a bay_, _harbour_, in

VOE (Sum-brough), Burra-VOE, Usk-VAGH, Flad-VAGH, VAAG-oen, VAAG-en, Sol-WAY, Groes-VAGH, Hamna-VOE, harbour _bay_; Selia-VOE, herring _bay_; &c.

VIG, VIK, WICK (Scandinavian), _a small bay_, _harbour_, _landing-place, town on the sea coast_, _mouth of a river_.—Bruns-WICK, Schles-WIG, Laur-VIG, Steen-VIG, Lem-VIG, Weston-VIK, Bra-VIKEN, Wool-WICH, Green-WICH, Har-WICH, Ips-WICH, Dib-IC, Cu-IC, and Green-OC.

WATH, WADE (Scandinavian), _a ford_.—WATH-upon-Dearne, Winder-WATH, WADES-mills, WADS-ley; WAYTHE, Biggles-WADE, Sands-VATH, WAITHE.

WASH (Scandinavian), _an arm of the sea_, _a river_, _ford_.—The WASH, Ship-WASH, VIS-by, WASH-field, and WAS-dale.

WELL (Anglo-Saxon), _a spring_.—Both-WELL, WYL-am, WEL-ton, WIL-land; Waedensch-WYL, Walch-WYL, WYL-au, Hof-WYL, &c.

WASSER (German), WAES (Anglo-Saxon), _water_.—WASSER-burg, WASSER-trudingen, WAES-ten, WAES-land, WATER-loo (water meadow), WEASEN-ham, WASSEN-bury, &c.

WAC (Anglo-Saxon), _soft marshy ground_; WAX (Scandinavian).—WAC-ton, WAX-holme, WAX-holm, WAX-ham, WHAX-grove, &c.

WAEL, WHEEL (Provincial), _a whirlpool_.—WHEEL-don, WEEL, WEEL-ey, WHEEL-ton, &c.

WORTH (Anglo-Saxon), _an island formed by a river_, _a canal between the two branches of a river_, _a farm_.—Teb-WORTH, Hems-WORTH, Tets-WORTH, Nails-WORTH, Rush-WORTH, Til-WORTH, Clos-WORTH, Wid-WORTHY, Tat-WORTH, Chil-WORTHY, Dodge-WAART, Bols-WAARD, Holt-WIERDE, and Schoenen-WERTH.

WYCHEN (Anglo-Saxon), _springs_; WYCH (Provincial), _a salt spring_.—WHIX-ley, WICK-en, Middle-WICH, Nant-WICH, and Ford-WICH.

(_B_) NAMES OF MOUNTAINS, HILLS, &c.

BAC, BEAC (Anglo-Saxon), _a ridge or back_; BAC (Gothic), _a woody mountain_, _an ascent or descent_.

BUHEL, PUHEL, BUHL (German), _a hill_, _rising ground_.

BAICH (Old English), _a “languet of land_.”—Saddle-BACK, BAC-ton, BACON’S-field, Hog’s-BACK, Bainton-BEACON, Inkpen-BEACON, &c.

Cæsar makes mention of a Sylva BACEN-is, which separated the Cherusci from the Suevi; and Ptolemy speaks of a Meli-BOC-os, in the north of Germany. There is still a Meli-BOC-us in the south of Germany.

The German form (BUHL, PUHEL, &c.), occurs in

Eichen-BUHL, the oak _ridge_; Dun-kels-BUHL, the _ridge_ of the mountain springs; Ross-BUHL, the horse’s _ridge_; Lust-BUHL, the _hill_ of pleasure.

BREG, BEORG, BEROH (Anglo-Saxon), _a mountain_, _a hill_, _a heap of stones or earth_; BERG PEREG (High German), BAIRGS (Gothic), BIERG, BJORG, BORG (Scandinavian).—Ha-BERG-ham-caves, Wa-BER-thwaite, Wi-BERG-thwaite (holy _mountain_ path), Leg-BER-thwaite (low _mountain_ path), Brown-BERG-hill, Lang-BAURGH.

BARROW and BARF occur frequently in the north of England. They are probably only slightly altered forms of BERG.—Under-BARROW-scar, High-BARROW-ridge, &c.; Clee-BARF, BARF near (Bassen-thwaite), &c.

The German BERG is found in

BERG, BERG-en, the _mountain_ region; BERGE-dorf, the _hilly_ city; BERG-heim, the _hilly_ home; Adels-BERG, the noble’s _hill_; Arns-BERG, the eagles’ _hill_; Alten-BERG, the ancient _hill_; As-PERG, the ash _hill_; Heidel-BERG, the heath _hill_; Konigs-BERG, the King’s _hill_; Mittel-GEBIRGE, middle _range_.

The Scandinavian form BORG, appears in

BORG-loh, the _hilly_ dwelling by the water; BORG-holm, the _hilly_ island; BORG-holz-hausen, the _hilly_-wooded dwelling; &c.

BREAK (Scandinavian), _the slope of a mountain_, _the hollow in a hill_.—Mel-BREAK, Cal-BREAK, Lov-BREKKE, Skards-BREKKE, Sand-BREKKE, &c.

CALF (Scandinavian), _a smaller mountain near a larger one_. It is also applied to islands.—CALVA, CALF, KALVA-berg (the “CALF of Man”), CALVER-peak, &c.

CAR (Anglo-Saxon), _a rock_.—Uugin-CAR, Rugh CAR, Gol-CAR, the CARRS.

CAM (Scandinavian), _a summit_, _top_.—CAM-fell, Cachede-CAM, &c.

CLIFE, CLIF, CLIFFE, CLEE, CLOU, CLOUGH (Anglo-Saxon), _a rock_.—CLEVE, Old CLEEVE-hill, CLEVE-land, CLAVER-don, CLEVE-don, CLAVER-ley, CLIPPES-by, CLIP-stone, CLOP-hill, KLOP-stock, CLOP-ton, CLOP-ham, CLIFFE, CLIFF-ton, Top-CLIFFE, Shorne-CLIFFE, Swil-low-CLIFT, CLIFFE-end; CLEE-thorpes, CLE-hanger, CLEE-hills, CLEE-barf, CLEEVER, CLAW-ton, CLEO-bury, CLOUGH-ton, Buc-CLEUGH, CLEVES, KLOPPEN-burg.

CLUMP (Provincial), _a heap_.—Chariot-CLUMP, Heaver-CLUMP.

CLUD, CLENT (Anglo-Saxon), _a piece of rock_.—Pen-ket-CLOUD, Temple-CLOUD, CLOUD-end, CLENT-hill, CLIN-ton.

CNOL (Anglo-Saxon), _rising ground_, _a small round hill_.—Falkland KNOLL, Brent-KNOLL, Mays-KNOLL, KNOWL-bury, Windy-KNOWL.

COP (Anglo-Saxon), _a top_, _summit_.—Mold-COP, Wyle-COP, Mow-COP, War-COP, Schnee-KOPPE (snow top).

DODD (Scandinavian), _a mountain with a rounded summit_.—Harts-op-DODD, Skiddaw-DODD.

DUN, DON, DOWN (Anglo-Saxon), _a hill_, sometimes applied to _dwelling-places on hills_.—The DOWNS, DOWNE, DOWN-ton, Leigh-DOWN, Hunting-DON, Ham-DON, Snow-DON, DUN-fell, DUN-mallet, DOWN-holm, DOWN-head, DUNS-by, DUN-score, DUNS-fold, DUN-stan.

EDGE (Anglo-Saxon, ECG), _high moor-lands_, _the sharp ridge of a mountain_.—EDGE-hill, Swirrell-EDGE, Strathon-EDGE, Land-EGGE.

FELL, FJELD (Scandinavian), _a rock-hill_, _mountain chain_.—Dovre-FJELD, Hardanger-FJELD (the mountains of hunger and poverty), Rute FIELLE, FAL-aise, Oxen-FELL, Hart-FELL, Shap-FELL, Bow-FELL, Campsie-FELLS, Snae-FELL, Mickle-FELL.

GARE, GORE, GOR (Anglo-Saxon), _a triangular piece of ground_, _a narrow slip of ground_, generally dirty or marshy.—Water-GORE, the GORE, Haven-GORE-marsh.

HA (Scandinavian), _high_.—HA-wick, HA-warden, HA-worth, HEA-ley, HEA-laugh, HEA-ton, HEY-don, HEY-thorpe, HEY-shot, Pool-croft-HEA, Hirne-HA.

HAMMER (Scandinavian), _a rock_.—HAMMER-scar, HAMMER-end, HAMMER-fest, HAMMER-stein, Stor-HAMMER, Lille-HAMMER.

HART, HARD (Gothic), _high_.—HARDER-wyk, HARDEN-burg, the HARDT mountains.

HAWES, HAW (Scandinavian), _a rock_, _an oblong mountain_, _a prospect_.—Esk HAWS, Buttermere HAWS, HAWS-water.

We find AAS (pronounced AWS), the Norwegian form, in AAS-fjeld, AAS-vand, &c.

HAUGH, HOUG, HOW, HO, HOO, HOV, HOE, HOY, &c. (Scandinavian), _a hill_, _sepulchral mound_, _promontory_.—Bothwell-HAUGH, HAUGH-am, HAUGH-ton, HAUGH-ley, HAUGH-mond-hill; Alders-HAUGH, HOGH-ton, Bar-HAUGH, HOUGH-ton-le-spring, Green-OUGH, Bere-HOUGH, HEW-by, Kew (Kay-HOUGH, Kay-HOWE); the HAUGH, HAIGH-ton, Scale-HOW, Hund-HOW, Red-HOW, Grimes-HOO, the HOO, HAUX-ley, HAX-ley, HOX-ay (the isle of the _promontory_), HAUGS-eid (the isthmus of the _hillock_), HAUX-ton, &c.; Loose-HOO, Iving-HOE, Stapl-OE, HOY-land, Al-sta-HAUG, La HOGUE, Jord-HEUE, Le-HOU, Ne-HOU, Cape HOC, HEVE, HOGUES d’Isigny, HOGUES de Baucy, HOY-a, HOY-holm.

HAUS (Old Norsk), _top_, _summit_.—Herd-HOUSE, Lad-HOUSE, HUSA-fell, &c.

HANG (Anglo-Saxon), _a heel_.—East and West HANG, HANGLE-ton, HANKE-low.

HOOK, HAWK, HACK, and HOCH have a similar signification.—HACE-by, HACKER-sall, HACK-ford, HACK-thorne, HACK-ness, HACK-don, HOC-kliffe, &c.; HAWK-moor, HOOK, HOOKER-ton, HOOK-nor-ton, HACK-sted, HACK-low.

HOHE, HOCH (German), _height_, _high_.—HOHE-geiss, HOHEN-stein, HOHEN-linden, HOHEN-as-perg, &c.; HOCH-heim, HOCH-kirch, HOCH-wald, &c.; HOOG-veen, HOOG-meide.

HEIGH, HIGH (Anglo-Saxon), _elevated_.—HEIGH-am, HEIGH-ley, HEIGH-ton, HIGH-bray, HIGH-ley, HIGH-week, &c.

HEAFORD (Anglo-Saxon), _head-top_, _upper_.—HEAD-lam, HEAD-ley, HEAD-worth, HED-don, HED-hope, HEED-ley.

HEAN (Anglo-Saxon), _high_.—HEAN-or, HEAN-wood, HAINTON, HENT-land, HAUN-ton.

HOPE, OP, OPE (Scandinavian), _the side of a hill_, _a sheltered spot on the side of a hill_.—HOP-town, Harts-OP, Harr-OP, Wool-HOPE, Oxen-HOPE.

HOB (Scandinavian), _a rising eminence_; HEAP (English).—HOB-linch, HOB-knap; HEAP, HEAP-ey, HEAP-ham, &c.

HUL, HYL (Anglo-Saxon), _a mountain_, _elevation in general_.—Tintin-HULL, Soli-HULL, Mag-HULL, HIL-ton, HIL-bury, HIL-gay, HILL-am, HILLERS-don, HIL-per-ton, and HILL-side.

HOFVED, HOVED (Scandinavian), _a head_, _promontory_.—

Skov-HOVED, wood _head_; Vorms-HOFVED, worm’s _head_.

HEAD, when it occurs in the names of capes, promontories, &c., in England, is of Scandinavian origin.

HORN, HURNE, HYRNE, HERNE (Anglo-Saxon), _an angle or corner-land projecting into the sea or river_, _a peak_.—HIRNE-ha, Cold-IRNE, Guy-HIRNE, HORN-castle, HORN-sea, HORN-um, Stor-HORN, Breit-HORN, Tenfels-HORN, Wild-HORN, and Rinder-HORN.

KNOT (Scandinavian), _a round heap_.—Hard-KNOT, Scald-KNOT, School-KNOT, Whim-bury-KNOTS, KNOTS-low.

KNAEP (Anglo-Saxon), _rising ground_.—Mister-ton KNAP, Hob-KNAP, &c.

KNAB, the Scandinavian form, occurs in KNAB-scar, the KNAB, &c.; KNIPE-scar, KNIPEN-berg.

LOW, LEWE, LOE, LAW (Anglo-Saxon), _a small round hill_.—Broad-LOW, Had-LOW, Tax-LOW, Mar-LOW, Wins-LOW, Hal-LOW, Doller-LAW, Bug-LAW-ton, Hag-LOE, LEV (Scandinavian), Orms-LEV, and Ors-LOV.

LOPPE, HLYPE (Anglo-Saxon), _an uneven place_, _a leap_.—Hind-LIP, LOP-ham, Lax-LEIP, Hous-LIP-burn, Deer-LEEP-hill, &c.

LYNCH, LINK (Anglo-Saxon), _ploughed ground on the side of a hill_, _high ground_.—Stock-LINCH, Moor-LYNCH, &c.

LOFT (Scandinavian), _a mound_.—Carl-LOFTS, LOF-sta, LOFTA-hammar, LOFT-house, LOFTS-ome, &c.

LAD (Scandinavian), _a pile or heap_.—Lost-LAD, LAD-cragg.

KLINT (Scandinavian), _sea rocks_.—Spoel-KLINT, Stevens-KLINTE, Steyns-KLINT.

MOR, MOOR (Anglo-Saxon), _a common_, _highlands covered with heath_; MOOR (English).—Nort-MOOR, Backe-MOOR, MOR-peth.

NAP (Anglo-Saxon), _a hill_, _peak_, _point_, _top of a hill_; NEB (Scandinavian).—NAP-ton-on-the-hill, NAP Farm, NEP-ton, NEP-cote, Whinney NEB, White NAB, Con-mer NAB, the NABS, NABS Buts.

NESS, NAZE, NOSE (Scandinavian), _damp, humid land stretching out into the sea_, _a promontory_, _a projecting portion of land_.—Lowestoft-NESS, Foul-NESS, Dunge-NESS, Sheer-NESS, Skeg-NESS, Strom-NESS, Bow-NESS, Scar-NESS, Fur-NESS, Skeg-NAS, Sand-NOES, the NAZE.

In France, NESS takes the form of NEZ.

PIKE, PEAK, PIG (Scandinavian), _a point_.—Kid-sty-PIKE, Dufton-PIKES, Mur-ton-PIKES, the PEAK, PIG-don, Knock-PIKES, PICK-mere, Jolly Waggon PIKE, PIKE-law, West-PIKE.

RIGG (Scandinavian), _a ridge_, _an oblong hill_; HRIGG (Anglo-Saxon), _a back_.

Lough-RIGG-fell; Ask-RIGG, ash-_ridge_; Lat-RIGG, the dwelling on the _ridge_; Long-RIGG, long-_ridge_; Ewan-RIGG, yew _ridge_.

The German form, RUCK, occurs in

Ziegen-RUCK, the kid’s _ridge_; Hunds-RUCK, the hound’s _ridge_.

RISE (Anglo-Saxon), RAISE (Scandinavian), _a mound_, _hill-top_, _a high wood_, &c.—Clap-ham RISE, RISE-ley, RAISE-gill, RISE-holm, RISE-brough.

SCAR, SCARTH, SCARF, SCOR, SCREE, SKRID (Scandinavian), _a rock, sharp, steep, or precipitous_.—SCAR-borough, SCAR-overton, Black Hope-SCARS, SCARS-dale, Ul-SKER, SKERRY, Ul-SCARTH, Gate-SCARTH, Balder-SCARTH, SCARF-gap, the SCREES, SCREE-scar, SCRAX, SKAR-a, Skiel-SKIOR, SKAA-up, SKIER-um, Sten-bids-SKAAR, SCAR-stad, SCAR-ild, SKA-tunge, Einer-SKER, Svart-SKER, CHER-bourg, Evar-SKARD, Haka-SCARD, SKARVEN-Fjeld, Maastjern-SKARV, SKARD, SKRID, Ref-SKRID, SKRIDS-hol, SCARTHIN-cliffs, SCOR-burgh, SCOR-ton.

SCUG (Scandinavian), _a declivity_.—SCUGGER, SKUGG, SKEG-ness.

STY (Scandinavian), _an ascending path_.—Kid-STY-pike, STY-head, An-STY, Hubber-STY, STEE.

The Anglo-Saxon forms are STEELE, STEIGLE, STEGE.—Ham-STEEL, High-STILE, Long-STILE, STILE, STEEL Fell.

The German STEIG, _a path_.—Occurs in Alten-STEIG, STEGE, STEIGER-wald.

STEAP (Anglo-Saxon), _steep_.—STEEP-holm, STOUPE-brow, STEEP.

SHELF, SKELF (Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian), _a crag_, _rock_, _steep places_.—SHELF-anger, SHEL-don, Tib-SHELF, SELF-stones, Ra-SKELFE, &c.

STACK, STAKE, STICKLE (Scandinavian), _a rock_, _peak_.—STAWKERS, STACK, Hay-STACKS, the STAKE, Harrison STICKLE, Pike o’STICKLE, STICKLE-stad, &c.

STERT (Anglo-Saxon), _a tail_.—START-point, STERT-island, &c.

STONES (Provincial), _hills_, _heights_.—Blake-low-STONES, Ox-STONES, Dane Head STONES, &c.

TOP (Anglo-Saxon), _head_, _summit_.—TOP-cliffe, TOPS-ham, Lewis-TOP, Pon-TOP Pike, TIP-ton, TOP-croft, &c.

TUNGA (Scandinavian), _a promontory_, _headland_, applied to _rocks and mountains_.—TONGE-with-Haulgh, Middle TONGUE, TONG-fell, TUNGE-fiord, Ska-TUNGE, TANG-fjeld, TUNGN-fell.

WEALD, WALD, WOLD, WEALT, WOULD, WILD, WELT (Anglo-Saxon), _a forest_, _a high woodland district_.—The WEALDS of Kent, the WOLDS of Yorkshire, Moncton-WEALD, Glen-WHELT, WALT-ham, Cots-WOLD, WOLD-brow, WALD-au, WALD-bach, WALD-burg, WALD-eck, WAIT-by, WALD-heim, WALD-kirch, WALD-see, Ost-WOLDE, WOLD, and WOUDE.

WINCH, WINK (Scandinavian), _a corner_.—WINCH-combe, WINK-field, WINK-leigh, WINCHEL-sea, FINKLE-bridge, WINKEL-seth, Rose-WINKEL, Ruh-WINKEL, &c.

WARN, WHARN (Anglo-Saxon), _steep_.—WHARN-side, WHARN-cliffe, WHARN-ham.

YOKE (Scandinavian), _a hill_, _chain_.—YOKE-thwaite, YOKE-cliffe.

(_C_) NAMES OF VALLEYS, PLAINS, WOODS, &c.

ACRE, AKER (Anglo-Saxon), _a field_.—West-ACRE, Kint-AKER.

BEARW, BEARO, BERN (Anglo-Saxon), _a fruitful productive wood_, from BERAN, _to yield_; BAR, BUR, _a bower_, _knoll_; BYRAS, _woods_, _plots of woody ground_.—Brown-BER-hill, Bram-BER, Tod-BERE, Green-BER-field, BUR-ton, and BAR-ton, Sheb-BEARE (sheep-_wood_), Kentis-BEARE, BEER (near Seaton), BIER-low, Baum-BER (tree-_wood_), BEAR-stead, BEARS-ton, BEAR-ley, BER-don, BUR-combe, BUR-land, BURS-lem, BUR-stall, BUR-marsh, BUR-wash, BAR-ham, BAR-ford, and BAR-well.

BEARNE (Provincial), _a wood_.—BARN-by, BARN-ey, BARN-well, BARN-ham, BARN-brough, &c.

BIT (Anglo-Saxon), _a pasture_.—Cow-BIT, Nes-BIT, &c.

BUS, BUSH (Anglo-Saxon), _a small wood_.—BUSCH (German), BOSC (Scandinavian).—BUSH-ey, BOS-ham, BUS-by, BUS-cot, BUSH-bury, BUSS of Newham, BUSS of Werdie; Col-BOSC, Mille-BOSC, Rom-BOSC, BOSCHEN-ried, and Dicke-BUSCH.

BENT (Provincial), _a plain_, _field_, _a common_.—BENT-ham, BENT-ley, Hayton’s BENT, BENT-hall, BENT-worth, Chow-BENT, &c.

BOTM (Anglo-Saxon), BOTTOM (English), _a dale_.—Gunner-kild-BOTTOM, Houn-dene-BOTTOM, Shuffle-BOTTOM (Shaw-field-BOTTOM), Owler-BOTTOM, and Brook-BOTTOM.

CAR (Anglo-Saxon), _a plain_.—CAR-ham, CAR-stairs.

CHIN, CHINE (Anglo-Saxon), _a cleft_, _hollow_.—CHIN-ley-churn, Crow-CHINE, &c.

CUP (Anglo-Saxon), _a hollow_.—Bu-CUP, CUB-ley, &c.

CROFT (Scandinavian), _a small field_.—CRAW-ton, Wey-CROFT, CROFT Farm, Sander-CROFT, Haver-CROFT, CROF-ton, Cox-CROFT, and Wivels-CROFT. In France the same root is found under the form CROTTES.

COMB (Anglo-Saxon), _a valley or low piece of ground_, _a space between two hills_.—COMBE, Brans-COMBE, Bor-COMBE, Clo-COMBE, Gat-COMBE, Sted-COMBE, COMP-ton.

DAL (Scandinavian), _a valley_ (from DALA, _to depress_); THAL (German).—Scar-DALE, Ken-DAL, Arun-DELL, DAL-wood, Dingley-DELL, Co-DALE, Gris-DALE, Ul-DALE, DUL-wich, DUL-ver-ton, Schön-THAL, Rein-THAL, Dussel-THAL, DAL-hem, DALS-land, DAL-bye, DAL-heim, DAL-river, &c.; Dane-TAL, Darne-TAL, DELLE du Bog, DELLE du Fosse.

DEONU, DIONU, DENU, DEN, DEAN (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _pasture_, _valley_, _hollow_, _ravine_, &c.—Taunton DEAN, Forest of DEAN, Deb-DEN, Cob-DEN, Hammer-DEN, Bals-DEAN, O-DEAN, Dib-DEN, DEN-by, DEN-bigh, &c.

FIELD, FELD (Anglo-Saxon), _detached localities partly open_, _an open height_, _a plain_.—Heath-FIELD, Spring-FIELD, Neither-FIELD, Lang-FIELD, &c.

The German form, FELD, occurs in FELD-berg, FELD-kirch, Lingen-FELD, Hume-FELD, Alten-FELD, Lichter-VELDE, Basse-VELDE, &c.

FOLD, FOL, FALD (Scandinavian), _land district_, _enclosure for sheep_, &c.—Nettle-FORD, Ox-FOLD, Had-FOLD, Ex-FOLD, Ash-FOLD, Frith-FOLD, Duns-FOLD, &c.

GAP (Scandinavian), _an opening between hills_.—Raise GAP, Whin-latter-GAP, YAP-ton.

GRAFE (Anglo-Saxon), _a small wood_, _a grove_.—No-bottle-GROVE, Bo-GROVE, By-GRAVE, GRAF-ton, Cot-GRAVE, Red-GRAVE, and Chal-GROVE.

HAG, HAY, HEDGE, EDGE (Anglo-Saxon), _a limit boundary_, _fence_, _any enclosure_, _a single field_, _a plot of ground fenced in and surrounded by an hedge_; HAGA (Scandinavian), HAG (Gothic), _enclosed pasturage_, _a cultivated copse or woodland_.—HAG-borne, HAG-ley, HAG-loe, HEDGER-ley, HAY-don, HAY-dock, HAY, West-HAY, Cut-HAYES, Wil-HAY, Child-HAYES, HAY-ton, HAYES, Comb-HAY, HAG-a, HAGEN, the HAGUE, HAGEN-au, Dorls-HAGEN, Falken-HAGEN.

HANGER, HANGRA, ANGER (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow near a wood, surrounded by a furrow_.—Fisher-ton-ANGER, Clay-HANGER, ANGER-ton, Cle-HANGER, Oke-HANGER-mere.

HAT, HAD, HEATH (Anglo-Saxon), _field_; HEIDE, (German).—HAT-field, HAT-cliffe, HATHER-leigh, HATH-ern, HATHER-op, HAT-ton, HEDEN-ham, HAD-ley, HETHER-set, HETHERS-gill, HET-ton, HIDE, HADDEN-ham, HAD-don, HAD-leigh, HAD-low, HAD-nall-ease, HAD-stock, Pook-HYDE, HOATH-ley, HEIDEL-berg, HEIDEN-heim, HEIDE.

HAYNE, _a cleared spot fenced in_, is perhaps connected with the German HAIN, _small grove_, _wood_, though it is generally considered another form of HAG, HAY, &c.—Wil-HAYNE, Hoober-HAYNE, Cown-HAYNE, Down-HAYNE, Blanken-HAYN, Balken-HAYN, Burg-HAUN, and HAIN-ault.

HESE, HYSE (Anglo-Saxon), _a grove_, _wilderness_.—HES-wall, HES-ton, HES-ley-Hurst, HESS-ay, HIS-ton, HIS-ket, HAS-combe, HAS-field, HASE-ley, HAS-guard, HAS-land, and HAYE.

HOLT, HOT, HOD (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _copse_; HOLZ (German).—The HOLTS, Spars-HOLT, HODDES-don, HOTS-pur, Boc-HOLT, Borck-HOLT, HOLZ-minden, HOLT-land, HOLT-rup, Ter-HOULDE.

HUNT (Anglo-Saxon), _a chase_.—Fox-HUNT, Ches-HUNT.

HURST, HERST, HEST, EST (Anglo-Saxon), HORST (German), HRIOSTR (Old Norsk), _woods which produce fodder for cattle_, _thicket_, _a clump of forest trees which have not attained their full growth_, or _masses of standing corn_.—Ew-HURST, Pens-HURST, As-HURST, Wad-HURST, Sell-HURST, Ex-HURST, HURST-ley, WORST-ley, Fing-EST, Made-HURST, HURST, HORS-mar, Baren-HORST.

ING (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_.—ING-birch-worth, INGER-thorpe, INGLE-by, ING-ham, ING-oe, Read-ING. Bark-ING, Martins-ING, Earl’s-ING-Lee.

LEAGH, LAH, LEH, LAY, LEA, LEY, LEIGH (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_, _field_, _thicket_, _a woodland district_, _enclosure_, _place favourable to growth of grass_; LOH (German); LO, LOO (Dutch),—Had-LEIGH, Hor-LEIGH, Hoo-LEIGH, Pash-LEIGH, Mor-LEIGH, Bing-LEY, LEIGH-ton, Wark-LEIGH, LAY-sters, LEIGH-down; Ven-LO, Water-LOO, Kafer-LOH, and Sapel-LOH.

LEASE, LAES (Anglo-Saxon), _pasture land_.—LEWES, LEWES-ham, Oxen-LEASE, Cow-LEAZE.

LEBEN (German), _ground cleared of wood_.—Als-LEBEN, Aschers-LEBEN, Eis-LEBEN.

LING (Anglo-Saxon), _heath_.—Ash-LING, Bir-LING.

LUM (Provincial), _a wooded valley_.—LUM-ley, Burs-LEM.

LUND (Scandinavian), _a wood_, _forest_.—LUND, LAUND-booth, LUND-ditch, LAUN-ton, Hoff-LUND, Hanging-LUND.

MAED, MEAD (Anglo-Saxon), _a meadow_.—Hot-MEAD, MAD-ley, MADE-ley, METH-wold, Bass-MEAD.

MAESTENE (Anglo-Saxon), _a forest_, _grove of oak_.—Sel-MESTON, West-MESTON, MIS-ter-ton.

MEARC (Anglo-Saxon), _a woodland district_, _meadowland_; MORK (Scandinavian), _a wood_.—MERCIA, MARK (Lincoln and Somerset), MARK-ham, MARK-by, MARKS-hall.

PEECE, PACCE (Anglo-Saxon), _dirty, watery land_.—PASH-ley, PATCH-am, PATCH-way, PAX-ton, PAS-ton, PAX-ford.

PLAS, in PLAS-ket, PLASS-ey, PLAX-tol, has a similar signification.

PLUMBE (Anglo-Saxon), _a woody place_.—PLUM-ley, PLUMP-ton, PLUM-stead.

PAETH (Anglo-Saxon), _a way, path, entrance, road_.—Mor-PETH (moor-_path_), PAD-field, PAD-worth, PAD-bury, PATE-ly.

RAKE (Provincial), _a mine_.—Land-RAKE.

RAYNE (Provincial), _limit_, _bound_.—RAIN-hill, RAIN-ham.

RIOTHR, RAITH (Scandinavian), _a clear place_, _an open field_; RYDE, _to clear away_.—REITH-by, RAITH-by, RATH-mill.

RODE (German), RODE, ROD, ROYD (English), _land cleared or grubbed up_.—RUTHYN, RUT-land, Martin-ROYD, Hol-ROYD, Hunt-ROYD, Orme-ROD, Ack-ROYD, Werni-GERODE, Elbin-GERODE, ROD-ach, Mount RUTI, RUTHI, Oste-RODE.

SKOGR, SCOW, SCAW, SKOV, SHAW, SHOE (Scandinavian), _a wood_.—SCAW-ton, SCOF-ton, SCOW-garth, Fla-SCOW, We-SCOW, Bri-SCO, Ever-SAW, Auden-SHAW, SKOVS-hoved.

In France we find Bois d’ESCOVES.

SHOT (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_.—SCOT-by, SCOT-ton, SHOT-ton, Alder-SHOT (alder-_wood_), Bag-SHOT (badger’s-_wood_).

SNADAS, SNAED, SNAD (Anglo-Saxon), _a piece of land with well-defined limits without enclosures, public woods, or pasture grounds_.—SNAITH, SNED, SNETTIS-ham, Whip-SNADE, SNOD-land.

STOCK (Anglo-Saxon), _a wood_, _enclosure_.—STOCK-land, STOCK-linch, Taw-STOCK, Hal-STOCK, Chard-STOCK, STOCK-holm.

SMETH, SMID, SMITH (Anglo-Saxon), _smooth, level ground_.—SMEA-ton, SMES-towe, SMITH-field, SMEETH, SMEETH-cote.

SPRING (Anglo-Saxon), _a grove_.—SPRING-thorpe.

STOB, STUB, STOBBE (Anglo-Saxon), _a stump_.—STOBS-wood, El-STUB, STEPN-ey (Steben-_heath_), STUB-croft, STUB-land, STUBBE-rup.

TOLL (Anglo-Saxon), _a small grove of lofty trees_.—TOLL-piddle, TOL-ton, TEL-ton, TOLLER-ton, TOL-land, TOLE-thorpe.