Part 3

HAZEL-ton; HAZE-leigh; HAZEL-badge; HASLE-mere; HAZLE-wood, _hazel_ wood; HASEL-bury, _hazel_ city; HASLE-don, _hazel_ hill; HASLE-wall, _hazel_ bank; HAYSEL-dean, _hazel_ hollow; HAZLE-shaw, _hazel_ wood; HASSEL-feld, _hazel_ field.

The LIME-tree (LINDE) occurs in

LIND-field, _lime_ field; LIND-ridge, _lime_ ridge; LIND-hurst, _lime_ forest; LIND-au, the _lime_ meadow; LINDEN-fels, _lime_ hills; LINDES-berg, _lime_ hill; Hohen-LINDEN, the high _lime_ tree.

The MAPLE-tree is found in

MAPPER-ley; MAPLE-stead; MAPPER-ton, _maple_ town; MAPPOW-der, _maple_ dwelling; MAPLE-hurst, _maple_ forest; MAPUL-beck, _maple_ rivulet.

The PINE occurs in

PINE-low; PIN-hoe, _pine_ hill; PINE-hurst, _pine_ thicket; &c.

The THORN gives name to

THORN-waste, _thorn_ level; THORN-bury, _thorn_ city; THORN-ey, _thorn_ island; THORN-ham, _thorn_ home; THORN-ton, _thorn_ city; Pightles-THORNE, the enclosure by the _thorn_; Moster-TON (Mortes-TORNE), slaughter _thorn_.

The German form, DORN, occurs in

DORN-burg, the _thorn_ city; DORN-holz-hausen, _thorn_ wood-dwelling; DORN-han, _thorn_ field; DORN-stetten, _thorn_ town.

The WILLOW (WELIG) may be traced in

WILLOUGH-by, WILLOUGH-ton, _willow_ town; WITHE-ridge, _willow_ ridge; WITH-ern, _willow_ dwelling; WITHY-sike, _willow_ brook; WITHY-ham, _willow_ home; WEID-a, _willow_ water dwelling; WEID-en, _willow_ district; WEIDEN-au, _willow_ meadow.

SAUCH, SOUGH, SAY, a _willow_, is the root of Nick-SOUGH, SAW-ley, SAIGH-ton, and SAUG-hall.

The YEW appears in

U-ford, UF-ton, U-ton, IW-erne, IW-ade, EW-hurst, _yew_ forest; EW-den, _yew_ hollow; EWAN-rigg, _yew_ ridge; IW-ern, _yew_ dwelling; The VIEWS, the _yews_; EIBEN-stock, _yew_ enclosure.

The BRIER occurs in

BRIER-den, BRIAR-cliff, BRIER-ley, _briar_ meadow; BRE-wood, _briar_ wood.

The FERN gives name to

FURN-ham, FARN-ham, _fern_ home; FERN-ton, _fern_ town; FARNS-ley, _fern_ meadow; FARN-borough, _fern_ city.

The FURZE (FYRS), WHIN, Scandinavian, occurs in

WHIN-berg, WHIN-fell, WHIN-brig-dale; WHINN-ey-nab, FURZ-leigh, the _furzy_ meadow; FURZ-brook, the _furzy_ brook; FURZ-moor-gate, the _furzy_ moor-street.

FLAX (LIN) appears in

LIN-gards, _flax_ enclosure; LIN-thwaite, _flax_ path; LIN-ton, _flax_ town; LIN-dale, _flax_ vale.

GRASS (GAERS, and SPROT) is found in

YEARS-ley, GRAT-ton, GRETN-a, SPROT-ton, SPRAT-ton, SPROUGH-ton, SPROS-ton, GRAS-mere, _grass_ lake; GAR-grave, _grass_ grove; GRAS-garth, _grass_ enclosure; GARS-ton, _grass_ field; GAR-stang, _grass_ pool; GARS-dale, _grass_ vale; GRAS-croft, _grass_ field; GRASS-by, _grass_ town; GRAS-brook, _grass_ brook; GARS-by, the enclosed _grass_ town.

CRESS (NASTURTIUM) occurs in

CRESS-well, _nasturtium_ spring; CREAS-y, _nasturtium_ dwelling by the stream; CRESS-ham, _nasturtium_ home; CRESS-low, _nasturtium_ hill.

MOSS gives name to

MOSE-ley, MOSS-ley, _moss_ meadow; MOS-ton, _moss_ town; MUS-borough, _moss_ city; Gil-MOSS, the rivulet of the _moss_; MOSS-soe, _moss_ lake; MOSEN-berg, _moss_ hill; MOS-bach, _moss_ stream.

SEDGE appears in

SEDGE-moor;, SEDGE-ly, _sedge_ meadow; SEDG-barrow, _sedge_ wood.

The RUSH is an element in

RUSH-ley, _rush_ meadow; RUSH-hulme, _rush_ island; RUSH-mere, _rush_ marsh; RIS-borough, _rush_ city; RUS-combe, _rush_ valley; RUS-warp, _rush_ mound; RUSH-worth, _rush_ farm; RUS-land, RUSH-land, _rush_ district.

The NETTLE in NETTLE-combe, NETTLE-den, NETTLE-stead, and NETTLE-ton.

The REED gives name to

REED-ham, _reed_ home; RID-ley, _reed_ meadow; ROR-bach, _reed_ stream; &c.

BARLEY (BIGG) may be traced in

BIG-by, _barley_ town; BYG-land, _barley_ district.

BEANS appear in

BIN-stead, _bean_ dwelling; BEEN-ham, _bean_ home; BINE-gar, _bean_ enclosure; BIN-don, _bean_ hill; BIN-field, _bean_ field.

The OAT occurs in OAD-by, OT-ley, and OAT-land.

The Scandinavian HAVER (_oats_) gives names to HAVER-ham, HAVER-ford, and HAVER-thwaite.

The SLOW is easily seen in SLOW-burn and SLOW-combe.

HAW-ley and HAW-don derive their name from the _haw_; APSE, ASP-ley, and ASP-don from the _asp_ (aps).

WHEAT appears in WHIT-field, WHEAT-ley, WHEAT-hamp-stead, WHEAT-on, WHATE-ly, and WHIT-barrow.

SHROP-ham, SHROP-shire, SCROP-ton, SCROP-ley-hill, SCRAP-loft, and SCROBB are derived from SCRYBE, a _shrub_; as well as SCREVE-by, SCROO-by, and SCRAF-ton.

WORT-ley, WORT-well, WOR-stead, WORS-borough, WORS-ley, WROOT, WURZ-burg, WURZ-ach, WURZ-em, &c., contain the root WYRT, WORT, an _herb_.

(_D_) NAMES OF MINERALS.

ERZ (German), _Ore_, occurs in

ERZ-gebirge, _ore_ mountains; ERZ-en, _ore_ district.

CLAY in

CLAY-pole, CLAY-worth, CLAY-gate, _clay_ street; CLAY-don, _clay_ hill; CLAI-borne, _clay_ stream.

CISEL (_gravel_)

CHISEL-hampton, CHISEL-don, CHESIL-borne, CHISEL-hurst, _gravel_ forest; CHISEL-bury, _gravel_ city; CHESIL-bank, _gravel_ bank.

CHALK gives name to CHALK-grove, CHAL-ford, CHILT-ern, KALK-stein, and CALKE.

GRIES (German), _gravel_, is found in

GRIES-bach, _gravel_ stream; GRIES-heim, _gravel_ home; GRIES-kirch, _gravel_ church; &c.

MARL occurs in MAR-low, MARL-borough, and MARLS-ton.

SALT appears in SALTER-ton, SALT-ash, SALTN-ey, SAL-combe, SALT-coats; SALZ-brunn, SALZ-burg, SALZ-dahl-um, SALZ-wedel, &c.

EISEN (German), _iron_, is found in EISEN-ach, EISEN-berg, EIS-eld, EIS-leben, EIS-grub, EISEN-burg, &c.

SAND gives name to SAND-wich, SAND-hurst, SANDER-croft, &c.

STONE (STAN) appears in STONE-leigh, STAN-ley, STAN-ton, STAINES, STAN-bury, STAIN-land, STAIN-drop, STAN-hope; STEEN-bergen, STEEN-wyk, STEIN, STEIN-ach, STEIN-au, STEIN-bach, STEIN-borth, STEIN-holm, STEIN-horst, STEIN-weiss, &c.

(_E_) ADJECTIVES.

AL, ALT, ALD, AU (_old_)—ALD-borough, AL-thorpe, AL-bourne, AL-ton, AL-ford, AL-cester; ALTEN-burg, ALTEN-markt, ALTEN-dorn, ALTEN-feld, AL-torf, OLDE-bach, OLDE-boorn, OLDEN-dorf, OLDEN-burg, AU-burn, and AU-thorpe.

BRAD (_broad_)—BRAD-well, BRAD-stock, BRAD-ford; BREIT-horn, BREITEN-bach, &c.

CHEIL, COL, CALD (_cold_)—COL-burn, COAL-brook, COLD-stream, COLD-side, CHELS-field, COWD-ham, CHILD-hay, CHILT-thorn, CHIL-worthy, CALD-well; CALDE-cote, CAL-bourne, CAUDE-bec (CALDE-bec), COLDEN-weide, COLDEN-hoff, KALT-brun, KALTEN-nord-heim, and KALTEN-sund-heim.

DEOP (_deep_)—DEPT-ford, DEEP-dale, DIEPEN-beck, DIEPEN-heim, DIEPEN-au, &c.

KINE, KING (_royal_, _king_)—KINE-ton, KINNER-ton, KINGS-bury, KINGER-by.

OST, OOST, OSTEN (_east_)—EAST-bourne, EAS-ton; OST-ende, OSTER-ach, OSTER-end, OSTER-holz, OSTE-rode, OSTER-sunde, OST-hem, OST-heim, OST-wolde, OOST-burg, OOSTER-einde, OOSTER-wyk, OOSTER-wolde, OOST-kerke, &c.

HOL (_hollow_)—HOL-beach, HOL-land, HOL-born, HOL-bek, HOLLEN-beek, &c.

LANG (_long_)—LANG-baurgh, LANG-don, LANGEN-hoe.

LILLE (_little_)—LILLES-don, LILLES-hall.

MICKLE, MUCH (_large_)—MICKLE-fell, MICKLE-field, MUCH-wen-lock.

NOR, NORD (_north_)—NOR-folk, NOR-ham, NOR-mandy, NOR-mark, NOR-den, NORD-heim, NORR-telge, NORR-land, NORR-koping, NORD-horn, NOORD-welle, NOORDER-wyk, NORDEN-ey, &c.

NEU, NIEU (_new_)—NEU-berg, NEU-haus, NEU-land, NEU-stadt, NIEU-wold, NIEUW-kerk, NIEU-berg, NY-stad, NY-kerk, &c.; NEW-lands, NEW-ark, NEW-bury, NEW-ton, &c.

NIEDER, NETHER (_downward or further_)—NETHER-bury, NETHER-compton, NETHER-lands, NIEDER-bronn, NIEDER-rad, NIEDERN-hall, NIEDER-wald, NIDER-dorf, &c.

SUD, SUT (_south_)—SUR-rey, SUF-folk, SUT-ton, SUS-sex, SOUTH-leigh, SOUT-ham, SOUTH-end, SUT-torp, SUD-bury, SUDER-oe, SUNDER-land, Kalten-SUND-heim, SUND-gau, SODER-fors, SODER-hamn, SODER-telge, SORER-Koping, &c.

SELL (_happy_, _fortunate_)—SEL-by, SEL-kirk, SELL-hurst, &c.; SELIGEN-stadt, SELIGEN-thal, &c.

UP, UPPER (_higher_)—UP-ton, UP-hay, UP-lyme, UP-sala, &c.

UNDER (_lower_) UNDER-barrow, UNDER-cliffe.

WEST, WESTER, VESTER (_west_)—WEST-bury, WESTER-borg, WESTER-by, WESTER-holt, WESTER-land, WESTER-loo, WEST-heim, WEST-land, WEST-rup, WESTR-um, VEST-irg, VESTER-hoe, &c.

DIVISION II.

GENERAL ELEMENT.

(_A_) WORDS SIGNIFYING WATER, RIVER, &c.

EA.—This Anglo-Saxon word signifies (1) _water in general_, and (2) _any running body of water_, _river_, &c.—It occurs in the names of rivers, in the names of places near rivers, and in the names of marshes formed by rivers.

The rivers Medway and Stour were anciently written Meduw-EA, and Stur-EA. In the East Anglian counties the term is still preserved, for we meet with Popham’s EA, St. John’s EA, Hammond EAU, &c.

EYE, YEO, and AYE, are slightly altered forms of the same root, and EA is another name for the river Leven.

E-hen, fowl _river_; EA-mont (EA-mot), _water_-meeting.

The following places near rivers contain some form of the Anglo-Saxon root, EA:—

Chels-EA, the cold _river-marsh_; Batters-EA, St. Peter’s _river-marsh_;

It formerly belonged, together with _Peter’s_-ham, to _St. Peter’s_ Abbey, Cherts-EY.

EA-ton, E-ton, the town of the _river_; E-dale, the _river_ vale; E-rith, _water_ channel; EA-land, YEA-land, _river_ district; EG-ham, the dwelling on the _stream_.

The plural form, EAS, _water-course_, occurs in EAS-dale, EAS-writh, and EAS-tyn.

In the Gothic we meet with the following cognate forms:—AHA, AUE, AWE, OWE, AHVA, and ACH, _e.g._,

Fuld-a, Fuld-AHA; Goth-a, Goth-AHA; Lahn, Lon-AHA; Sieg, Seg-AHA.

We find A, a contraction of AHA, in Schwein-A, Asch-A, Born-A, Buch-A, Baren-wald-A, Konigs-werth-A, Hoyers-werd-A, Berk-A, Vach-A, Goth-A, &c.

In Burgundy, we find the terminations AY, OY, and Y, used to designate _habitations established along running water_, _e.g._—Cambr-AY, Tourn-AY, Dou-AY, Quesn-OY, Chaum-Y, &c.

The ending OW, in Beesk-OW, Godan-OWA, and Buch-OW, is another form of the same root.

The form ACH occurs in

Stadt-stein-ACH, Dorn-ACH, AACH-en, Baden-ACH, Gold-ACH, Nieder-ACH, Stein-ACH, the stony-dwelling on the _stream_; Wurz-ACH, the herb dwelling on the _stream_; Wolf-ACH, the wolf’s dwelling on the _stream_; Rod-ACH, the cleared spot or path on the _stream_.

The plural form, AR, ER, signifying _the confluence of waters_, occurs in OHRE, ER-furt, OHR-druf, and Neck-AR.

The Scandinavian forms for water, are, A, AA, and AAE.

In England we find Cald-A, Routh-A, Rath-A, AY-am, AY-cliffe, &c.

AA occurs as the name of several rivers in Hanover, France, Brabant, Groningen, and Switzerland.

AA is found in

Nips-AAE, Schol-AAE, Sus-AAE, Skar-A, Grenn-A, Wad-sten-A, Sal-A, Nor-A, Hag-A, Foss-AA, AA-kirke, A-bo, the dwelling by the _water_; A-land, _water_ district; A-hus, the house by the _water_; A-dorf, AY-throp, the village by the _water_.

AIN, _the river_, forms part of the following names:—Glomm-EN, Alt-EN, Ul-EN, Sus-EN, &c.

BECK (Scandinavian), _a rivulet_.—In England, the following places contain this root:—

Elder-BECK, BECK-cote, Raven-BECK, Pinch-BECK, Wel-BECK, Pur-BECK, Crumm-OCK-water, Crum-BECK-water, Hol-BECK, hollow _rivulet_; Hil-BECK, hill _rivulet_; Swarth-BECK, black _rivulet_; BECK-with, the wood of the _rivulet_; BECKEN-ham, the home of the _rivulet_; Wans-BECK, Odin’s _rivulet_; Coupland BECK (Coupman BECK), merchant’s _rivulet_; BEX-ley, the meadow of the _rivulet_; BECK-ford, the ford of the _rivulet_, called the Yare or Yarty.

In Denmark we meet with Aale-BEKS, Aal-BEK, Egje-BEK, Vinde-BEK, and Hol-BEK.

In Oldenburg we find Vis-BECK, _sacred rivulet_; in the south of Luxemburg we meet with BECKE-rich, the _district of the rivulet_.

In West Flanders the form BEKE occurs in Roos-BEKE, Wam-BEKE, Haerle-BEKE, Meule-BEKE, &c.; in south Brabant the form BEEKE is prevalent, _e.g._—Buns-BEEKE, Clab-BEEKE, &c. We also meet with a BECKE-voort, having the same signification as BECK-ford in England. The root BECK occurs very frequently in the names of places in the neighbourhood of the rivers Rhine and Elbe, _e.g._—Wandes-BECK, Schwarzen-BECK, Flot-BECK, Stein-BECK, Barn-BECK, Suder-BECK, Hals-BECK, Schip-BECK, &c.

In France we find the exact spots where many of the old Norse leaders settled down, by the presence of this root—_e.g._,

Bol-BEC, the habitation by the _rivulet_; Foul-BEC, the _rivulet_ of birds; Ro-BEC, the _rivulet_ of the cleared ground; Caude-BEC, the cool _rivulet_.

In Germany and Austria we find the cognate form, BACH, _a rivulet_—_e.g._,

Hunds-BACH, the hound’s _rivulet_; Ror-BACH, the reed _rivulet_; Gries-BACH, the gravelly _rivulet_; Finster-BACH, the dark _rivulet_; Eschen-BACH, the ash _rivulet_; Ross-BACH, the horses’ _rivulet_; Erl-BACH, the alder _rivulet_; Alde-BACH, the ancient _rivulet_; Fisch-BACH, the fish _rivulet_; Bem-BACH, the tree _rivulet_; Wam-PACH, the deep _rivulet_.

BATH (BAED, BAETH, BAD, Anglo-Saxon), _water_.—BATH, BATH-ford, BATH-easton, BAD-by, BAD-bury, BADON-hill, BUX-ton, BA-ke-well, &c.

The German form, BAD, PAD, occurs in BADEN, Wies-BADEN, Carls-BAD.

BORNE, BOURNE, BURN, BURNE (Anglo-Saxon), _a stream_, from BIRNAN, to _burn_.—It “denotes the bubbling of a welling running stream with the singing of the boiling water and the flaming of fire.”

Winter-BORNE, the _stream_ flowing in the winter season; Sher-BORNE, the clear _stream_; Ty-BORN, the district _stream_; Hol-BORN, the hollow _stream_; Col-BURN, the cool _stream_; Hart-BURN, the hart’s _stream_; BURN-side, the habitation of the _stream_; BURN-ham, the _stream_ dwelling; Au-BURN, the ancient _stream_; He-BURN, the high _stream_.

We find BORN on the continent, in Sal-BORN, Pader-BORN, Sonne-BORN, Eschen-BORN, &c.

The German form, BRUN, occurs in

Wolf’s-BRUNNEN, the wolf’s _stream_; Kiesel-BRUNN, the gravelly _stream_; Schön-BRUNN, the bright _stream_; BRUNS-wick, the city on the _stream_; BRUNS-buttel, BRUNS-torp, the village on the _stream_.

BOTTEN, BOTN (Scandinavian), _the sea_.—Gulf of BOTHNIA, Norr-BOTTEN, BODEN-see, BOTT-sand, Holt-PADE, Lacus BODAM-icus (Lake Constance), BOTTEN Viken, BOTTEN Hafvet, &c.

BRIGG, BRIDGE, _a passage of wood or stone over a river_.—It is often applied to fording and landing places.

BRIGG, Glandford BRIGGS; BRIG-stock; BRIX-ham, the home of the _bridge_; BRIX-ton, the town of the _bridge_; BRIS-tol, the dwelling-place of the _bridge_.

The Scandinavian form, BRO, occurs in

BRO-ra, _bridge_-rivulet; BRO-gar, _bridge_-enclosure; Vester-BRO, west-_bridge_; &c.

As cognate forms, we find BRUGES, Esten-BRUG, Coppen-BRUGGE, BRUGG, BRIG, Inns-BRUCK, Del-BRUCK, Konigs-BRUCK, Hers-BRUCK, BRUCK, BRUCKEN-au.

BRED, BREAD (Anglo-Saxon), _border_, _shore-bank_.—BREAD-sale, BRET-by clump, BRED-hurst, BRED-field, BRED-sted.

BRAD (Anglo-Saxon), _broad_, _expansive_, _the expansion of a river in a flat country_, _a lake so formed_.—Outton-BROAD, Braydon-BROAD, BREYDON-water, Mut-ford-BROAD.

BROC (Anglo-Saxon), _a brook_, _a rushing stream_.—BROX-ash, BROX-bourne, Ock-BROOKE, Cole-BROOKE, Ful-BROOK, Wam-BROOK, Mill-BROOK, BRUCK-land.

We find the same root in Rad-BROCK, Alten-BROCK, Ooster-BROCK, Wester-BROCK, Strad-BROKE.

BRUOCH (old High German), and BRUCH (German), evidently cognate forms, signify a _bog_ or _marsh_, _e.g._—Alten-BRUCH, BRUCH-sal, BRUCH-berg and BRUSSELS (BRUSCHELS).

CEOL, CIOL (Anglo-Saxon), KEOL (Danish), _a ship_.—KIEL, KIELER-fiord, CULEN-burg, and KUYLEN-burg.

CRUNDEL (Anglo-Saxon), _a water-course_, “a spring or well with its cistern, trough, or reservoir to receive water.”—GRINDLE, GRINDLA-ton, GRINDLES-mere, CRON-DALL, Crow’s CRUNDEL, Cradwan CRUNDEL (Crowden FARM).

COMBER (Scandinavian), KUMPR (Old Norse), _a running sheet of water_; and hence it enters into combination with the names of places bordering on ponds and water-troughs.—COMBER-ton, COMBER-mere, COMBER-bach.

DAM, from DAMMEN (German), _to bank, dam_.—Amster-DAM, (Armstel-DAM), Rotter-DAM, Saar-DAM, Schie-DAM, &c.

DELVE (English), _to dig_.—DELVE is a local word, signifying a _quarry_ or _ditch_.—DELVEN-au and DELFT.

DIC (Anglo-Saxon), _a ditch, dike, or river_.—Wans-DIKE, Wran-DYKE, DISH, Flen-DISH (Flamin-DIC), Cars-DYKE, Hague-DIKE, DYCK-buttel, Wolvers-DYKE, &c.

DIUPR, DIUP (Scandinavian), _deep_.—It is often applied to parts of the sea, and to rivers.—DIEPPE, DIUPA, DEPE-dale, Hollands-DIEP, Mars-DIEP. We also find Linn DEEPS.

DUB (Scandinavian), _a pool or piece of water_ (from DYB, (Danish), _deep_).—Ash-DUB, the ash-pool.

EFES, EVES (Anglo Saxon), _the bank of a river, a border, edge of a mountain_.—EAVES-ham, Habergham-EAVES, EVES-batch, EVES-knoll.

ELF (Scandinavian), _a river_.—ELFS-burg, ELFS-nabben, Kong-ELF, ELF-karle-by, ELBE, ALB, &c.

FIORD (Danish), FIORTH (Old Norsk), FIRTH (Scotch), _an inlet of the sea, a bay, a station for ships_.—FIRTH of Forth, FIRTH of Tay. (Frith is a mis-spelling for Firth.)

The FORD in Mil-FORD, Haver-FORD, Water-FORD, is not to be confounded with FORD, a _passage_, but is another form of the Scandinavian FIORD, in Kieler-FIORD, Ecken-FIORD, Laxe-FIORD, &c.

FORD, FORT, FYRD (Anglo-Saxon), FORTH (Scandinavian), _a passage through a stream_.

Holm-FORTH, island _ford_; Spot-FORTH, the place at the _ford_; Sand-FORD, Mud-FORD, Brad-FORD, _ford_; Cuck-FORD, the rapid _ford_; Whit-FORD, the wide _ford_; Ox-FORD, the _ford_ of the ox; Rom-FORD, the broad _ford_; Stam-FORD, the stony _ford_; Here-FORD, the _ford_ of the army; Wad-FORD, the waded _ford_; Sto-FORD, the dwelling-place at the _ford_; Ash-FORD, the _ford_ of the ash; FRODS-ham, the home of the _ford_; TIVER-ton (Twy-FORD-tun), the two _ford_ town.

The German FURT, a _ford_, occurs in Hirsch-FURT (Hart-FORD), Her-FURT (Here-FORD), Schwein-FURT (Swine-FORD), Ochsen-FURT (Ox-FORD).

The Dutch VOORT, a _ford_, is found in Wester-VOORT, Becke-VOORT, Amers-FOORT, Brede-VOORT, &c.

FEN, FAEN (Anglo-Saxon), _wet-land_.—FEN-ham Flats, FEN Ditton, Walling FEN, FEN-stan-ton, FENI-ton, FINS-bury, FEN-brig, &c.

The Dutch form, VEEN, occurs in Amster-VEEN, and in VEN-lo, &c.

FLJOT, FLOI, FLOD (Scandinavian), FLEOT, FLETH (Anglo-Saxon), FLEET (English), _a flow or flush of water, channel or arm of the sea between the coast, and an island, a river, a tide creek_.—The presence of the root marks habitations on the sea, rivers, or canals.—The FLEET, Long-FLEET, Ben-FLEET, Shal-FLEET, Salt-FLEET, Fax-FLEET. The FLOW (a piece of water in Scotland), FLOW Moss, Solway FLOW, FLOUT-ern, Scar-LET, and FLOW-ton.

In France the root FLOI occurs under the form, FLEUR, in Bar-FLEUR, Har-FLEUR, Vite-FLEUR (White-FLEET), FLOT-beck, Pos-FLETHE, Beyden-FLETH, and Aver-FLETH.

FORS, FORSE, FORCE, FOSS (Scandinavian), _a water fall_.—River FOSS, FORSS-water, FORSE, FORSIN-ard, Low-FORCE, Scale-FORCE, Billing-FORS, FOS-kilde, and FOS-land.

GAT (Scandinavian), _a sound_.—Catte-GAT, the GATT, Helle-GAT, Rams-GATE, Mar-GATE.

GAU (German), _a district watered by a river_.—Aar-GAU, Tor-GAU, Breis-GAU, Bur-GAU, Wolve-GA, and Finke-GA.—GAW, in England, as a local word, signifies _a hollow with water springing in it_, _a furrow_.—GAW-thorpe, GOY-don, &c.

GEO (Scandinavian), _a hollow_, _a chasm in the shore_, _a small inlet_.—Wolfs-GEO, GUI-odin, GUE-odin (Odin’s-inlet), Varren-GE-fiord, Varen-GE-ville, Varren-GUE-bec.

GOE (Old Norsk), _a cleft_, _a small opening in the land_, _a bay_.—Red-GOE, Raven-GOE, Tod’s-GOE, Whale-GOE.

GILL (Scandinavian), _a small gravelly stream_, _also a glen or valley_; GOOL, _a ditch_.—Row-GILL, Woo-GILL-tarn, Kesh-GILL-burn, Esh-GILL, Ive-GILL, GILS-land, &c.; GOOLE, GILLE-by, GILLE-skaal, &c.

GOUT, GOTE, _a drain or ditch_, from Geotan (Anglo-Saxon), _to pour_.—River GOYT, Win-thorpe-GOUT, Trus-thorpe-GOUT, Tyd-GOTE, GOT-ham, &c.

From the German GIESSEN, gösse, gegossen, _to pour_, _to water_, are derived—GIES-en, GIESS-bach, GOSS-au, &c.

HAF (Scandinavian), _the sea_, HAVN (Danish), _a haven_.—Stone-HAVEN, White-HAVEN.

The old HAAF, HAVRE, HAVER-ford, HAFS-lund, Frische-HAF, Aland HAF, HAFF of Stettin, HAFS-loe, Westman’s HAVN, HAVN-sur-Dive, HAVN-sur-Mederet, &c.

HAMN (Scandinavian), _a port_, _bay_, _gulf_.—HAMNA-voe, Soder-HAMN, Carls-HAMN, Torn-HAMN-sudde, Quister-HAM, Go-HAM, Cane-HAM, Estre-HAM, HAM-bye, &c.

HATCH (Provincial), _a flood-gate_, _dam_.—Mers-ham-HATCH, Kelve-don-HATCH.

HYD, HITHE, HYTHE (Anglo-Saxon), originally _a receptacle_; (2), _haven_; (3), _coast_.—HYTHE, HYDE, Seche-HYTHE, Rother-HITHE, Green-HITHE, Lamb-ETH.

HOLM (Scandinavian), _a river island_, _a green plot of ground surrounded by water_, _low land lying along the river or ocean_.—HOLM, HOLMES, HOLM-moss, HOLM-head, HOLM-forth, Kirk-yet-HOLM, Hipper-HOLME, Den-HOLM, Steep-HOLM, and Flat-HOLM, HOULMES (near Rouen), Engo-HOMME, Tur-HULM (Tor-HOLM), Stock-HOLM, Hoy-HOLM, Borg-HOLM, Born-HOLM.

HEAFOD (Anglo-Saxon), _the source of a stream_.—Wood-HEAD, Holm-HEAD, Leather-HEAD, &c.

IG (Anglo Saxon), _an island_.—It assumes the various forms of EAGE, AEGE, EIG, &c.—AIG-burth, EIGH-ton, EG-ham, IGHT-field, IGHT-ham, &c.

KELL, KELD (Scandinavian), _a spring_, “the gathering of water within a hill side, which then bursts out with a considerable gush, and forms a strong stream.”—KIL-ham, KIL-bourn, KEL-sal, KIL-hope, KEL-stedge, KEL-sale, KEL-sey, Lath-KILL, Gunner-KILD-bottom, Oer-KELL, Halli-KELD, Sal-KELD, KIELDER Moors, KELDER-vik.

LAD, LODE, LADE (Anglo-Saxon), _water running into the sea_, _a pan for water_, _a drain_, _a pool_, _a gentle lake_, _an artificial water-course_.—River LYDE or LYTHE, Even-LODE, West-LODE, Whap-LODE, Salter’s LODE-sluice, So-ham-LODE, Burwell-LODE, Reach-LODE, Swaff-ham-LODE, Lech-LADE.

LAYS (Provincial), _lakes_; LAY, _a large pond_.—LOWES-toft, the field of lakes; the provincial form is LAYS-toft; forest of LOWES, LOWES-by, &c.

LAUG (Scandinavian), _water_.—Bal-LAUGH, Lamp-LUGH, LAUGH-ton, Skir-LAUGH, Winters-LAG, &c.

LOCK, _meeting of waters_, _junction of rivers_.—Mat-LOCK, Whee-LOCK, Wen-LOCK.

LECHA, LETCH, _a small river_.—LECK-hamp-stead, LATCH-ford, LECKON-field, LETCH-worth.

LAGU, LAGE, LACHE (Anglo-Saxon), _water_, _a lake_.—River LAC, Mort-LAKE, Shock-LACH, LAKEN-heath, Ship-LAKE, Burg-has-LACH, Dur-LACH, and LACE-by.

MERE (Anglo-Saxon), _a lake_.—Comber-MERE, Winder-MERE, Col-MERE, MER-ton-Say, Hornsea-MERE, Youns-MERE, Ring-MER, Aves-MERE; Haar-lem-MERE, Alk-MAAR, MOR-ton, MAR-tin.

MIRE, the Scandinavian form, MYRI (Old Norsk), signifies _a marsh or bog_.—Gris-MIRE, Ling-MIRE, Wrag-MIRE, Sour-MIRE.

In Norway we find Rosse-MYRE, and in Iceland, Skala-MYRE.

We find the Frisian form, MAR, in MAR-strand, Hiel-MAR, MAR-stall, Wis-MAR, Wol-MAR.

MERSC, MARS, MAS (Anglo-Saxon), _a marsh or bog_.—MARS-ton-moor, MERS-ham, Raw-MARSH, Alder-MAS-ton, MERST-ham, MEAS-ham, MARSK, Os-MAS-ton, MAS-ham, Tor-MAS-ton, MARS-den, the MASH.

Perhaps the river MEASE or MEUSE is derived from the same root.

MUND (German), _the mouth of a river_; MUYDEN (Dutch); MOUTH (English).—Rore-MUND, Wel-MEND, Witt-MUND, Warne-MUNDE, MUNDEN, MUIDEN.

OE (Scandinavian), _an island_.—Angles-EY, Guerns-EY, Aldern-EY, Shepp-EY, Nordern-EY, Wolv-EY, Holm-OE, Wragg-OE, Wag-OE, Rom-OE, Hoal-OE, Far-OE, Langer-OOG, Wanger-OOG, Cantal-EU, Jur-A, Isl-A, Straths-AY.

ORD, ORT (Dutch), _a point_, _the junction of two rivers_.—Havel-ORT, Calv-ORDE, Frederiks-ORT.

ORA (Anglo-Saxon), _the shore_, _coast_, _border_, _those parts of the sea or river affording safe landing-places_.—OR-ton, HOR-ton, ORE-by, Toln-ORE, HOR-dle.