Part 2

The SCEARINGAS are found at SHARRING-ton, SHERING-ford, and SHARRING-ton in Norfolk, SHEERING in Essex, at SCARRING-ton in Nottinghamshire, and at SHEERING-ton in Buckingham and Wiltshire. We have the HANINGAS at three places named HANNING-ton in Northamptonshire, Herefordshire, and Wiltshire, and also probably at HANNING-field in Essex. When we examine further we find in these patronymics, names which belong to the great families whose history is mixed up in the earliest Teutonic mythology. The WAELSINGS, who are found at WALSING-ham in Norfolk, at WOLSING-ham in Durham, and at WOOLSING-ton in Northumberland, appear to have been offsets of the great family of the VOLSUNGAR of the Edda, and the VOLSUNGEN of the old German romances. The HARLINGS (Herelingas), who are found at three places named HARLING-ton in Middlesex, Bedfordshire, and Yorkshire, as well as at HARLING in Norfolk, are also connected with the ancient Teutonic mythology, and their name is found at HARLINGEN in Friesland. The SWAEFAS, a tribe who was known to have dwelt on the borders of the Angles on the Continent, appear to have given their name to SWAFF-ham in Norfolk. Mr. Kemble, quoting other well known names from the mythic and half mythic history of the continental Teutons, points out as further instances, that the BRENTINGS of the northern romance are found in England at BRENTING-ley in Leicestershire, and at BRANTING-ham in Yorkshire. The SCYLDINGS and SCYLFINGS, celebrated northern races, give their name to SKELDING, and to two places named SKILLING-ton in Northumberland and Dorsetshire. The ARDINGS, who are found at ARDING-ton in Berkshire, and at ARDING-ley in Sussex, are, he says, the AZDINGI, the royal race of the Visigoths and Vandals; and the BANINGS of the Continent, over whom, when the curious Anglo-Saxon fragment called the _Traveller’s Song_ was written, a Prince named Becca ruled, are recognised in BANNING-ham in Norfolk. The HELSINGS gave name to HELSING-ton in Westmoreland, and to HELSING-land in Sweden; and we find the name of the BLECINGAS as well in BLECKINGEN in Sweden as in BLETCHING-ton in Oxfordshire and BLETCHING-ley in Surrey. In the GYTINGAS found at GUYTING in Gloucestershire, we perhaps trace the JUTUNGI of Germany; and another Alamannic tribe, the SCUDINGI, are supposed to be traced in the SCYTINGS, who gave their name to SHUTTING-ton in Warwickshire.—(_The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon._)

(_c_) _Individuals._

The names of persons, especially those of princes and great landowners, constitute a very large element in local nomenclature. The name of ELLA is found in ELLES-mere (ELLA’S-lake); and in ELLES-croft (the field of ELLA); and that of his son CISSA is found in CHI-chester (CISSAN-ceaster, the fortified residence of CISSA), and in CIS-bury, the city of CISSA. CERDIC is remembered in CHAR-ford (CERDIC’S-ford), and in CHEARS-ley (CERDIC’S-meadow). BEBBA, the Queen of Ida, has left her name in BAM-borough (BEBBA’S city—Bebban-burg). The Christian prince OSWALD, who was slain in battle, and fell at a particular place near Maserfield, has left his name in OSWES-try, or OSWALD’S-tree. The name of the Danish King CANUTE is found in KNUTS-ford (CANUTE’S-ford), CNUTS-delf (CANUTE’S-ditch), and in CANEW-don (CANUTE’S-hill). Danish names are a very important element of the local names in the North of England—_e.g._, ORMS-kirk, WORMS-head, ORMES-by and UNST (Ormst), derive their names from some Scandinavian leader Orm or Urm. The name of RAFN or RAVEN is found in RAVEN-side (the seat or residence of RAVEN), and in RAVEN-stone (the stone of RAVEN). ULLER has given his name to ULLERS-thorpe, HUBBA to HUBBER-sty, and ULFR to ULLES-water and ULVER-stone. Numerous other examples might be given of names of Danish origin, but many of them will be noticed as we proceed.

The following places are derived from the names of the original possessor—_e.g._,

AYMES-try, _Elmod’s_-tree. EL-ton, _Elnod’s_-town. PAD-stow, _Adel’s_-dwelling-place. LEVER-ton, _Leofric’s_-town. EPS-om (EBBIS-ham), _Epha’s_-home. WOOFFER-ton, _Widferd’s_-town. MALMS-bury, St. _Maidulph’s_-city. WIL-ley, _Willaf’s_-meadow. OFF-ham, _Offa’s_-home.

(_d_) _Names of Gods._

It is well known that the ancient Teutonic tribes were heathens, and that in their original settlements they worshipped Odin, Thor, Tiw, &c., whose names are still preserved, not only in the days of the week, but in the names of numerous places.

WUOTAN, WODEN, or Odin, the presiding deity of the Northern nations, has his name preserved in O-dean, WOODEN-dean, (ODIN’S-hollow), WOODS-dale (ODIN’S-vale); WEDNES-bury and WAN-borough (ODIN’S-city); WEDNES-field (ODIN’S-field); WAM-pool (ODIN’S-pool); WAM-brook (ODIN’S-brook); WON-stone (ODIN’S-stone); WANS-ford (ODIN’S-ford); WANS-beck (ODIN’S-rivulet); WAN-stead (ODIN’S-residence); WENS-ley-fold (ODIN’S-meadow-enclosure); WANS-dike (ODIN’S-ditch); ODIN’S-wald (ODIN’S-forest); ODEN-se (ODIN’S-lake.) The name of his wife, FRIGGA, FREA, or FREYJA, occurs in FREYS-torp, in FRIDAY-thorpe, and FRAIS-thorpe (FRIGGA’S-city.) We are reminded of THOR by such places as THOR-up and THORS-torp (THOR’S-city); THORs-dal and TURS-dale (THOR’S-vale); TOR-ness (THOR’S-promontory); THURS-by, and THURSO-by (THOR’S-town); THURDYS-toft (THOR’S-field); TOR-boll (THOR’S-dwelling); Kirby-Thore (Church of THOR); THURS-ley, and THUR-ley (THOR’S-meadow); THORS-aa (THOR’S-stream).

Thor was also known by the names of DONAR (THUNOR) and HAMAR, which occurs in THUNDERS-field (THOR’S-field); and in THUNDERS-ley (THOR’S-meadow); in HAMER-ton and HOMER-ton (THOR’S-town); HAMER-ton-kirk (THOR’S-town-Church); HAMER-wick (THOR’S-marsh); and in HAMER-stein (THOR’S-stone). The name of BALDER, the son of Odin, and god of light, is still preserved in BALDERS-ley (the meadow of BALDER); BALDERS-dale (BALDER’S-vale); BOLDRE-wood (BALDER’S-wood); and in BALDERS-haye (BALDER’S-enclosure); that of BRAGE, the god of orators, in BRAG-naes (BRAGE-naes, the promontory of BRAGE).

The god of war and of champions, TEU, TIW, or TYR, has his name conferred upon TEWES-ley, and TEW-ing (the meadow of TEW), and upon TYE-hall and TYE-farm.

LOK appears in LOX-wood, LOX-field, and in LOCK-ing.

SEATOR appears in SATTER-leigh, SATTER-thwaite, and in SATTER-land.

Perhaps local names are indebted to the fairy mythology. MAB, the elf queen, occurs in MAB’S-hill, and the merry PUCK in PUCK-pool Bay, POOCK-burne (PUCKE-ridge), POOCK-hill, and PUCKE-tye. GRIM-a, a ghost, hag, or witch, is found in GRIMS-by, GRIMS-bury, GRIMMS-hoo, GRIMS-how, and in GRIMS-ditch. It is the safest plan, however, in tracing local names to their origin, to resort to such a mode for their explanation only when we find ourselves unable to offer a more rational etymology—that is to say, one in harmony with their natural or historical associations.

(_B_) NAMES OF ANIMALS.

The names of animals which enter largely into geographical nomenclature need little explanation; most of them, being familiar, may be easily identified.

NATE, NET (Scandinavian) horned cattle; NEAT (English), occurs in NATE-ly, NAT-land, and NATE-ly Scures.

The WILD BOAR, in Anglo-Saxon EVER (éofer, ebur, efer), is found in

EVER-shaw, the _wild boar’s_ field; EVER-shot, EVERS-holt, the _wild boar’s_ wood; EVERS-don, the _wild boar’s_ hill; EVER-ton, the _wild boar’s_ town or enclosure. EVER-leigh, EVER-ley, the _wild boar’s_ meadow.

EBER, the German form of this root, occurs in

EBER-stein, the _wild boar’s_ stone; EBER-bach, the _wild boar’s_ stream; EBERS-berg, the _wild boar’s_ hill; EBER-ach, the _wild boar’s_ dwelling by the stream.

The BEAR (BAR, BARIN in German) no doubt was an inhabitant of the following places:—

BAR-walde, the _bear’s_ forest; BAR-uth, the _bear’s_ region; BAREN-spring, the _bear’s_ spring; BAREN-wald-a, the _bear’s_ forest by the stream; BAREN-horst, the _bear’s_ thicket.

In the following places we find the name of the BADGER (BROC, BAW, BAUD, BAG, BADGE, in Anglo-Saxon, and DACHS in German):—

BAG-shot, BAG-borough, BADGEN-don, BADGE-worth, BAGIN-thorpe, BAUGH-hurst, BAWS-ley, BAW-burgh, BAUD-rip, BAUDS-ly, BROCK-ley, the _badger’s_ meadow; BROX-bourne, the _badger’s_ stream; BROX-ton, BROC-ton, the _badger’s_ town; BROCK-thorp, the _badger’s_ village; BROCK-holes, the _badger’s_ caves; BROCK-les-by, the _badger’s_ abode of the spring; BROCK-dish, the _badger’s_ ditch; BROC-den, the _badger’s_ hollow; DACH-stein, the _badger’s_ stone; DACHS-berg, the _badger’s_ hill.

The BEAVER (in German, BIBER), occurs in

BEVER-ley, the _beaver’s_ meadow; BEVER-born, the _beaver’s_ stream; BIBER-ach, BIBR-a, the _beaver’s_ abode on the stream.

The Dutch form of the root BEVER occurs in BEVER-en (in the province of East Flanders), and in BEVER-n (in the duchy of Brunswick), both signifying the _beaver’s_ river isle.

The BUCK (BUCCA, in Anglo-Saxon) may be traced in

BUCKEN-ham, the _buck’s_ home; BUCK-den, the _buck’s_ hollow; BICK-leigh, the _buck’s_ meadow; BOCK-field, the _buck’s_ field; BU-cup, the _buck’s_ hollow; BUCK-low, the _buck’s_ hill; BOK-hurst, the _buck’s_ forest; BUCK-land, the _buck’s_ district; BICKN-or, the _buck’s_ border; BUC-kle, the _buck’s_ spring.

The low German form is BUCK, the High German, BOCK—_e.g._,

BOCEN-em, BOCCEN-heim, BOCK-um, the _buck’s_ home; BOC-holt, the _buck’s_ wood.

The COW (Cu, Cy) may be found in

COWS-ley, COW-ley, COW-leaze, CUERD-ley, the _cow’s_ meadow; KAY-land, _cow_ district; CO-dale, the _cow’s_ vale; COS-grove, the _cow’s_ grove; CO-ton, COW-ton, the _cow’s_ town; CO-stock, COW-fold, the _cow’s_ fence or enclosure.

The OX may be traced in

OXN-ead; OX-ton, the town of the _ox_; OX-ley, the meadow of the _ox_; OX-ford, the ford of the _ox_; OX-fold, the enclosure of the _ox_; OCHSEN-werder, the island of the _ox_; OXN-ey, the island of the _ox_; OX-stones, the heights of the _ox_; OXEN-hope, the shelter of the _ox_; OCHSEN-furt, the ford of the _ox_; OCHSEN-kopf, the summit of the _ox_.

The CALF (CIELF) occurs in

KELVE-don, the _calf’s_ hill; CALVER-ley, the _calf’s_ meadow.

The HART (HEORT), in German HIRSCH, is found in

HART-fold, the _hart’s_ enclosure; HERT-ford, HART-ford, the _hart’s_ ford; HART-ing, the _hart’s_ meadow; HARTS-bath, the _hart’s_ bathing place; HART-burn, the _hart’s_ stream; HARTEN-stein, the _hart’s_ stone; HIRSCH-au, the _hart’s_ meadow; HIRSCH-berg, the _hart’s_ hill; HIRSCH-horn, the _hart’s_ angle; HIRSCH-feld, the _hart’s_ field.

The KID (in Anglo-Saxon TIC, TYCH, and in German ZIEGE), appears in

KID-land, KID-sty, KIDDER-minster, TICE-hurst, the _kid’s_ forest; TITCHEN-worth, the _kid’s_ farm; TITCH-borne, the _kid’s_ stream; TICK-ton, the _kid’s_ town; TITCH-marsh, the _kid’s_ marsh; TICKEN-ham, the _kid’s_ home; ZIEGEN-hayn, the _kid’s_ wood; ZIEGEN-hals, the _kid’s_ castle; ZIEGEN-ruck, the _kid’s_ ridge.

In STAGS-den and STAGS-bath we see the name of the STAG; in DUR-ness, DEER-hurst, DEAR-ham, DYR-have, DAR-field, DERE-ham, we find some form of the modern word DEER, with a more general signification. Like its Gothic and German cognates, it denoted any wild animal.

The GOAT (GAET) occurs as an element in the formation of the following names:—

GOAD-land, GAT-acre, the _goat’s_ field; GAT-ford, the _goat’s_ ford; GAT-combe, the _goat’s_ valley; GEIS-mar; GEISEN-hein; GEIS-ingen; YAT-ton, the _goat’s_ town.

The HARE (HARA) is found in

HARE-stane, the _hare’s_ stone; HAR-pole, the _hare’s_ pool; HAR-bottle, the _hare’s_ dwelling; HAR-combe, the _hare’s_ valley.

The German form, HASE, is found in

HAS-lach, the _hare’s_ lake; HAS-selt, the _hare’s_ seat; HASS-furt, the _hare’s_ ford; HASSE-field, the _hare’s_ field and plain.

The HORSE occurs under the forms HORS, HEST (Scandinavian) and ROSS—_e.g._—

HORS-ley and ROS-ley, the _horse’s_ meadow; HORSEN-don, the _horse’s_ hill; ROSS-thwaite, the _horse’s_ path; HORS-ham, the _horse’s_ home; HEST Fell, the _horse’s_ rock or hill; HES-ket, the _horse’s_ hut; HEST-holme, the _horse’s_ island; HORSE-lease, the _horse’s_ meadow; HORSE-ford, the _horse’s_ ford; ROSS-heim, the _horse’s_ home; ROSS-bach, the _horse’s_ stream; ROSS-lau, the _horse’s_ meadow; HESTEN Field, the _horse’s_ ridge.

The SHEEP (SCEP) occurs in

SHIP-ley, the _sheep’s_ meadow; SHIP-ton, the _sheep’s_ town; SHIP-ham, the _sheep’s_ home; SHIP-wash, the _sheep’s_ ford; SHIP-lake, the _sheep’s_ stream.

The same root is found in SHAP-wick and SHAP-moor, SHEPPER-ton and SHEPP-ey; SKIP-ton, SKIP-sea, and SCOP-wick.

The German form is SCHAF, which is found in

SCHAF-berg, the _sheep’s_ hill; SCHAF-hausen, the _sheep’s_ house or dwelling; SCHAF-en, the _sheep’s_ isle; SCHAF-stadt, the _sheep’s_ place.

The English WETHER (WEDER) is found in

WETHER-den, WETHER-ley, WEDER-ley, WETHER-al, WETHERS-field, &c.

The LAMB in

LAMB-hurst, LAMBER-hurst, LAMB-ton, LAM-brook, &c.

We find the Scandinavian forms for SHEEP (SAUDR and FAAR), in

SOUTER-fell, SOUDEN-hill, the _sheep’s_ hill; FAR-leigh, FARS-ley, the _sheep’s_ meadow; FAIR-field, the _sheep’s_ field; SOUTER-gate, the _sheep’s_ street; FAIR-ford, the _sheep’s_ ford; FAIR-leigh, the _sheep’s_ meadow; FAR-a, FAR-oe, the _sheep’s_ island.

SOW (SUGU) may be traced in

SUG-ley, the _sow’s_ meadow; SO-ham, SUERS-ham, the _sow’s_ home; SUG-gate, the _sow’s_ street; SOWER-by, the _sow’s_ town.

SWINE in

SWIN-burn, SWYN-bourne, the _swine’s_ stream; SWIN-hope, the _swine’s_ shelter; SWINES-co, SWINES-cot, the _swine’s_ hut; SCHWEIN-a, the _swine’s_ abode by the stream; SCHWEIN-furt, the _swine’s_ ford; SCHWEINS-berg, the _swine’s_ hill.

GRIS (Scandinavian) wild swine, gives name to

GRIS-dale, the _wild swine’s_ vale; Mun-GRIS-dale, the monks’ _wild swine’s_ vale.

We may trace the WOLF in

WOOLVER-hampton, the _wolf’s_ home-town; WOOLVIS-ton, the _wolf’s_ town; WOOL-hope, WOLF’S-hope, the _wolf’s_ shelter; WOLN-ey, the _wolf’s_ island; WOOLVER-den, the _wolf’s_ hollow; WOOL-mer, the _wolf’s_ lake; WOLF-ham-cote, the _wolf’s_ home hut; WOOL-pit the _wolf’s_ pit; WOOLS-ton, the _wolf’s_ town; WOOL-wich, the _wolf’s_ bay; WOL-an, the _wolf’s_ meadow; WOLF-ach, the _wolf’s_ abode by the stream; WOLF-hagen, the _wolf’s_ enclosure; WOLF-stein, the _wolf’s_ stone; WOLFEN-buttel, the _wolf’s_ dwelling.

The FOX gives name to FOX-hole, FOX-hunt, Car-FOX, &c.; but TOD, another name for this animal, occurs in

TOD-bere, the forest of the _fox_; TOD-hurst; TOD-burn, the stream of the _fox_; TOD-mor-den, the marshy hollow of the _fox_; TOD-wick, &c.

The dog, HOUND or HUND, is found in

HOUNDS-borough, the _hound’s_ city; HOUNS-low, the _hound’s_ hill; HUND-holm, the _hound’s_ island; HUN-wyl, the _hound’s_ well; HUN-ley, HUNS-ley, the _hound’s_ town; HUN-feld, the _hound’s_ field; HUNS-rucken, HUNDS-ruck, the _hound’s_ ridge; HUND-loch, the _hound’s_ hole.

The SQUIRREL (DRAY) is the root of

DRA-cot, DRAY-cot, the _squirrel’s_ hut; DRAY-ton, the _squirrel’s_ town.

WANT-ley, WANTIS-den, and WANT-age, derive their name from WANT, WANAT, the _mole_.

The names of _Birds_ are sometimes to be met with in local nomenclature; among the most important are the following:—

The EAGLE, ARL (German) in

ARLS-heim, ARL-berg, EAGLES-cliffe, the _eagle’s_ rock; EAGLE’S-hay, the _eagle’s_ field; AYLES-bury, the _eagle’s_ city; AYLE-stone, the _eagle’s_ stone; EAGL-ey, the _eagle’s_ river isle.

We find some trace of the Scandinavian name for the eagle (ARI, ARIN, ERN, ORN) in

ARNES-by, the _eagle’s_ town; EARN-ley, AR-ley, the _eagle’s_ meadow; EARS-dale, the _eagle’s_ vale; ARN-old, the _eagle’s_ wood; ARN-heim, the _eagle’s_ home; ARNS-berg, the _eagle’s_ hill; ARNS-walde, ARENS-walde, the _eagle’s_ wood or forest; ARN-stadt, the _eagle’s_ town; ARENS-burg, the _eagle’s_ city; AREN-berg-thal, the _eagle’s_ mountain valley; ARR-öe, the _eagle’s_ isle; AR-schot, the _eagle’s_ wood or field; AREND-see, the _eagle’s_ lake.

The DAW, in

DAW-ley, DEW-bury, DEW-sall.

The OWL, in

UL-combe, ULLEN-hall, OWLS-bury, the _owl’s_ city; OWL-ton, the _owl’s_ town; EULEN-gebirge, the _owl’s_ mountains; UL-ey, UGL-ey, the _owl’s_ river island.

The CROW (CRAWE, Anglo-Saxon; KRAKA, Scandinavian) in

CRACKEN-dale, CROUGH-ton, CREAKE, CROW-hurst, the _crow’s_ forest; CROW-land, the _crow’s_ district; CROW-borough, the _crow’s_ city; CRAW-ley, the _crow’s_ meadow; CRAYKE, the _crow’s_ region; CRAKE-hall, CRAKE-hill, the _crow’s_ hill; CRACKEN-thorp, the _crow’s_ village; KRA-winkel, the _crow’s_ angle; KRE-feld, the _crow’s_ field.

The CRANE, in

CRAN-brook, the _crane’s_ brook; CRAN-field, the _crane’s_ field; CRAN-ham, the _crane’s_ home; CRAN-bourne, the _crane’s_ stream; CRAN-ach, the _crane’s_ dwelling by the stream; CRANEN-burg, the _crane’s_ city.

The Scandinavian TRANA, a _crane_, is perhaps found in

TRAN-well, the _crane’s_ spring; TRAN-mere, the _crane’s_ lake.

The SWAN, in

SWAN-cot, the _swan’s_ hut; SWAN-more, the _swan’s_ moor; SCHWAN-den, the _swan’s_ ravine; SCHWANE-beck, the _swan’s_ rivulet.

The DOVE (CULVER), in

CULVER-hayes, the _dove’s_ field.

The WREN, in

WREN-hurst, the _wren’s_ thicket; WREN-thorpe, the _wren’s_ village.

The HEN (HAEN), in

HEN-stead, HEN-baun, HEN-don, the _hen’s_ hill; HEN-ley, the _hen’s_ meadow; HINTON, the _hen’s_ town.

The GOOSE, in

GAS-garth, the enclosure of the _geese_; GOS-forth, the ford of the _geese_; GAS-dale, the vale of the _geese_.

The word FOWL, which occurs in numerous places, had originally a much wider meaning than at present. Any _flying_ creature, was a bird; and in this sense we find it in

FOULS-ham, FUL-ham, the _bird’s_ home; FULL-wood, the _bird’s_ wood; FOULN-ey, FUGL-oe, the _bird’s_ island; VOGELS-berg, the _bird’s_ hill.

The names of _Fish_ seem rather scarce; we find

FISH-bourn, the stream, abounding in _fish_; FISHER-gate, _fish_ street; FISHER-ton, _fish_ town; FISH-guard, _fish_ enclosure; FISH-toft, _fish_ field; FISH-field, _fish_ field; FISCH-back, _fish_ rivulet; FISK-um-foss, the waterfall of the _fish_ dwelling.

The SALMON (LAX) occurs in

LAX-ey, LAX-field, LAX-ay, _salmon_ river; LAX-voe, _salmon_ bay; LAKE-fiord, _salmon_ firth.

The TROUT (TRUHT) is found in

TROUTS-dale, TROUT-beck, the _trout_ rivulet.

The EEL may be traced in

AAL-borg, _eel_ city; AAL-en, _eel_ island; AAL-st, _eel_ district; AAL-rust, _eel_ torrent.

The FROG and TOAD are perhaps the only _reptiles_ we find in place-names. They evidently give names to

FROG-hill, FROG-more, the _frog’s_ moor; FROX-feld, the _frog’s_ field; FROX-ton, the _frog’s_ town; FRISKN-ey, the _frog’s_ island; TAD-ley, TAD-low.

The Scandinavian term for the reptile is PADDA, which occurs in

PAD-gate, _frog_ street; PADDON-Beck, _frog_ stream; PADDY-gill, _frog_ rivulet; &c.

The _insect_ WIGGA, WIEGA, a _beetle_, is perhaps found in

WIG-more, the _beetle’s_ moor; WIGGEN-holt, the _beetle’s_ wood; WIG-sell, the _beetle’s_ seat; WIG-ton, WIGS-ton, WIGGIN-ton, the _beetle’s_ town; WIG-toft, the _beetle’s_ field.

In German, the name of the beetle is KAFER, cognate with the En-CHAFER, which occurs in

KAFER-loh, the _beetle’s_ meadow; KAFERN-burg, the _beetle’s_ city.

(_C_) THE NAMES OF TREES, PLANTS, &c.

_Trees_ performed no unimportant part in the division of land among the Teutonic nations; they were used as land marks and boundaries, and county courts were held under them.

The word TREE occurs very often in the names of places, and is no doubt connected with some historical circumstance: _e.g._—

Oswes-TRY, Coven-TRY, Dodin-TREE, Web-TREE, Grey-TREE, Els-TREE, &c.

The OAK (AC) is found in

AC-ton, the _oak_ town; ACK-worth, the _oak_ farm; AUCK-land, the _oak_ district; AIKE-Beck-Mouth, the mouth of the _oak_ rivulet; OAK-leigh, OCK-ley, OAK-ley, WOK-ing, the _oak_ meadow; AS-kew (AKE-skeugh), the _oak_ knoll; AX-holme, the _oak_ island; EX-fold, the _oak_ enclosure; EX-twistle, the _oak_ borders; OKE-hanger-mere, the _oak_ meadow-lake; OAK-ham, the _oak_ dwelling; OCK-brook, the _oak_ brook; UCK-field, the _oak_ plain; Bald-OCK, the bare _oak_; Mart-OCK, the market _oak_; EICH-horn, the _oak_ height; EICHS-feld, the _oak_ field; EICH-stadt, the _oak_ town.

The ASH (AESC) occurs in

ASH-stead, _ash_ dwelling; AS-cot, _ash_ hut; ASH-don, ASHEN-don, ASH-down, _ash_ hill; ASH-combe, ES-combe, _ash_ valley; ESH-gill, _ash_ rivulet; ASH-ling, _ash_ heath; ASH-by, ASH-ton, ASTON, _ash_ town; ASH-well, _ash_ spring; ASH-borne, _ash_ stream; AS-hurst, _ash_ thicket; ASH-fold, _ash_ enclosure.

The Scandinavian form occurs in

ASK-rigg, _ash_ ridge; ASK-ern, _ash_ dwelling; ASKER-sund, _ash_ sound; ASK-han, ASK-heim, _ash_ home.

The German form is found in

ESCHERS-leben, ASCHERS-leben, _ash_ field or level; AS-perg, _ash_ hill; ESCHEN-bach, _ash_ stream; ESCH-wege, _ash_ way; ESCH-weiler, _ash_ dwelling; AS-sens, AS-sen, _ash_ dwelling; ASSEN-heim, _ash_ home.

The ALDER is found in

ALDER-bury, _alder_ city; ALDER-ley, _alder_ meadow; ALDER-minster, _alder_ church; ALLER-dale, _alder_ vale; ALLER-by, _alder_ town; ALDERS-haugh, _alder_ hill; ALDER-mas-ton, _alder_ marsh town; ALDEN-ham, _alder_ home; ALDER-shot, _alder_ wood; ALLI-thwaite, _alder_ path; ALLER-ton, OWLER-ton, ELLER-ton, _alder_ town; ELLE-ray, _alder_ corner; ELL-feld, _alder_ field; ELL-bogen, _alder_ bending; ELL-rich, _alder_ district; ELL-wangen, _alder_ meadow; ERL-ach, _alder_ dwelling on the stream; ERL-angen, ERL-au, _alder_ meadow.

The BROOM gives name to

BROM-ton, _broom_ town; BROM-borough, _broom_ city; BROM-ley, _broom_ meadow; BROM-yard, _broom_ enclosure; BROM-hurst, _broom_ forest; BROMS-wold, _broom_ wood; BROM-berg, _broom_ hill; BRAM-field, _broom_ field; BRAM-with, _broom_ wood; BRAM-shot, _broom_ wood; BRAM-ber, _broom_ pasture; BRAM-cote, _broom_ hut.

The BEECH may be traced in

BOCK-am, _beech_ home; BUCH-au, _beech_ meadow; BUCH-holz, _beech_ wood; BUCH-horn, _beech_ corner; BUCHS-weiler, _beech_ dwelling.

The BIRCH gives name to

BARK-by; BARK-ham; BARK-brough; BARK-ey; BIRK-stall; BERKE-ley, _birch_ meadow; BIRKEN-shaw, _birch_ field; BERK-hamp-stead, _birch_ homestead; BARK-by, _birch_ town; BIRKEN-field, _birch_ field; BJORK-ö, _birch_ island; BIRK-thwaite, _birch_ path.

The APPLE is found in

APPLE-ton, APPLE-by, _apple_ town; APPULDUR-combe, APPULDRE-combe, _apple_ valley; APPLE-shaw, _apple_ field or wood; APPLE-dore, APPLE-thwaite, _apple_ path.

The HAZEL occurs in