CHAPTER XXIV

THE ETHICS OF BIRTH CONTROL

A corollary of the doctrine which treats of the destruction in medical practice of existent human life, is a consideration of what is called Birth Control, or the criminal prevention of possible human life by onanistic contraceptive methods. There has been an agitation for several years past in western and northwestern Europe and in the United States to bring about the repeal of laws which forbid the spreading of information on the methods of preventing conception. The laws which the agitators wish to have abrogated declare that contraceptive information is indecent and should be classed with the circulation of obscene literature, pornographic pictures, and instruction in abortion. The birth control advocates pay no attention to accusations like those expressed in the laws, or to those made by persons who have accurate notions of morality and common decency, but assert that the spread of contraceptive information tends to benefit the individual and human society.

Birth control as advocated by its perpetrators is intrinsically contrary to the natural law, and therefore immoral; it mentally and physically debases those that are guilty of the practice; it does not benefit the poor as its advocates claim it does; the arguments urged by its supporters are foolish and frequently deliberate untruths; and it is destructive of society and the state. Broadly speaking the natural law rests on the principle that order, reason, justice, what is congruous with the nature of a being or faculty and tends to its perfection in being or action, should prevail, and that disorder, unreason, injustice, the unnatural, must be avoided. The right order of nature as established by the Supreme Creator of nature is the standard of action; what is contrary to that order is evil, wrong, destructive, criminal, injurious, or the like, in different circumstances, but altogether these deordinate conditions must be removed, not accepted. Morality also depends on these facts. Morality is merely the observance of the natural law, and immorality is revolt against that law.

Since the natural law evidently prescribes that man must live in society and that the human race which constitutes this society, is to be preserved by the generation of new human beings who will replace those that die, or are made useless by disease or other accident, whatever tends to this sustention of humanity according to the natural law, and in the proper conditions, is good, and whatever tends to the destruction of humanity is evil and to be avoided.

The generation of new replacing human beings must take place only in the state of marriage, because thus solely the wife and the child are protected, the children are educated physically, mentally and morally, and the degradation and bestiality of promiscuous sexual relationship are averted. The first and principal end of marriage is the procreation of children. That end of marriage must be the end on which is founded primarily the natural necessity for this contract, but the natural necessity for the contract is the propagation of the human kind through lawful generation and education. Marriage, too, in its very nature is fitted for that chief end, and for that end it was instituted by the Author of nature--a stable, perpetual association of the sexes for the attainment of what is requisite for the propagation of mankind. There are secondary ends of marriage, such as a reciprocal love and help of the husband and wife, and also that aspect of marriage which makes it a restraint upon promiscuous lust. These last, however, are not enough to justify marriage in themselves without the first or chief end, which is the procreation of children.

Whatever is subversive of the end of marriage, and that is the propagation of mankind, is subversive of the very foundation of human society, is contrary to the nature of man, frustrates the primal function of nature, and is therefore essentially and always evil, as bestiality, sodomy, or incest are evil. Such is birth control as ordinarily practised. Birth control if it is effective through a reciprocal consent of a wedded couple, for grave reason, and solely by mutual abstention from the _debitum_ may be in certain conditions an indifferent act morally. If, however, birth control is effected by contraceptive drugs, or like methods, it is a crime against nature, and always a crime which no circumstance can excuse, no more than no circumstance can excuse bestiality, sodomy, or incest. Secondly, marriage, which was instituted primarily to perpetuate the creative act of God, when such practices prevail degenerates to mere concubinage, a gratification of lust protected from the police. Such practices, moreover, lower man and woman below the brutes, because brutes do not frustrate the natural law except in the case of the male rat and a few other low grade rodents and boar pigs. Onan is the patron of Birth Control advocates. The Book of Genesis said Onan, the son of Judah, "did a detestable thing, therefore the Lord slew him."

These are the fundamental reasons those of us recognize who do not wish that the ignorant and vicious should be taught to act contrary to the natural law. Furthermore, there is always another way out of the difficulties, mostly imaginary, the birth control advocates conjure up. Granting that all the difficulties from multiple births are real, no end justifies essentially evil means, and a subversion of the natural law is always essentially evil. War, homicide, and like acts are not always evil; under certain circumstances both war and homicide may be holy deeds; but to act contrary to nature is never justifiable in any condition. If I owe a man a large sum of money it may be to the advantage of myself or my children that this man be removed, but that good end does not justify murder; no more does any condition of poverty justify a contraceptive act against nature, especially when such an act is never the sole means of evasion. We must protect the married state, but in America we are destroying it. Human society had its origin in marriage, and it depends on marriage for its preservation, but our American divorce laws have made marriage a travesty. In New York alone in 1916 there were 74,893 women divorced, nearly twenty-eight times as many as were divorced in England and Wales in that year, and over forty-nine per cent. of these women were childless, very significantly. Probably ninety-five per cent. of the childless women had used contraceptive methods, yet there are few forces better able to hold the marriage knot tied as it should be tied than a child's fingers. In England and Wales, too, in 1916, forty per cent. of the divorced couples were also birth controllers, at least they had no children. Pennsylvania is much more shameless than New York in granting divorces for no reason at all.

Among the arguments used by those in favor of spreading contraceptive information is that large families keep the laboring classes down to low living standards, and it would be better for those families and the state that these children were not born. Large families as such do not keep the laboring classes down to low standards of living; bad legislation which allows profiteering, which criminally permits extortion in the prices of food, clothing, in taxes, rents, the cost of coal, and the like, which does not force employers to give laborers an honest price for labor, or check the extortions of monopolists, and a hundred similar economic deeds of injustice, together with a parental shiftlessness, unthrift, alcoholism, lack of education through neglect, and so on indefinitely, are the causes. Big families have more wages than small families, and as a rule they do better than the small families when the children are old enough to work. Society is at fault, not the size of the family; the active and the passive selfish are at fault, not the babies; the liars, hypocrites, and the buttoned pockets are at fault, not the holy innocents; the professional meddlers in the business of better folk are the nuisance, not the blessed children, who are the brightest things in this darkened world until we spoil them, and make them like ourselves instead of better. One decent mother is worth a hundred shirkers who raise nothing but lap dogs.

The children of large families, the birth controllers say, are more afflicted by infectious diseases than those of small families. I was for years in charge of the infectious diseases Bureau of the Washington Health Department, and I have had ample opportunity here and in Europe to study this matter. Large families in proper economic positions are not different from small families as regards the infectious diseases. These diseases spread among the poor because the houses of the poor are commonly owned by land sharks and politicians who laugh at health regulations; our health departments can not get enough money away from the political ringleaders in power to employ capable sanitary experts; our laws for the regulation of medical practice and education are a disgrace to our civilization, and every town is swarming with quacks who can not recognize even smallpox when they see it. The fault here is in ourselves not in the large families. Control the professional politicians and quacks and there will be no occasion for foolish talk about birth control.

Again, the children of poor but large families, we are told, have slight or no chance to rise in the social order. Benjamin Franklin, however, one of the greatest men America has produced, was the youngest of seventeen children in a poor family; Lyman Beecher, a poor man, had eleven children, and every man and woman among them became famous; Theodore Schwann, the father of the cell doctrine and of all modern biology, was one of thirteen poor children; John Mueller, one of the greatest of modern scientists, and the Father of German medicine, was one of five children of a very poor family; Emerson was one of five sons, so was Farragut; John Wesley the founder of Methodism, was the eighteenth child of his parents; Ignatius Loyola was the eighth; Saint Catherine of Sienna, among the greatest women intellectually and morally that Europe ever produced, was the twenty-fourth child of her parents. This list can be extended indefinitely from the biographical dictionaries. Every enormous fortune made in America was built up originally by a man who arose from the depths--Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Astor, Ryan, Havemeyer, Schwab, Ford, Gould, and so on. Poverty is a necessary foundation for a great fortune. The great soldiers of the world almost without exception rose from the ranks of poverty--Napoleon, Washington, Sheridan, Grant, Sherman, Pershing, De Lacy in Russia, Prim in Spain, O'Higgins in Chili, Stonewall Jackson, and others. The powerful Dukes of Tetuan in Spain came from an Irish adventurer, the fifth of eight sons of a poor man. Big families make for strength of character in the struggle for existence; the solitary child in a family is pampered, spoiled.

Advocates of birth control say that Holland has had a Neomalthusian League openly operative since 1881, with fifty-two clinics where contraceptive information is publicly given. As a direct consequence, and solely from the work of this League, Holland has a dropping death rate and an increase in population, and even the stature of the Dutch has increased four inches since 1881. The main objection to these statements about Holland is that they are absolutely false in every particular except that the population of Holland has increased--from other causes. Before the great war every civilized nation had a dropping death rate and an increase in population except France where birth control worked against the increase made by the progress of preventive medicine and a diffusion of sanitary methods. The assertion about the fifty-two clinics in Holland was investigated. An army officer sent out by the committee searched fourteen days before he could find even one secret birth control propaganda station. The present prime minister of Holland, de Beerenbrouk, is an earnest Catholic man, and if anyone talks birth control in Holland during his administration he guarantees them a long term in jail. There was really a Neomalthusian League with 6,704 members, now greatly decreased in number, in the northern Protestant provinces of Holland. As a matter of fact just where this league exists the birth rate decreased and the death rate increased and where it did not exist the direct opposite is true. As to the increase of four inches in stature--since this is a physical impossibility the spinner of the original yarn was an ignorant romancer, lacking plausibility in his untruth. Where there is birth control there are no children to increase or maintain the population, but the New York birth controller who invented the Dutch story says that in Holland where there are no children born through birth control the population increases through birth control.

The birth control movement assumes that the world suffers from overpopulation. It does not; it suffers from incorrect distribution of populations, and no doctrine of birth control will ever affect this fact. All the authorities on the statistics of population tell us it requires an average of four children to each family to keep the population even stationary, not to talk of overcrowding. Two children reaching maturity replace their parents, and because of the high mortality in infancy, and the large number of the unmarried and the birth controllers and abortionists, four children are needed to a family to make a new generation as large as the old. An average of one, two, or even three children to a family means a loss in population, unless the loss is supplied, as in the United States, by immigration. An average of five or six children means an increase in the population. Having none or two children to a family and relying on immigration to preserve the nations means political annihilation, as can be readily shown. In New York State in 1919 instead of the required four children to keep the population stationary, as far as the native Americans are concerned, there was one child to every ten families.

The American nation was founded and built up wholly by Nordic races, immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, and a few from France, Holland and Sweden. All our national traditions are from these Nordic immigrants, our notions of self government, our peculiar democracy, our constitution, our language and literature. These Nordic peoples are dying out here in appalling numbers for two chief reasons, one of which is birth control and the other is the American climate. The civilization which affects us has always existed along a geographical belt reaching from the British Isles to above Rome, and covering Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, middle and western Germany, and Italy to below Florence. The Grecian civilization was not indigenous, but the result of a Nordic occupation, and it ceased centuries before Christ. Huntington of Yale and several others have shown, by studying the production of thousands of piece workers and students over a long time, that man does his best work physically and mentally under four climatic conditions: a mean temperature of about sixty-two degrees Fahrenheit for physical work and about forty degrees for mental work; secondly, there must be a humidity of about seventy-five per cent.; thirdly, the climate must be variable, be that of the belt of cyclonic storms; fourthly, there must be a quantity of sunlight such as that found in the European racial habitat of the person considered. These conditions are found curiously in exactly these degrees in the civilized parts of Europe and not elsewhere. Above and below that area they are lacking and there has never been any civilization where they are wanting. The reason physical and mental productivity lessen annually with us in December, January, and February is because these climatic conditions are absent during these three months.

Again, men are differentiated into races, thrive, develop, and reach and maintain mental and physical perfection within well defined climatic areas. Nature preserves the race that has acquired through countless ages acclimatization in a given environment, and kills off very quickly immigrants coming from far north or south of the given latitudes. The natural geographical position for the black man is from the equator to the thirtieth parallel of north or south latitude. The thirtieth parallel in America runs through upper Florida, southern Louisiana, and the lowest third of Texas. From the thirtieth to the thirty-fifth parallel is the zone of the brown man, like the Malay. The thirty-fifth parallel runs along the southern border of North Carolina and Tennessee, through the middle of Arkansas, New Mexico, Arizona, and the lowest third of California. From the thirty-fifth to the forty-fifth parallel is the zone of the brune Mediterranean races. The forty-fifth parallel passes near Halifax, Bangor in Maine, Ogdensburg, Ottawa, and St. Paul. In Europe it runs near Bordeaux, Turin, Bosnia, and the Crimea. New York is as far south as Naples, Philadelphia is sixty miles south of Naples, and has the sun of southern Italy. The Nordic races that we are interested in as our origins all live above the United States, and the summer temperatures they have been accustomed to are above the United States. An immigrant coming from northern Ireland to Philadelphia moves southward a thousand miles; a Norwegian going to Texas moves southward two thousand miles, and his family disappears as a rule in two generations.

In historic times there have been sudden movements southward of European races for about seven hundred miles and all ended disastrously. The Lombards went south from upper Prussia to middle Italy at the level of Boston and disappeared in two hundred years. The Teutonic Goths went from the Baltic to Italy and Spain. They lasted sixty-two years in Italy. Eighty thousand Vandals with their families went down from Brandenburg to North Africa at the level of Virginia. They were annihilated by the climate in one hundred and eight years. The Burgundians disappeared in sixty years from Greece, as the Celts who had carried the Homeric sagas to Greece also disappeared. Rome was great while the Nordic Cisalpine Celt ruled it, and died forever with the Celt. Italian art ended at Florence, the southern boundary of Cisalpine Gaul. The Slav disappeared the same way from southeastern Europe and left only language traces to the Turanian and Semite there. No European race of pure blood has ever had grandchildren in the tropics.

The northern races of Europe die out with amazing rapidity in the northern United States. The Irish death rate at the level of New York is double the death rate in Ireland under much worse economic conditions; the death rate of the southern Italian and the southern Russian is much better in New York than it is in their European racial habitats.

In 1910 our English immigration was only six per cent. of the whole, and the Irish immigration is now negligible because there are no more people in Ireland to leave it, but we have seven million Slavs who came in during the ten years before the war. We have three million southern Italians, three million Poles, and hundreds of thousands of nondescript folk from all the back alleys of the old world. At an army camp in Massachusetts during the late war there were thirty languages other than English spoken, and seven thousand men there never had heard the term Anglo-Saxon. The extreme southern, eastern, and southeastern European hordes are overwhelming us, and these hordes never knew a single political principle that even remotely resembles what we understand as American principles. They come of races who were ruled, if they had any rule at all, by despots, but we shall make "Anglo-Saxons," Americans, or whatever you like to call the final metamorphosis we effect, out of these barbarians. Never! Even in a millenium. Centuries from today the Slav here will be a Slav, the Sicilian a Sicilian, the Russian a Russian, all with a veneer of American slang on the tongue of an eternal racial character. Whole counties of Pennsylvania are filled with Germans who have been here since before the Revolution and they have not so much as learned English yet. The Nordic peoples die out here. Only the dark-skinned southern Germans last with us; the sun kills out the red and blond in two or three generations. I recently went over fifty Irish families which I knew perfectly, and they have degenerated eighty-six per cent. numerically and otherwise in my own lifetime: killed off by the climate which keeps our southern states empty of white men. By two American censuses and one English we know that fifty per cent. of Washington's army was born in Ireland, but there are no Irish in the revolutionary societies because the Revolutionary Irish have disappeared.

If there is any chance at all for our civilization, flimsy as it is, this world must be ruled by the Nordic European races, not by the southern, eastern and southeastern European barbarian Semite. We must rule for our own sake and for their sake; they can not rule anything. If we do not rule them, then welcome the final curtain as soon as possible. How can we rule America, not to think of the rest of the world, unless we have Nordic children to take our place, and how can we have such children if we let sex-brained misfits run about spreading contraceptive drivel? The rascal that preaches such doctrine is a traitor to America, the worst enemy our country ever has had, more treacherous than any spy that sneaked in among us during the war just past. The French have had their lesson in birth control, and we should learn from their misfortune. In the first six months of 1914 when Europe was still at peace the total number of births in France was 381,398; a decrease of 4,000 on the year 1913. At the same time the deaths increased 20,845. Thus the population of France during the first six months of 1914 decreased 24,816. For the past thirty years the birth rate of that country has steadily decreased by contraceptive methods, while the death rate has increased proportionately to the number of inhabitants. January, 1916, found France with about seven hundred thousand less people than she had in January, 1914, and then came the horrible carnage of the great war. No matter what change of heart war may bring to France no increase in her population can be expected for many years yet to come. She is daily crying out to the world for treaties to protect her from Germany, despite the prostration of Germany, because she knows Germany had a birth rate of two males for her one, and for twenty years to come Germany probably can put twice as many men into the field as France can. If France will give over her unclean birth control she will not need to whine for protection.

The advocates of birth control assert that it lessens venereal diseases. It does not; it increases the spread of venereal disease. The more reasonable among the birth control propagandists are anxious lest their public talks suggest temptation to the young. There is at present for youth the deterrent of the natural consequences of lust; with birth control knowledge spread broadcast that check is removed and promiscuity will become more general, because safer socially. Venereal diseases will spread also as incontinence spreads. Nowhere in the world has the crime of birth control been practised as in France nor for a longer time, and in that country together with the lowest birth rate in the world there is the highest death rate from venereal diseases according to Dr. Dublin the statistician of the New York Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Not long ago one of the leading medical writers of France, Doyen, said in the Academy of Medicine in Paris that syphilis is the chief cause of death in France. France now asserts she has given over birth control, but that is a hard disease to cure after it has been established. Unchastity is its own punishment, and if France goes the way of those nations that have died along the pathway of civilization, and great would be the pity, she has nothing to blame for it but this abominable moral leprosy, birth control. She is as striking an example of the insanity of birth control as Russia is of the insanity of communism.

INDEX

Abnormal pelves, 133, 134, 135

Abortion, 91 after fifth month, 102 agents of, 117 American law on, 119 causes of, 92 civil law on, 121 Council of Lerida on, 115 Council of Worms on, 115 decretal of Gregory on, 115 direct, 109 excommunication for, 116, 117 Gregory XIV on, 116 habitual, 98 Holy Office decrees on, 118 homicide in, 110 incomplete, 101 inevitable, 101 irregularity and, 117 morality of, 109-114 morphine in, 101 paternal causes of, 95 Pius IX on, 116 precautions against, 105, 106 prognosis after, 100 sepsis after, 105 Sixtus V on, 115 statistics of, 97, 98 symptoms of, 99 syphilis and, 107 tampon, use of, 103 therapeutic, 107, 109 threatened, 99 treatment of, 102 violence and, 94

Abruptio placentae, 144 causes of, 144 effects of, 144

Acute yellow atrophy of the liver, 186

Aggressor, 17, 19

Amnion, 52

Amphiaster, 44

Anaesthesia and the fetus, 93

Analgine, 240

Animal heat, 71

Animal life, 48

Animation, 33, 39 Aristotle on, 39 biologists on, 49 Conklin on, 73 Fienus on, 35 Greek fathers on, 33 Greek philosophers on, 33 St. Alphonsus on, 39 St. Anselm on, 35 St. Augustine on, 34 St. Gregory of Nyssa on, 35 St. Thomas on, 35 Zacchias on, 36

Aortic stenosis in pregnancy, 175

Apparent death, 82

Appendicitis in pregnancy, 152

Archenteron, 50

Artificial impregnation, 258

Attraction sphere, 40

Baer on twilight sleep, 240

Baptism of monsters, 80

Beginning of life, 33

Blameless defence, 18

Blastocyst, 50

Blastulas, 50

Braxton-Hicks version, 143

Bright's disease in pregnancy, 157

Broad ligament, 124

Cancers in pregnancy, 149 morality of operation, 150

Canonical irregularity, 23, 24, 25

Capital punishment, 31

Carrington's vasectomies, 248

Catalepsy, 85 in pregnancy, 160

Cell, 40 bridges, 60 differentiation, 67, 68 division, 41, 42 heredity, 45 life, 48 motion, 70 reduction, 45 union, 65, 66

Centrosome, 40

Cesarean delivery, 132 amputation of the uterus after, 138 indications for, 132 morality of, 136, 137 repeated sections, 140 sterilizations and, 139, 140, 141

Chemico-vital changes, 70, 71

Cholera in pregnancy, 195

Chorea gravidarum, 181

Chorion, 51

Chromosome, 42 numbers of, 43

Chromatin, 41

Circumstances, 3

Citizen as member of the State, 31

Coelom, 51

Coition in gestation, 95, 96, 97

Congenital tuberculosis, 189

Conscience, 12

Constitution _Effraenatam_, 115

Contingent being, 1

Contracted pelves, 133

Craniotomy and excommunication, 117

_Dämmerschlaf_, 231

Death, signs of, 89, 90

De Lugo on the State, 31

Development of the body, 56

Diagnosis, percentage of correct, 21

Diabetes in pregnancy, 229

Differentiation by position, 68, 69

Division, direct and indirect, 42

Double effects, 18, 26

Double monsters, 78, 79

Dry labor, 109

Eclampsia parturientium, 161 abortion in, 165 expectant treatment of, 166 forced delivery in, 165 mortality, 163, 168 Lichtenstein's method in, 166 precautions against, 164 symptoms of, 161 veratrum viride in, 167

Ectoderm, 50 derivatives of, 51

Ectopic gestation, 123 decrees of the Holy Office on, 128, 129 diagnosis of, 126, 127 morality of operations, 129, 130

Effects of an action, 6

Egg shell, 47

Embryo, 33 growth of, 50 stages of, 52

End of an action, 4

End of life, 82

Endoderm, 50

Endometritis, 93

Entelechy, 60

Erysipelas in pregnancy, 196

Eunuchs, 255, 256

Euthanasia, 1

Fallopian tubes, 123

Fecundation, 124

Fetus, 33 and the dead mother, 87 at term, 54 months, 53, 54, 55 stages, 53

Fibrillation, 174

Fibroids, 146

Fission theory, 77

Form, 60

Gemmule theory, 58

Germ cells, 44

God's existence, 2

Gonorrhoea in marriage, 211 abortion and, 224 blindness and, 226 conservative surgery for, 217 effects, 212, 213, 215, 216, 225, 226 operations for, 216 professional secret and, 212 tests of cure, 211 treatment by heat, 228

Good, 3

Grippe, 194

Happiness, 2

Hastening of death, 111

Hebosteotomy, 135

Heart beat, 83

Heart block, 173

Heart diseases in labor, 172, 174

Heart diseases in pregnancy, 169 Mayo clinic on, 173

Heart, origin of, 52

Homicide, 13 accidental, 19 arguments against, 14, 15, 16, 17 bibliography of, 22 direct and indirect, 13 self-defence and, 17, 18, 19

Human terata, 78

Hyperemesis gravidarum, 176

Hysteria, imitative, 183 major and minor, 184 marriage and, 185 in pregnancy, 181, 182, 183

Icterus gravis, 186

Impotence, 258 opinions on, 252

Infectious diseases in pregnancy, 188

Influenza in pregnancy, 194

Insanity, puerperal, 154 spread of, 266

Kant on morality, 29

Karyokinesis, 41

La grippe in pregnancy, 194

Law, definition of, 28

Life in separated tissues, 73, 74

Malaria in pregnancy, 196

Male generative system, 248

Male pronucleus, 49

Maniacal chorea, 182

Marriage, end of, 254

Mayhem, 23

Means of an action, 5

Measles in pregnancy, 195

Mesoderm, 50

Metabolism of the cell, 69, 70, 72

Metaphases of mitosis, 44

Midwives, 138

Mignonette case, 113

Mitosis, 41

Miscarriage, 91

Mitral regurgitation in pregnancy, 174

Monsters, 75 by displacement, 78 multiple, 76

Morality, 3 determinants of, 3

Morphine, effects on fetus, 234 effects in labor, 234, 235

Morula, 50

Mutilation, 23 argument against, 26, 27 argument for, 27 civil law on, 23 direct and indirect, 26 Molina on, 24 St. Alphonsus on, 25 State and, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 self-mutilation, 26 Suarez on, 24

Myomata in pregnancy, 146 effects of, 147 fetus and, 148 mortality of, 147

Natural law, 2, 12

Necessary being, 1

Nephritis in pregnancy, 157 treatment of, 158 varieties of, 158

Nervous system, 51

Nucleus, 40, 46

Object of an action, 3

Onanism, 256

Operations during pregnancy, 94

Operative risk in cardiopaths, 173

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 226, 227, 228

Organs, origin of, 51 of the body, 64

Ovaries, removal of, 218, 223 resection of, 221

Ovarian tumors in pregnancy, 148

Ovarian, 247

Ovariotomy, decrees of the Holy Office on, 252, 253 effects of, 219 impotence and, 252, 254, 255 psychoses after, 219, 220, 221

Ovum, 33, 47

Oxidation, 72

Pangens, 68

Paresis, 204

Parturition, 169, 231, 232, 233

Partus cesareus, 132

Pathogenesis, 48, 49

Pelvic diameters, 132

Penal law, 31

Pernicious vomit of pregnancy, 176 abortion for, 180 causes and symptoms, 177 diagnosis of, 179 treatment, 179

Pituitrin, 170

Placental infection, 188

Placental osmosis, 189

Placenta praevia, 142

Plastid, 40

Pneumonia in pregnancy, 192, 193

Polak's operation on the tubes, 222

Polar body, 46

Porro's operation, 136

Preformationists, 56

Premature infants, 55

Premature labor, 98, 108

Probabilism, 6

Prophases of mitosis, 44

Protoplasmic bridges, 67

Puerperal insanity, 154 prognosis, 155 sterilization and, 154

Pyelitis in pregnancy, 160

Quacks, 22

Resuscitation, 83, 84 methods of, 88

Right and wrong, 3

Rupture of Fallopian tube, 125

Sacraments in apparent death, 82

Salpingectomy, 217

Salpingostomy, 217

Salpingotomy, 217

Scarlatina in pregnancy, 195

Scopolamine, 233

Secrets, 206, 207

Segmentation cavity, 50

Segmentation nucleus, 49

Self-defence, 17, 18

Semen, 247

Sixtus V, bull of, 255

Smallpox in pregnancy, 191

Soul, 60

_Spaltungstheorie_, 76

Spermatozoön, 46, 47, 48

Spermin, 247

Spindle, 44

Spireme, 43

State, citizen and, 30 dominion of, 28, 29 end of, 29

Sterilization of women, 251

Substantial form, 60, 62, 75

Suicide, 7 arguments against, 7-12

Suspended animation, 85

Syncytium, 52, 66

Symphyseotomy, 135

Syphilis, abortion in, 200 curability of, 203 fetal, 201 incurability of, 204 marriage and, 205 nervous system affections, 204 pregnancy in, 200, 202 professional secret in, 206

Tabes, 204

Telophases in mitosis, 44

Terata, 75

Tetrads, 46

Tocanalgine, 240

Tonics, 48

Traducianism, 34

Trophoblast, 50

Tubal abortion, 125

Tuberculosis in pregnancy, 196, 197, 198

Tumors in pregnancy, 146

Tumors and premature labor, 109

Twilight sleep, 231 authorities opposed to, 238, 239 effects of, 240, 241, 242, 243 methods used, 235, 236, 237

Twins, 76

Two-celled stage of the embryo, 65

Typhoid in the fetus, 190

Typhoid in pregnancy, 196

Typhus in pregnancy, 196

Unity of the soul, 65

Uterine adnexa, 123

Uterus, abnormalities of, 124 anatomy of, 123

Vaccination, 191

Vas deferens, restoration of, 249, 250

Vasectomy, 244 arguments against, 260-265 bibliography, 266, 267 bull of Sixtus V and, 255, 256 effects of, 248, 249 grave mutilation, 259 hereditary disease and, 264 impotence and, 251 morality of, 259 not a punishment, 263, 264 operation for, 247 reasons for the operation, 245, 246 State and, 244 State surgeon and, 265

Venereal diseases, prevalence of, 213, 214, 215

_Verwachsungstheorie_, 76

Viability of the fetus, 54, 114

Vital principle, 58, 61

Vital processes, 69

Weak pains, 171

Weismann's theories, 49, 56

Yellow atrophy of the liver, 186

Yolk sac, 52

("Think")

"_Thoughts are the Masters and the Thinkers are the Doers._"--_Confucius._

One of the most successful of teachers is a Montreal Principal--successful because she insistently teaches undergraduates to THINK. Force of thought is better than force of will. A triphammer is all force, but unless guided by a THINKER strikes a pile or a cream-puff with equal power. Then there is the nagger with a tongue-will of poiseless perpetual power but--thought-proof.

Do you as host, hostess or guest want a spur to cleverness of thought, wit and repartee?

Do you fail in clearness of thought and expression--especially in conversation?

Do you teach, preach--or lecture?

Do you dictate at home(?) at office--or both?

Do you want to give straight-to-the-point advice to your children, your friends, your employees and YOURSELF?

If an employer you will commend KEYSTONES OF THOUGHT to your employees--surely to the stenographers.

If easily discouraged, a victim of worry, fear, the blues, "Keystones" is your prescription.

Is Christianity a Failure? Have you an active or passive grouch against the clergy (a now fashionable disease usually confined to the middle aisle) because of "what they say and do and because of the way they live"?

Do you want something to "crib" for public dinners and other occasions? The "greatest after-dinner speaker in the world" is a New Yorker. Never lengthy, always aphoristic, he says more in five minutes than all the "wax-works" on the dais drone or spout in hours.

THEN READ

KEYSTONES _of_ THOUGHT

By AUSTIN O'MALLEY, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D.

The only book of original and genuine aphorisms in English. Written by "the World's master of aphoristic thought and expression."

"_The successful aphorist is about ten thousand times scarcer than the successful essayist, or story teller, or Assyriologist. Humor without effort, wit without bitterness, philosophy without pretension! Dr. O'Malley has written a book that is worth possessing._"--_From a review of the book written by the editor of the N. Y. Sun himself._

Special gift book edition, suède, gold edges, in box--a very useful ornament for Den, Desk, or Drawing Room, $4.00 net, Postpaid. Cloth, gold letters and design, $2.00 net, Postpaid.

NOTE: Whether young or old, Sage or Seer, Poet, Philosopher, or what-not, if you think YOU can match KEYSTONES OF THOUGHT in aphoristic originality, in depth, deftness, wit, wisdom and humor--in tonic-cheer for all of life's worries, troubles and adversities, you are welcome to try. If successful The Devin-Adair Company will send you a check for an acceptable but well-earned sum, and your work will be promptly published.

THE DEVIN-ADAIR COMPANY, Publishers

437 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.

The symbol of a Maltese cross precedes "JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY".

Page 151: "3. The case may be inoperable and the child inviable." The word "be" was added by the transcriber.

Page 194: Footnote 145 "_Ibid._, 1970, vol. l, pp. 430, 516, and vol. li, p. 11." The transcriber has changed 1970 changed to 1870.

Page 215: A missing anchor was added by the transcriber for Footnote 170 "_New York Med. Jour._, November 12, 1910."

Page 222 Footnote 185 "_Correspondenz-Blatt f. Schweizer Aertze_" The transcriber has changed "Aertze" to "Aerzte".