part 1:--

“The man who sheds the blood of an Ox or a Sheep will be habituated more easily than another to witness the effusion of that of his fellow-creatures. Inhumanity takes possession of his soul, and the trades, whose occupation is to sacrifice animals for the purpose of supplying the [pretended] necessities of men, impart to those who exercise them a ferocity which their relative connections with Society but imperfectly serve to mitigate.”--_Code of Health and Longevity_, vol. i., 423, 429, and vol. iii., 283.[316]

XVII.

BYRON. 1788-1824.

“As we had none of us been apprised of his peculiarities with respect to food, the embarrassment of our host [Samuel Rogers] was not little, on discovering that there was nothing upon the table which his noble guest could eat or drink. Neither [flesh] meat, fish, nor wine would Lord Byron touch; and of biscuits and soda water, which he asked for, there had been, unluckily, no provision. He professed, however, to be equally well pleased with potatoes and vinegar; and of these meagre materials contrived to make rather a hearty meal....

“We frequently, during the first months of our acquaintance dined together alone.... Though at times he would drink freely enough of claret, he still adhered to his system of abstinence in food. _He appeared, indeed, to have conceived a notion that animal food has some peculiar influence on the character_;[317] and I remember one day, as I sat opposite to him, employed, I suppose, rather earnestly over a ‘beef-steak,’ after watching me for a few seconds, he said in a grave tone of inquiry,--‘Moore, don’t you find eating _beef-steak_ makes you ferocious?’”--_Life, Letters, and Journals of Lord Byron_, by Thomas Moore. New Edition. Murray, 1860.

In these Memorials of Byron, reference to his aversion from all “butcher’s meat” is frequent; and for the greater part of his life, he seems to have observed, in fact, an extreme abstinence as regards eating; although he had by no means the same repugnance for fish as for flesh-eating. That this abstinence from flesh-meats was founded upon physical or mental, rather than upon moral, reasons, has already been pointed out. Nor, unhappily, was he as abstinent in drinking as in eating; to which fact, in great measure, must be attributed the failure of his purer eating to effect all the good which, otherwise, it would have produced.

* * * * *

The observations of the author of a book entitled _Philozoa_, published in 1839, and noticed with approval by Schopenhauer, are sufficiently worthy of note, and may fitly conclude this work:--

“Many very intelligent men have, at different times of their lives, abstained wholly from flesh; and this, too, with very considerable advantage to their health. Mr. Lawrence, whose eminence as a surgeon is well known, lived for many years on a vegetable diet. Byron, the poet, did the same, as did P. B. Shelley, and many other distinguished _literati_ whom I could name. Dr. Lambe and Mr. F. Newton have published very able works in defence of a diet of herbs, and have condemned the use of flesh as tending to undermine the constitution by a sort of slow poisoning. Sir R. Phillips has published _Sixteen Reasons for Abstaining from the Flesh of Animals_, and a large society exists in England of persons who eat nothing which has had life.

“The most attentive researches, which I have been able to make into the health of all these persons, induce me to believe that vegetable food is the natural diet of man. I tried it once with very considerable advantage. My strength became greater, my intellect clearer, my power of continued exertion protracted, and my spirits much higher than they were when I lived on a mixed diet. I am inclined to think that the ‘inconvenience’ which some persons profess to experience from vegetable food is only _temporary_. A few repeated trials would soon render it not only safe but agreeable, and a disgust for the taste of flesh, _under any disguise_, would be the result of the experiment. The Carmelites, and other religious orders, who subsist only on the productions of the vegetable world, live to a greater age than those who feed on flesh; and, in general, frugivorous persons are milder in their disposition than other people. The same quantity of ground has been proved to be capable of sustaining a _larger[318] and stronger population_ on a vegetable than on a flesh-meat diet; and experience has shown _that the juices of the body are more pure, and the viscera much more free from disease, in those who live in this simple way_.

“All these facts, taken collectively, point to a period in the history of civilisation when men will cease to slay their fellow-mortals for food, and will tend to realise the fictions of Antiquity, and of the Sybilline oracles respecting a ‘Golden Age.’”[319]

INDEX.

Abernethy John, M.D., _Surgical Observations on Tumours_, quoted, 196

Aderholdt A., M.D., referred to, 271-284

Æsop, _Fable of the Wolf_, referred to, 117

Alcott Wm., M.D., referred to, 262-264

Anquetil Du Perron, _Récherches sur les Indes_, referred to, 177-210

Apollonius of Tyana (_Life_ by Philostratus), quoted and referred to, 50-51, 303

Arbuthnot John, M.D., _Essay Concerning Aliments_, referred to, 132

Arnold Edwin, _The Light of Asia_, quoted, 296

Attalus, noticed by Seneca, 30

Axon W. E. A.,(Biog. Sketches of George Nicholson, Sir R. Phillips, and William Cowherd), referred to, 191, 244, 260

Baker Thomas, Abstract of Graham’s _Science of Human Life_, referred to, 265, 266

Baltzer Eduard, _Porphyry_ and _Musonius_, 68, 284, 304

Bartolini Biagio, M.D. (Notice of Cornaro), referred to, 89

Bentham Jeremy, quoted, 327, 328

Blot-Lequène, Critique of _Thalysie_, quoted by R. Springer, 211

Bonnodière La, _De la Sobriété et de ses Avantages_, referred to, 306

Bossuet Jacques Bénigne, _Discours sur l’Histoire Universelle_, quoted, 112

Brewster Sir David, _More Worlds than One_, quoted, 255

Brotherton Joseph, M.P., President of the English Vegetarian Society, referred to, 202, 259, 264

Buddha Gautama, referred to and noticed, 6, 295-296

Buddhist Sacred Scriptures, Texts from the Buddhist Canon, commonly known as _Dhammapada_, also the _Kûla Sîlam_, translated from the Pâli, 295-299

Buffon George Louis Le Clerc de, _Histoire Naturelle_, quoted and referred to, 166, 214

Burigni de (Translator of Porphyry, and author of a Treatise against Flesh-Eating, noticed by Voltaire), 67

Busbecq Augier de, on the Turks, referred to by Lord Chesterfield, 321

Byron George Gordon, Lord, _Life, Letters, and Journals_, by Moore, and _Poems_, 234, 331

Cabantous J., Doyen de in Faculté de Lettres, Toulouse, noticed by R. Springer, 210

Chantrans Girod de, noticed by R. Springer, 210

Charron Pierre, _De la Sagesse_, referred to, 99

Chesterfield Philip Dormer, Lord, _The World_, CXC., quoted, 139, 320-321

Cheyne George, M.D., _Essay on the Gout_; _Of Health and a Long Life_; _English Malady: or, a Treatise of Nervous Diseases of all Kinds_; _Essay on Regimen_; _Natural Method of Curing the Diseases of the Body, and the Disorders of the Mind Depending on the Body_, referred to and quoted, 97, 120-128

Christian Sacred Scriptures, 52, 54, 55, 79

Chrysostom Ioannes, _Homilies_, _Golden Book_, quoted, 76-81

Cicero Marcus Tullius, _Epistles_ vii. 1, quoted, 24

Clarke James, referred to, 259

Clemens Titus Flavius (of Alexandria), _Pædagogus_ or _Instructor_, _Stromata_ or _Miscellanies_, quoted, 56-63

_Clementine Homilies_, quoted and referred to, 56

Cocchi Antonio, M.D., _Del Vitto Pithagorico Per Uso Della Medicina_, quoted, 157-159

Collyns C. H., _The Times_, referred to, 202

Cornaro Luigi di, _Trattato della Vita Sobria, Amorevole Esortazione, &c._; _Lettera a Barbaro_, quoted and referred to, 83-90, 306

Cowherd William, noticed, 258-260

Cowley Abraham, _The Garden_, quoted, 308-309

Cowper William, _The Task_, quoted, 178

Cuvier George, &c., Baron de, _Leçons d’Anatomie Comparative, III._, 169, 373, 443, 465, 480 _Régne Animal_, noticed by Shelley, 226

Daumer Georg, _Anthropologismus und Kriticismus_; _Enthüllungen über Kaspar Hauser_, referred to and quoted, 281-283

_Dietetic Reformer_, referred to, 212, 251

Eden Sir F. M., _State of the Poor_, referred to, 177, 189

Epikurus, _De Sobrietate Contra Gulam_, quoted by Gassendi, 101, 104

Erasmus Desiderius, _Encomium Moriæ_, quoted, 92

Erskine Thomas, Lord, referred to, 202

Essenians and Essenism, noticed, 56, 72

Euripides, quoted by Athenæus, 32

Evelyn John, _Acetaria: On Sallets_, quoted, 107-110

Ferdusi, quoted by Sir William Jones, 141

Ferguson Adam, referred to, 208

Flaubert G., _Légende de St. Julien_, quoted in _Fortnightly Review_, 187

Flourens, I. M. P., _Longévité de la Race Humaine_, referred to, 175, 268, 270

Fontaine La, Jean de, _Fables_ x. 2, quoted, 117

Forster T., M.D., _Philozoa_, &c., quoted, 332

Franklin Benjamin, _Autobiography_, referred to, 176

Galen, Greek Physician, referred to, 35

Gaskill James, referred to, 259

Gay John, _Fables_--_Pythagoras and the Countryman_; _The Court of Death_; _The Shepherd’s Dog and the Boy_; _The Wild Boar and the Ram_; _The Philosopher and the Pheasants_, quoted, 115-119

Gassendi Pierre, _Letter_ to Van Helmont, _Ethics_, quoted, 100-104

Gibbon Edward, _History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, xxvi, quoted and referred to, 177, 220

Gleïzès Jean Antoine, _Thalysie: ou la Nouvelle Existence_; _Les Nuits Elysiennes_, &c., quoted, 208-218, 252

Gleïzès Colonel, referred to, 210

Grævius Johann Georg, referred to, 293

Graham Sylvester, M.D., _The Science of Human Life_, referred to and quoted, 262, 263, 264, 271

_Golden Verses The_, referred to and quoted, 21, 294

Göthe Johann Wolfgang von, _Italienische Reise_; _Werther’s Leiden_, &c., referred to, 327

Goltz Bogumil, _Das Menschendasein in Seinen Weltewigen Zügen und Zeichen_, 285

Gompertz Lewis, referred to by Forster, 332

Greg W. R., _Social Problems_, referred to and quoted, 215, 332

Gützlaff V., M.D., _Schopenhauer über die Thiere und den Thierschutz_; _Ein Beitrag zur ethischen Seite der Vivisectionsfrage_, referred to, 288

Hahn Theodor, _Die Naturgemässe Diät: die Diät der Zukunft_, quoted, 284, 292

Haller Albrecht von, M.D., quoted, 156, 157

Hardy Sebastian, _Le Vrai Régîme de Vivre_, &c., referred to, 306

Hare Edward, _Life of William Lambe, M.D._, quoted, 205

Hartley David, M.D., _Observations on Man_, quoted, 138, 139

Hartlib Samuel, _A Design for Plenty, by a Universal Planting of Fruit-Trees_, referred to, 108

Hawkesworth John, _Edition of Swift’s Works_; _Adventurer_, quoted and referred to, 168

Hecquet Philippe, M.D., _De L’Indécence aux Hommes d’Accoucher les Femmes, &c._; _Traité des Dispenses du Carême_; _La Médicine, La Chirurgie, et la Pharmacie des Pauvres_; _La Brigandage de la Médicine_, &c., referred to and quoted, 68, 133, 314-318

Helps Sir Arthur, _Animals and Their Masters_, referred to, 329

Hesiodos, Ἔργα καὶ Ἣμεραι (_Works and Days_), quoted, 1, 3, 293

Hierokles, Χρυσᾶ Επη (_Golden Verses_), referred to and quoted, 21, 294

Hindu Sacred Books, _Laws of Manu_, referred to and quoted, 182, 298

Hippokrates, Περὶ Ὑγιαίνης Διαίτης (_On the Healthful Regimen_), referred to, 12

Hogarth William, _Four Stages of Cruelty_, referred to, 179, 321

Hogg Jefferson, _Life of Shelley_, quoted, 206

Horatius Flaccus, _Odes_, _Ars Poet._, _Sat. II. 2._, quoted, 74, 299-303

Howard John, _Life of_, referred to, 189

Hufeland Christian Wilhelm, M.D., _Makrobiotik, oder die Kunst das Menschliche Leben zu Verlängern_, &c., quoted and referred to, 184, 268

Hypatia, referred to, 67, 82

Iamblichus, _Life of Pythagoras_, referred to, 5, 8

Jenyns Soame, quoted, 322-324

Jewish Sacred Scriptures, quoted and referred to, 54, 61, 79

Jones Sir William, _Asiatic Researches_, iv. 12, quoted, 141

Josephus Flavius, _Antiquities of the Jews_, quoted, 73

Julianus, Emperor, _Misopogon (Beard Hater)_, noticed, 74-76

Juvenalis Decimus Junius, _Sat._ I., xv., &c., quoted, 9, 48, 85, 182

Kalidâsa, _Sakúntala_, referred to, 182, 277

Kingsford Anna, M.D., _The Perfect Way in Diet_, referred to, 271

Laborde Alexandre de, referred to, 252

Lamartine Alphonse de, _Mémoires_; _La Chute d’un Ange_, quoted, 247-252

Lambe William, M.D., _Additional Reports on Regimen_, referred to and quoted, 197, 198-205, 206, 207, 331

Lawrence William, Professor, F.R.C.S., _Lectures on Physiology_, quoted, 270

Lémery Louis, M.D., _Traité des Alimens_, referred to,

Lesage Alain Réné, _Gil Blas_ ii. 2, quoted, 134

Lessio Leonard, _Hygiasticon_, quoted, 305-307

Liebig Justus von, _Chemische Briefe_, referred to and quoted, 215, 290-292

Linné Karl von, _Amœnitates Accademicæ_, quoted, 164-165

Lipsius Justus von, edition of Seneca, quoted, 31-32

Locke John, _Thoughts on Education_, referred to, 109, 251

Lucretius Titus Carus, _De Rerum Naturâ II._, referred to and quoted, 25, 300

Lyford H. G., M.D., referred to, 205

_Mahâbhârata_, Story of the Princess Savîtri, quoted, 297

Mandeville Bernard de, M.D., _Fable of the Bees_, quoted, 113-115

Martin John, referred to, 179, 187

Mayor J. E. B., Professor, _Musonius_ and _Juvenal_, quoted and referred to, 305

Metcalfe William, M.D., _Essay on Abstinence from the Flesh of Animals_; _Moral Reformer_; _American Vegetarian and Health Journal_, &c., noticed, 260-264

Michelet Jules, _La Bible de l’Humanité_; _La Femme_; _L’Oiseau_, quoted, 252-258

Mill John Stuart, _Principles of Political Economy_; _Dissertations_, referred to and quoted, 328

Milton John, _Paradise Lost_, v., xi.; _Latin Poem_ addressed to Diodati, quoted, 110-112

Moffet Thomas, M.D., _Health’s Improvement_, quoted, 307

Montaigne Michel de, _Essais_, quoted, 94-99

More Sir Thomas, _Utopia_, quoted, 90-94

Musonius Rufus, in _Anthologion_ of Stobæus, quoted by Professor Mayor, 303-305

Neo-Platonism, referred to, 56, 67, 82

Newman F. W., Professor, President of the English Vegetarian Society, _Lectures on Vegetarianism_, referred to, 93, 172, 215, 292

Newton Sir Isaac, referred to by Voltaire (_Elémens de la Philosophie de Newton_), and by Haller, 101, 145

Newton J. F., _The Return to Nature_, quoted and referred to, 205-208, 331

Nichols T. L., M.D. (Hygienic Literature), referred to, 314

Nicholson George, _On the Conduct of Man to Inferior Animals_; _The Primeval Diet of Man_, quoted, 190-196

Nicholson E. B., _The Rights of an Animal_, referred to, 329

Nodier Charles, referred to, 210

Oswald John, _The Cry of Nature_, quoted, 179-183

Ovidius Naso, _Metamorphoses_, xv.; _Fasti_, iv., quoted, 23-27, 49, 299-303

Paley William, _Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy_, quoted, 169-172

Phillips Sir Richard, _Golden Rules of Social Philosophy_; _Medical Journal_ (July 27, 1811); _Dictionary of the Arts of Life and Civilisation_, quoted and referred to, 235-244, 331

Philolaus, _Pythagorean System_, referred to, 5

Philostratus, _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_, quoted, 50-51

Pilpai, _Fable of the Cow_, quoted by Pope, 320

Pitcairn Archibald, M.D., referred to, 200

Plato, _Republic_ ii; _Laws_, quoted, 12-22

Plinius the Elder, _Hist. Naturalis_, quoted, 24

Plotinus, noticed by Donaldson, 65-66

Plutarch, _Essay on Flesh-Eating_; _Symposiacs_; _Parallel Lives_, quoted, 41-49

Pope Alexander, _Pastorals_; _Essay on Man_; _The Guardian_, quoted, 71, 128-132, 318-320

Porphyry, Περὶ Τῆς Ἀπόχης (_On Abstinence_); _Life of Pythagoras_, quoted, 63-74

Pressavin Jean Baptiste, Membre du Collége Royale de Chirurgie, Lyon, Demonstrateur en Matière Médicale-Chirurgicale à Lyon, _L’Art de Prolonger la Vie et de Conserver la Santé_, quoted, 324-326

Proklus, referred to, 82

Pythagoras (in Hierokles, Diogenes, Iamblichus, Porphyry, and Cocchi) noticed and quoted, 4-11, 21, 158, 294

Ramazzini Bernardo, M.D., referred to, 89

Ray John, _Historia Plantarum_, quoted, 106, 107

Richardson B. W., M.D., _Salutisland_; _Hygieia_, referred to, 326

Richter Jean Paul, _Levana_, quoted, 287, 288

Ritson Joseph, _Abstinence from Animal Food: a Moral Duty_, quoted, 185-190, 323

Rorarius, _Quòd Animalia Bruta Sæpe Utantur Ratione Melius Homine_, referred to, 99

Rousseau Jean Jacques, _De l’Inégalité Parmi les Hommes_; _Emile_; _Julie: ou la Nouvelle Héloise_; _Confessions_, referred to and quoted, 159-164, 195

Sadi, Persian Poet, referred to, 141

Sakya Muni, referred to, 182

Schiller Johann Friedrich, _Das Eleusische Fest_; _Alpenjäger_, quoted, 326-327

Schopenhauer Arthur, _Fundament der Moral_ (_Le Fondement de la Morale_); _Parerga und Paralipomena_, quoted and referred to, 286-290

Seefeld A. von, referred to, 284

Seneca Marcus Annæus, _Epistolæ ad Lucilium_; _De Clententiâ_; _De Vitâ Beatâ_; _De Irâ_; _Questiones Naturales_, quoted, 27-40

Sextius Quintus, referred to, 31

Shelley Percy Bysshe, _Queen Mab_ and _Note_; _The Revolt of Islam_, quoted, 218-234

Shakespeare William, _As You Like It_, ii. 1; _Cymbeline_,