Chapter 1

Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/

The Epic of Gilgamish

by

Stephen Langdon

University of Pennsylvania The University Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section Vol. X No. 3

INTRODUCTION

In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic _sa nagba imuru_, "He who has seen all things," commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet [1] mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda [2] and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture.

The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real historic personages. [3] The name Gilgamish was originally written _d_Gi-bil-aga-mis, and means "The fire god (_Gibil_) is a commander," abbreviated to _d_Gi-bil-ga-mis, and _d_Gi(s)-bil-ga-mis, a form which by full labialization of _b_ to _u_ was finally contracted to _d_Gi-il-ga-mis. [4] Throughout the new text the name is written with the abbreviation _d_Gi(s), [5] whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writing _d_GIS-TU [6]-BAR. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for _d_Gis-bar-aga-(mis); the fire god _Gibil_ has also the title _Gis-bar_.

A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text, [7] where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun. [8]

The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book. [9]

At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam.

Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also:

"It is the conformity of life, Of the conditions and fate of the Land."

He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu.

"Oh harlot, take away the man," says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech assemble about him admiring his godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings in a new and powerful _motif_, the renunciation of woman's love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Ishara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend's attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues, [10] in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny.

In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text [11] Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II.

The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for seals. Obverse III 28-32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Ishara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, _Seal Cylinders of Western Asia_, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes. [12] This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands between Gilgamish and Ishara(?) on the seal.

TRANSLITERATION

it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamis su-na-tam i-pa-as-sar. iz-za-kar-am [13] a-na um-mi-su um-mi i-na sa-a-at mu-si-ti-ia sa-am-ha-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim ib-ba-su-nim-ma ka-ka-'a [14] sa-ma-i ki-?-?-rum [15] sa a-nim im-ku-ut a-na si-ri-ia as-si-su-ma ik-ta-bi-it [16] e-li-ia ilam [17] is-su-ma nu-us-sa-su [18] u-ul el-ti-'i ad-ki ma-tum pa-hi-ir [19] e-li-su id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su u-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti i-mi- du ia-ti as-si-a-su-ma at-ba-la-as-su a-na si-ri-ki um-mi iluGilgamis mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis mi-in-di iluGilgamish sa ki-ma ka-ti i-na si-ri i-wa-li-id-ma u-ra-ab-bi-su sa-du-u ta-mar-su-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ha-ta at-ta id-lu-tum u-na-sa-ku si-pi-su [20] te-it-ti-ra-su(?) ... su-u-zu ta-tar-ra-['a]-su a-na si-[ri-i]a [is-(?)] ti-lam-ma [21] i-ta-mar sa-ni-tam [su-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-su [um-m]i a-ta-mar sa-ni-tam [su-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im [i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim [22] ha-as-si-nu na-di-i-ma e-li-su pa-ah- ru ha-as-si-nu-um-ma sa-ni bu-nu-su a-mur-su-ma ah-ta-ta a-na-ku a-ra-am-su-ma ki-ma as-sa-tim a-ha-ap-pu-up el-su el-ki-su-ma as-ta-ka-an-su a-na a-hi-ia um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma [iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] ...................................

COL. II

as-sum us-[ta-] ma-ha-ru it-ti-ka. iluGilgamish su-na-tam i-pa-sar iluEn-ki-[du w]a?-si-ib ma-har ha-ri-im-tim UR [ ]-ha-mu DI-?-al-lu-un [ ] im-ta-si a-sar i-wa-al-du ume 6 [23] u 7 mu-si- a-tim iluEn-ki-du te-bi- i-ma sa-[am-ka-ta] ir- hi ha-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-sa i-pu-sa-am-ma iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-du [24] a-na-tal-ka dEn-ki-du ki-ma ili ta-ba-as-si am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-as-te-e [25] ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak si-ra-am al-kam lu-ur-di- ka a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim a-na biti [el-]lim mu-sa-bi sa A-nim dEn-ki-du ti-bi lu-ru-ka a-na E-[an-n]a mu-sa-bi sa A-nim a-sar [iluGilgamis] it-[.........] ne-pi-si-tim(?) u at-[ ]-di [ -] ma ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri ma-a-a? [26] -ak ri-i-im is-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gar ga-ba-sa mi-il-kum sa sinnisti im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-su is-hu-ut li-ib-sa-am is-ti-nam [u]-la-ab-bi-is-su li-ib- [sa-am] sa-ni-a-am si-i it-ta-al-ba- as sa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-su a-na gu-up-ri sa ri-i-im a-s[ar ] tar-ba-si-im i-na [ ]-hu-ru ri-ia-u [27] .............................

(About two lines broken away.)

COL. III

si-iz-ba sa na-ma-as-te-e i-te-en- ni- ik a-ka-lam is-ku-nu ma-har-su ip-te-ik-ma i-na -at-tal [28] u ip-pa-al-la- as u-ul i-di dEn-ki- du aklam a-na a-ka-lim sikaram a-na sa-te-e-im la-a lum-mu- ud ha-ri-im-lum pi-sa i-pu-sa-am- ma iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-du a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-du zi-ma-at ba-la-ti-im bi-si-ti si-im-ti ma-ti i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-du a-di si-bi-e-su sikaram is-ti-a-am 7 as-sa-am-mi-im [29] it-tap-sar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu i-li-is libba- su- ma pa-nu-su [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru [30] ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i su-hu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-su sa-am-nam ip-ta-sa-as-ma a-we-li-is i-me il-ba- as li-ib-sa-am ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-as-si il-ki ka-ak-ka-su la-bi u gi-ir- ri is-sa-ak-pu sab-[si]-es mu-si-a-ti ut- tap -pi-is sib-ba-ri [31] la-bi uk-t[a ]-si-id it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum iluEn-ki-du ma-as-sa-ar-su-nu a-we-lum wa-ru-um is-[te]-en id-lum a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir ...........................

(About five lines broken away.)

REVERSE I

.............................. i-ip-pu-us ul-sa-am is-si-ma i-ni-i-su i-ta-mar a-we-lam iz [32]-za-kar-am a-na harimti sa-am-ka-at uk-ki-si [33] a-we-lam a-na mi-nim il-li-kam zi-ki-ir-su lu-us-su [34] ha-ri-im-tum is-ta-si a-we-lam i-ba-us-su-um-ma i-ta-mar-su e-di-il [35] e-es-ta-hi-[ta-am] mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-ah- [36] [ -]ma e pi-su i-pu-sa-am-[ma] iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-du] bi-ti-is e-mu-tim [ ] si-ma-a-at ni-si-i- ma tu-sa [37]-ar pa-a-ta-tim [38] a-na ali dup-sak-ki-i e si-en UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi sa-a-a-ha-tim a-na sarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim pi-ti pu-uk epsi [39] a-na ha-a-a-ri a-na iluGilgamis sarri sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim pi-ti pu-uk epsi [40] a-na ha-a-a-ri as-sa-at si-ma-tim i-ra-ah-hi su-u pa-na-nu-um-ma mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu i-na mi-il-ki sa ili ga-bi-ma i-na bi-ti-ik a-pu-un-na-ti-su [41] si- ma- az- zum a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im i-ri-ku pa-nu-su

REVERSE II

............................................................

(About five lines broken away.)

i-il-la-ak- .......... u sa-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-su i- ru- ub-ma [42] a-na [43] libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim ip-hur um-ma-nu-um i-na si-ri-su iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im sa Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim pa-ah-ra-a-ma ni-su i-ta-me-a i-na si-ri-su pi(?)-it-tam [44] a-na mi-[ni] [45] iluGilgamis ma-si-il la-nam sa- pi- il e-si[ pu]-uk-ku-ul i ? -ak-ta i[- -]di i-si? si-iz-ba sa[na-ma-]as-[te]-e i-te- en- ni- ik ka-ia-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum [46] id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu sa-ki-in ip-sa- nu [47] a-na idli sa i-tu-ru zi-mu-su a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma i-li-im sa-ki-is-sum [48] me-ih-rum a-na ilatIs-ha-ra ma-ia-lum na- [di]-i- ma iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... i-na mu-si in-ni-[ -]id i-na-ak [49]-sa-am- ma it-ta-[ ]i-na zuki ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tam sa iluGilgamish ........... da-na(?) ni-is-su

COL. III [ERROR: unhandled comment start] SIC -->

ur-(?)ha ..................... iluGilgamis ................ i-na si-ri .................... i-ha-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-su?] it-bi-ma ... a-na pa-ni- su it-tam-ha-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti iluEn-ki-du ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik i-na si-pi-su iluGilgamis e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in is-sa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im i- lu- du [50] zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu [51] iluGilgamis u iluEn-ki- du is-sa-ab-tu-u- ma ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du zi-ip-pa-am 'i-bu- tu i-ga-rum ir-tu-tu ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamis i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri si-ip-su ip-si-ih [52] us-sa-su- ma i-ni-'i i-ra-az-zu is-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-hu [53] iluEn-ki-du a-na sa-si-im iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamis ki-ma is-te-en-ma um-ma-ka u- li- id- ka ri-im-tum sa zu- pu-ri ilat-Nin- sun- na ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-es-su sar-ru-tam sa ni-si i-si-im-kum iluEn-lil

duppu 2 kam-ma su-tu-ur e-li ... 4 su-si [54]

TRANSLATION

Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, addressing his mother. "My mother! during my night I, having become lusty, wandered about in the midst of omens. And there came out stars in the heavens, Like a ... of heaven he fell upon me. I bore him but he was too heavy for me. He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. I summoned the land to assemble unto him, that heroes might kiss his feet. He stood up before me [55] and they stood over against me. I lifted him and carried him away unto thee." The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, said unto Gilgamish:-- "Truly oh Gilgamish he is born [56] in the fields like thee. The mountains have reared him. Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) Heroes kiss _his_ feet. Thou shalt spare him.... Thou shalt lead him to me." Again he dreamed and saw another dream and reported it unto his mother. "My mother, I have seen another [dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. In Erech of the wide spaces [57] he hurled the axe, and they assembled about him. Another axe seemed his visage. I saw him and was astounded. I loved him as a woman, falling upon him in embrace. I took him and made him my brother." The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things [said unto Gilgamish:--] ...................................

COL. II

that he may join with thee in endeavor." (Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. Enkidu sitting before the hierodule

[ ] forgot where he was born. Six days and seven nights came forth Enkidu and cohabited with the courtesan. The hierodule opened her mouth speaking unto Enkidu. "I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. Why with the animals wanderest thou on the plain? Come! I will lead thee into the midst of Erech of the wide places, even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, where Gilgamish [_oppresses_] the souls of men(?) And as I ............ thou shalt ........ thyself. Come thou, arise from the ground unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd." He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. The advice of the woman fell upon his heart. She tore off one garment and clothed him with it. With a second garment she clothed herself. She clasped his hand, guiding him like .............. unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. In ......... to shepherd .............................

(About two lines broken away.)

COL. III

Milk of the cattle he drank. Food they placed before him. He broke bread [58] gazing and looking. But Enkidu understood not. Bread to eat, beer to drink, he had not been taught. The hierodule opened her mouth and said unto Enkidu:-- "Eat bread, oh Enkidu! It is the conformity of life, of the conditions and the fate of the land." Enkidu ate bread, until he was satiated. Beer he drank seven _times_(?). His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. His heart became joyful, and his face glowed. He stroked................. _the hair of the head_. [59] His body with oil he anointed. He became like a man. He attired himself with clothes even as does a husband. He seized his weapon, which the panther and lion fells in the night time cruelly. He captured the wild mountain goats. The panther he conquered. Among the great _sheep for sacrifice_ Enkidu was their guard. A man, a leader, A hero. Unto .......... he elevated ...........................

(About five lines broken away.)

REVERSE I

.............................. And he made glad. He lifted up his eyes, and beheld the man, and said unto the hierodule:-- "Oh harlot, take away the man. Wherefore did he come to me? I would forget the memory of him." The hierodule called unto the man and came unto him beholding him. She sorrowed and was astonished how his ways were ............ Behold she opened her mouth saying unto Enkidu:-- "At home with a family [_to dwell_??] is the fate of mankind. Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). .... ......an abode of comfort. For the king of Erech of the wide places open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, even he formerly. But henceforth in the counsel which god has spoken, in the work of his presence shall be his fate." At the mention of the hero his face became pale.

REVERSE II

............................................................

(About five lines broken away.)

going ....................... and the harlot ..... after him. He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. The artisans gathered about him. And as he stood in the street of Erech of the wide places, the people assembled disputing round about him:-- "How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? In form he is shorter. In ........ he is made powerful.

Milk of the cattle he drank. Continually in the midst of Erech weapons the heroes purified. A project was instituted. Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, unto Gilgamish like a god he became for him a fellow. For Ishara a couch was laid. Gilgamish ................... In the night he .............. embracing her in sleep. They ........ in the street halting at the ................ of Gilgamish. .......... mightily(?)

COL. III

A road(?) .................... Gilgamish ................... in the plain .................. his hair growing thickly like the corn. He came forth ... into his presence. They met in the wide park of the land. Enkidu held fast the door with his foot, and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. They grappled with each other goring like an ox. The threshold they destroyed. The wall they demolished. Gilgamish and Enkidu grappled with each other, goring like an ox. The threshold they destroyed. The wall they demolished. Gilgamish bowed to the ground at his feet and his javelin reposed. He turned back his breast. After he had turned back his breast, Enkidu unto that one spoke, even unto Gilgamish. "Even as one [60] did thy mother bear thee, she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, Ninsunna, whose head she exalted more than a husband. Royal power over the people Enlil has decreed for thee."

Second tablet. Written upon ... 240 (lines).

INDEX TO PARTS 2 AND 3

A.

Adab, city, 123, 23.

_addi_, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12.

_ahu_, brother, 212, 36.

Aja, goddess, 198, 9.

_al (gis)_, _al-gar (gis)_, a musical instrument, 187-191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7-12. _al-bi_, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) _al-gar_, _al-gar-balag_ in list with _(gis)-a-la_, also an instrument of music.

_alad_, protecting genius, 154, 18.

_amelis_, like a man, 215, 25.

Amurru, god. Psalm to, 118; 119.

_angubba_, sentinel, 180, 14.

Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20.

Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; 189, 21.

Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2.

_apunnatu,_ nostrils, _pitik, apunnati_, 217, 28.

_assammim_ (?), 215, 18.

Arallu, 132, 26; 134, 7.

_aramu_, cover, 198 n. 2.

_araku_, be pale, Prt. _iriku_, 217, 31.

_arhis_, quickly, 199, 28.

Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f.

Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4.

As-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. _as_ omitted, No. 19, 2.

_as-me_, disk, 133, 38.

Assirgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7.

Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38.

B.

Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152.

Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11.

_badara_, see 200 n. 2. _badarani_, a weapon, 133, 36.

_balag_, lyre, 138, 52.

_bansur_, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3.

Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10.

_bisitu_, condition, 215, 14.

_bi'u_, cavern, 196, 29.

_bulukku_, crab, 174, 5.

_burgul_, engraver, 185, 8.

C.

Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15.

D.

Dada, god, 192, 6.

Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21.

Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7.

Deification of kings, 106-9; 127 n. 1.

_depu_, shatter, 195 n. 16.

DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10.

Dilbat, city, 167, 16.

Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4.

_dimgul_, _dimdul_, master workman, 150.

_dingir-gal-gal-e-ne_, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; 149, 19.

dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28.

_dumu-sag_, title of Tasmet, 163, 12.

Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136.

_dupsakku_, trencher basket, 216, 17.

Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11.

E.

E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18.

E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read E-barra.

E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133.

_edelu_ = _ederu_, be gloomy, 216, 10.

_e-dub_, house of learning, 117, 39.

_e-gal_, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9.

_e-gig_ = _kissu_, 191, 11.

E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16.

E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10.

E-kisibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; 160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23.

Emah, Esmah, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4.

E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3.

E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24.

_en-a-nu-un_, _en-a-nun_, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2.

Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5.

E-ninnu, temple, 181, 22.

_EN-HUL-tim-mu_, 194 n. 2.

_EN-KA-KA, bel dababi_, 194, 2.

Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16.

Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; 219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13.

Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155-184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33.

Enul, god, 149, 16.

Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3.

_epsanu_, deeds, 218, 18.