Part 26
=_Syllepsis_, when one verbe supplieth two clauses, one person two roomes, or one word serueth to manie sences, as thus: |He runs for pleasure, I for feare|: where this verbe |run|, serueth to both purposes: also thus: |But scorning so to be reproued, and with a manly resolution by one stroke giuen, he acquited his shame, his credit, and his person|, where this one worde |acquite| serueth to all clauses aforegoing and following.=
=_Prolepsis_, where some thing generallie first spoken, is afterwards drawne into partes, as thus: |Let vs take vpon vs one selfe charge, I to direct abroad, you to order at home|. Or otherwise: |Men diuerslie do erre, some by an ignoraunt simplicitie, others by a most peruerse follie.|=
=_Pleonasmus_, where with words seeming superfluous, we do increase our reasons, as thus: |With these eares I heard him speake it: Or with mine eies I behelde him sorrowing|, where we well knowe that without eares or eies, we cannot wel heare or see, yet carieth this kind of spéech, |a vehemency in enforcing| the matter so plainelie, or throughlie to be hard or séene.=
=_Macrologia_, where a clause is finallie added to the matter going before, in seeming more then néeded, as, |Men of so high and excelling vertue, let them euer liue, and neuer die|, here |neuer die|, seemeth superfluous, and yet notable wel adorneth the sentence.=
=_Anastrophe_, a preposterous inuersion of wordes, besides their common course, as when we say: for |faults, no man liueth without|, when order requireth we should saie: |No man liueth without faults: Long when he had confusedly thus liued|, for when he had long time thus confusedlie liued.=
=_Hysteron proteron_, where that which ought to be in the first place, is put in the second, as thus: |After hee had giuen saile to the winde, and taken the Seas|, for after he had taken the seas, and giuen saile to the wind. Also, |That which of all others is most sacred and permanent, honoured, and euer shining vertue, chuse vnto your selues:| for chuse vnto your selues honored and euer shining vertue, which of all others is most sacred and permanent: or, as commonly we say in our English spéech, |Pull off my bootes and spurs.|=
=_Tmesis_ of _Diacope_, a diuision of a word compound into two parts, as, |What might be soeuer vnto a man pleasing, that had he|, for whatsoeuer might be, &c. |Hither should he haue come to, when he finished his argument|: for hitherto should he haue come, &c.=
=_Parenthesis_, an intercluding of a sentence in any reason commonlie set betweene two halfe circles, as thus: |I am content (not in respect you deserue so much at my hands) onelie for pitie sake to hearken ynto you|, the knowledge hereof is ordinarie, and therefore I néede speake the lesse of it.=
=_Hypallage_, when by change of propertie in application a thing is deliuered, as to saie, |Darkesome wandring by the solitary night|, for wandring solitarilie by the darkesome night, or the |wicked wound thus giuen|, for hauing thus wickedlie wounded him. The vse hereof in |Poesie| is most rife.=
=_Hendiadis_, when one thing of it selfe intire, is diuersly layde open, as to saie, |On iron and bit he champt|, for on the iron bitte hee champt: And |part and pray we got|, for part of the pray: Also by |surge and sea we past|, for by surging sea we past. This also is rather Poeticall then other wise in vse.=
=_Asyndeton_, when two or thrée clauses or more disioyned do follow one another, as to saie |his house, his land, his purse, himselfe, his life, were all at his commaund|. Or thus, |he scapte, he ran, he rusht, and fled away|. Or otherwise, |thy fame, thy wealth, thy friends, thy kin, and all hast thou lost togithers.|=
=_Polysyndeton_, when in like sort by many coniunctions sundrie words one following the other are vnited together, as thus, |Both sworde and fire and dearth, three dreadfull scourges of the war were alwayes attendant vpon him.| Or thus, |with faith and troth and plighted heart, and loue he made him hers, &c.|=
=_Hirmos_, where a continuance of speech is vsed, vntill the ende of the clause, as |God in the beginning made heauen, earth, sea, firmament, sunne, moone, starres, and all things in them contained|: where you see all these words, |heauen, earth, &c|. haue all one continuance vntill the last end of the sentence.=
=_Epitheton_, when for ornament sake we adde vnto a worde, or for mislike do attribute somewhat vnto the same, as when for ornament we say, |Sweet beautie, precious loue, friendlie fortune:| Or contrariwise in mislike, |vnbrideled lust, filthie gaine, wicked guile, deceitfull fauour, fond fancie, &c.|=
=_Periphrasis_, when by circumlocution anie thing is expressed, as when we say, |The Prince of Peripateticks|, for |Aristotle|, the |subuerter of Carthage and Numantia|, for |Scipio. A man studious of wisedome|, for a Philosopher: |A man diuerslie enriched|, for one that is wealthie, &c.=
=_Liptote_, when by the lesse that is spoken, the more maie bee vnderstood, as thus: What auaileth it that thou dost not despise me, which is by the contrarie, |that thou louest mee|, the deliuerie thereof is singular by the negatiue, for that giueth grace to the |Figure|, as |it discontenteth me not to heare of you, but it griueth me to heare ill of you. We are not so ignorant of things, but we can perceiue somewhat|. That is in the one, |it pleaseth mee well to heare of you|, and in the other, |we haue skill to discerne of things, and thereby can perceiue somewhat|.=
=_Paradiastole_, when with a milde interpretation or spéech we colour others or our owne faults, as when we call a subtill person, |wise|: a bold fellow, |couragious|: a prodigall man |liberall|: a man furious or rash, |valiant|: a parasite, |a companion|: him that is proud, |magnanimous|, and such like.=
=_Meosis_, a maner of disabling, as when we saie, |Alas sir, it is not in my power to doe it|: or otherwise, |little God wot could man doe in such a case|.=
Schemes Rhetoricall, are
=_Anaphora_, or |Repetitio|, where by rehearsall of one worde wee make sundrie beginnings, as to saie, |Learning bringeth to knowledge, learning maketh wise, learning enableth to vertue, learning is the ornament of the minde, finallie, learning is the onelie substantiall proppe and guide of mans life, without which nothing in a manner can bee pleasant, nothing sauourie, nothing of value, &c.| Or thus, |hauing committed so great euils, couldest thou yet dare to come in open shewe of the worlde, couldest thou dare to shewe thy selfe in the face of men, couldest thou dare to bee seene of anie one, that hast thus generallie deserued to bee hated of all:| Or otherwise thus, |When death commeth to chalenge his due, what then shall auaile beautie, what youth, what riches, what strength? where then shall become thy landes, where thy reuenue, where thy possessions? who shall argue thy cause, who stande for thee, who plead for thee?|=
=_Epanalepsis_, when with one selfe word, we doe both begin and finish a sentence, the vse hereof is méerelie appropriate to |Poesie, Much asked he of Priams state, of Hector verie much|.=
=_Epizeuxis_, or a redoubling of a word, by vehemencie to expresse a thing, as thus: |Thou thou art he on whom I liue to be reuenged. He, he it was that wrought all my care. Thus, thus behooueth men of vertue and courage to doe.|=
=_Anadiplosis_, when the last word of a comma or member of a sentence, is the beginner of another that followeth, as |heauens witnes my fall, my fall more grieuous then may be well supported by common sorrow:| or thus, |Fie, too much vngratefull, vngratefull to mee of all others, that so much at thy hands haue deserued.|=
=_Antistrophe_, where manie members are drawne to ende with one and the same worde, as, |we haue our felicitie of vertue, our renowne of vertue, our hope and expectation of vertue|. Or thus: |men from their errours are reclaimed by loue, reclaimed by hope, reclaimed by feare|.=
=_Symploche_, where sundrie members haue one selfe beginning and ending, as thus, |If we shall debate of the times present, what is I pray you the cause of all these euils? money: what hath beene the decay of our estimate? money: what the ruine of our soules? money: what the torment of our conscience? money: what the meane of all ambitious aspirings, treacheries, and villanies? money: In fine, this cursed and wretched title of gaine is it that bewitcheth all ages and seasons, and that onelie by a seruile regarde and account giuen vnto money:| Or otherwise thus in contempt. |What sillie soule wast thou when I beganne first to like thee? nothing. What when I tooke thee? nothing. What before I cherished and regarded thee? nothing. And now that by me thou hast beene made somthing, thou esteemest me as nothing.|=
=_Ploche_, when by an Emphasin, a worde is either in praise or disgrace, reiterated or repeated, as thus: |Though Scipio were neuer so much terrified with the Carthaginians in Spaine, with the Numidians in Affricke, with aduersaries abroade, and with priuie enemies at home, yet ceased he not to be Scipio still|, that is, _sui similis_, like vnto himselfe still.|=
=_Polyptoton_ or |Traductio|, when one worde is often repeated by varietie of cases, as thus: |Who hath in his life nothing so much pleasing as the verie life it selfe which he enioyth, it is impossible that his life with vertue should anie wayes be adorned:| or by translating of one worde into diuers formes, as thus: |What manhoode call you this, so vnmanlie to deale in those actions, that speciallie appertaineth to a man?| Here is this word |manhood| translated into |vnmanlie| and to |man|.=
=_Membrum_, or |Parison|, when one or moe members doe followe in equall sentences, as thus: |See now by one fault how manie mischiefs thou hast heaped to thy selfe, thou hast consumed thy patrimonie, grieued thy parents, estranged thy friends, defamed thy stocke, vndone thy kindred, and heaped mischiefe a thousand folde to thy selfe more then can be auoided:| or thus with copulation: |neither hast thou herein dealt discreetlie for thy selfe, nor respected thy frends, nor regarded thy being, nor studied of the euill, nor cared for the good that might happen, but leauing al at randon, thou hast done what in thee lieth to worke all our vndoing.|=
=_Omoioteliton_, or _similiter cadens_, when words and sentences in one sort do finish togithers, as thus: |Weeping, wailing, and her handes, wringing, she moued all men to pitie her|. Or thus: |Thou liuest maliciouslie, speakest hatefully, and vsest thy selfe cruelly.| Or thus: |Wee find it much better of wise men to be rebuked, then by filthie flatterie to be fondly deceyued.|=
=_Prosonomasia_, a pleasant kind of collusion in words, in significations diuers, only by changing, detracting, or adding a letter or sillable in a word, as to say, |No doubt he is a foole wise man|, for a full wise man, |for a Doctor|, a Doter, or otherwise, |thou art no bewraier, but a betraier of mens counsels. Of one religious thou art become prodigious.|=
=_Antanaclasis_, when we produce a word in a contrary signification to that it commonlie portendeth: as to saie, |For my kindnesse you haue vsed me kindly, meaning indeede you haue vsed mee verie badly. And I can bee contented to pray with you though you pray not vppon me|. Where this worde |kindly| is applied to the worser part, which of it selfe carieth as wee see a far other meaning: and likewise |pray| in one sence being to entreate, is in another sense intended here to spoile. And as another said to a rude fellow, |you are too course to keepe course in our companie|, here is |course| for rudenes, and |course| in another sense for |good order|.=
=_Erotema_ or _Interrogatio_, when by interrogation we sift out anie thing somtimes by demand, as to saie, |But you sir, now frō whence I pray you, deriue you your fancie?| by asseueration, as to saie: |Haue you not in this action behaued your selfe excellent well?| By commiseration, as to saie: |Alas what grounde may holde mee, what lande or shore may possesse mee, circumuented as I am with so many euils?| By vrging, as thus, |What hadst thou to intermeddle in so bad a company? How long shall wee bee thus abused with so fained treachery? Art thou not ashamed seeing thy purposes thus reuealed? Perceiuest thou not thy driftes to bee all discouered?| By indignation, as to saie, |Shall I yet couer thy villanies being at thy handes thus hatefully misused?| or thus, |Wicked and peruerse kinde of people, howe long will you thus hatefully deale with your fauorers?| By admiration, as to saie, |Good Lord, who woulde haue thought so much loosenesse in so chaste a countenance! But what is it that this blind and sottish loue draweth not a man headlong into?| And lastly, by doubting, as thus: |What shall I say, or what further speeches may I vse to withdraw you from these euils?| Or otherwise: |Whither shall I turne me to speake vnto you, or what wordes may I vse whereby to withdraw you from these vanities?|=
=_Anthypophora_ or _Subiectio_, when to a question asked by vs, we answere of our selues in our own reasonings, the maner whereof is accomplished three kinde of waies, as first when wee obiect vnto our selues that which to others might be obiected, and answere it againe. Secondlie, when we do (as it were) vrge those we speake vnto to answere vs, and so answering, do confute their sayinges. Thirdlie, when in a deliberatiue sort we propound diuers things, and refute them all one after another. Example of the first maie bee this. |Is this a maner of discipline? Doe men in such sort deliuer their instructions? Had they for this cause the authoritie of tutors to them giuen, that in vanities and misliked pleasures, they who are committed vnto their charge, shoulde consume their youth vnder them? Beleeue me I am of a farre other opinion, neither do I thinke, that the reasonable time of young men, being now fittest of all others for anie vertuous impression, shoulde thus cautelouslie be deluded of that, whereunto both their parents and birth do commend them|. Of the second, this: |Nowe after al these proofes of the happie comming and acknowledgement of our true and onelie Messias: Let me speake vnto you againe, yee Iewes, enemies, and maligners of our sole and onelie God and Sauiour Christ Iesus, with what reasons strengthned doe you persist in your madnes? Stande ye vpon the Oracles of Prophets? Wee haue made plaine vnto you that they are wholie for vs. Looke ye after Moyses? It was only of our Christ, and none other that he that written. Waite ye on Types and Figures? They all in one do agree to bee in him fulfilled. Preferre you vnto vs miracles? Who could desire more then by him was shewed. Bring you against vs a number of consents? Alas you onely bring the smallest number, and lurking as it were in a corner, are the gainsayers of trueth itselfe, sith the whole world round about you doth witnes for vs. Doth the hope of any euent yet a little detaine you? Beholde your temple long since subuerted: your sacrifices quenched, your Citie rased, your people runnagate and dispersed, nor anie hope at all left vnto you to be relieued but by the clemencie of the Christians|. Of the thirde, this. |Tell mee I praie, what or wherein is it, that a worldlie man hath such meane to glorie in? wherein shoulde hee bee proude, or for what cause should he thus puffe vp himselfe in vanitie? Is it for his riches? they neuer make a man either happy or blessed, so farre off are they many times from anie such euent, as often wee do see that they are the verie cause of their owners destructions, they sundrie waies are meanes to inconueniences, and in our owne sight forsake their maisters in their life times, but seldome followe them for ought wee see to their graues. Is it for children? The keeping of them is then of riches far more vncertaine. Is it in respect of a wife, familie and other such like commodities? they are vexations, cares and griefes, nothing in them stable, nor such as may induce a man to any hoped tranquility, &c.| There is also of this sort another example, by an immediate answere to euerie question, as thus: |Wherfore then is the law? for transgressors, wherefore reward? for wel-doers|. Or thus: |Where is now their pride? vanished. Where are their boasts? deluded. Came they to aide vs? no, rather to suppresse vs. Came they to comfort vs? no, but to kill vs|.=
=_Antenagoge_, when hauing spoken as it were in the dispraise or mislike of a thing, we goe about to helpe the same againe with a new colour to the matter: As to saie, |It is a thing difficult to attain learning, but yet verie commodious. It is tedious to trauell for sundry knowledges, but vnto our liues it is a thing most necessary.|=
=_Ecphonesis_ or _Exclamatio_, which hath signification of griefe or indignation of a thing, as of griefe thus, |O cruell and lamentable times wherein wee liue, subiect as wee are to so manifolde miseries!| Of indignation thus. |O incredible boldnesse, or rather impudencie of a shamelesse creature: not fit to bee suffered|. Neither is this manner speaking, alwaies framed by the Interiection O, but rather otherwise, as thus: |Vnhappie man, made vnhappie by so great a misfortune, what vnkinde destiny droue him to so imminent a perill? Howe miserable and vncertaine is the state and condition of man, subiect to so many and so huge calamities?| Or otherwise, |What kind of people are you to rage in so vile a madnesse? Was euer seene a multitude so fierce, a company so carelesse, an assemblie so desperate? What inconsiderate dealing do you vse? I shame to see you, & grieue to behold you, &c.|=
=_Insultatio_, when iniuriously, or by a contumelious reproch we insult vpon a mans doings, as thus: |Trudge on with thy mischiefs, proceed in these thy insatiable cruelties, and he that hath power ouer al, wil one day I hope correct thee|. Or otherwise, |Pursue I pray you your glorious enterprise, you haue, no doubt, very waightily begun, & we cannot but expect thereof a notable issue.|=
=_Aporia_ or |Dubitatio|, when wee make staie or doubt howe to tearme a thing, or which waie to wade in a matter, as thus: |What shoulde I say, was it anger or an inueterate malice that led him to this mischiefe? Shall I cal him cunning as cautelous, that procured it, and so well could shift himselfe of it?| Or otherwise thus: |May hee bee said to be beloued, or rather fortunate or blessed, to haue escaped such daungers? is it to bee tearmed clemencie or rather piety to vse one so miserable with great curtesie|. Or thus: |I am not well perswaded what course to take in these causes, shall I begin where others haue left? or of my selfe shall I renewe againe vnto you what you haue so often heard? &c.|=
=_Paradoxon_, affined vnto that before, but with a kinde of maruelling or woondering thereunto added, as thus: |Could it possibly bee thought that learning and place of good education might euer haue produced such monstrous effectes?| Or otherwise: |I haue great maruell that men so generous, should so quickly be diuerted from their honest purposes|. Or thus. |I woulde neuer haue beleeued that such graue and considerate counsels shoulde so easily haue beene subuerted.|=
=_Epitropis_, when by proposing a cause, wee reason what should bee done therein, as thus: |In times so troublesome and seasons so tempestious, giue now your aduise what is fit to bee done. If the case were your owne, what would you doe, what would you say therein, tell me I pray you, you that conuerse in these and such like actions, I herein appeale vnto your wisdomes, your owne consciences, shewe me but your mindes herein|. And this figure is vsed in reasoning, when as to conclude a matter, and seeming loath to trouble the auditorie anie further in the same, we pretend to reserue a great part thereof, which we would refer to their iudgements.=
=_Parresia_, or libertie to speake, when by winning of curtesie to our spéech we séek to auoid any offence thereof, as thus. |Pardon if I be tedious, the circumstance of the cause requireth it. If my speech seeme vehement, the matter occasioning the same is vrgent. If what I write seeme offensiue vnto you, you haue to mislike the ill disposition of such as inforce it, and not with me to be agreeued.|=
=_Apostrophe_, or _Auersio_, when wee turne our speeches from one person or thing to another, as if one hauing spoken much of the vanitie of the worlde shoulde thereupon turne and saie vnto the worlde, |O world, how sweete and pleasant are the shewes of those things which thou producest: but in taste, how full of too much bitternes?| Or in speaking of the certaintie of death, and the little respect thereof had, to turne a mans speach to death it selfe and saie, |O death, how bitter is thy remembrance to a man hauing peace and plenty in his riches, &c.|=
=_Prosopopœia_ when to things without life wee frame an action, spéech or person, fitting a man, as if we should saie of |vertue|, as of a liuing person, that |her wayes were sweet, and replenished with all maner of delight, that she putteth her selfe foorth to the woorthiest to be receyued, and to the most honoured to be embraced|. Or faine the |ghosts| from out their graues to prescribe good examples, or to rebuke the vices of men. Or our |countrey| to accuse vs of our negligent regard vnto it in these or suchlike speeches: |Vnkind people and Citizens whom I haue ingendred in my bowels, nourished with my paps, fostered with my delights, why doe you thus vngratefullie not onelie abstaine to tender mee, but giue mee an open proy to my foes to suppresse mee: yea, which is most loathsome of all others, become proper murtherers and paracides of your owne parentage and familie, cruell destroyers of your owne patrimonie, and wretched renders and tearers of your mothers bowels, without all regard or pitie.|=
=_Synonymia_, when we bring foorth many wordes together of one signification, or sounding all to one purpose, as to say, |thou hast spoiled thy Countrey, destroied thy Citie, and turned the Commonweale topsie-turuie:| all which do sort but to one purpose, for the expressing the hatefulnesse of the iniurie: or otherwise to say, |What head hadst thou to deuise such a thing, where was thy wit when thou wentst about it, what became of thy minde in purposing the same, whither was thy discretion caried in the prosequution?| Here is |head, wit, minde and discretion|, all sorting to one thing. Also, |what desirest thou, what soughtest thou, what couldest thou wish or expect in the action|. Here is |desired, sought, wish and expect|, being all to one meaning.=