Part 25
=These three examples may bee sufficient to serue to anie matter of this title: seeing in eyther of them is required but an alteration of the cause whereupon wee frame our Letter to reioyce vpon: the forme of conueyance is all one. For which we will hence procéed to the next in course being |Obiurgatorie|, or a rebuking of the ill vsages, demeanors or parts of any one. It sauoreth somewhat of the |Monitorie| and |Reprehensorie| kindes before going, but in a different maner: for that the efficacy of those Epistles do beare force in matters publike or notorious, and these in vsages priuate and of lesse importance. The order whereof by the examples following maie be the better perceiued.=
_A Letter Obiurgatorie from a maister to his seruant._
Among some other causes that latelie haue beene aduertized vnto me from my good and louing friends, it is made knowne vnto me, that you in my absence, as well towards your Mistresse, whom in my place I haue appointed ouer you, as among others your fellowe seruants, doe take much vpon you. You runne and goe at your pleasure, wade into vnseemelie courses, and giue your selfe vnto some other matters, neither fitting the trust on you reposed, nor answering vnto my seruice. The newes hereof, you must thinke pleaseth me not verie well, neither can I with patience digest, that a companion of your being, to whom by my sole fauour I haue giuen place of direction in my house, should be so imperious ouer my wife and her due command in mine absence. Your wide wandring & common haunts at your liking, cannot by all coniecture be vnto mine estate profitable. Wherefore in signification that I am nothing well pleased with these so lauish demeanors, if by the next report I hear not that they are better amended, you are shortlie thereupon likelie inough to find how ill contenting they be vnto my humours: with which priuate rebuke, if priuatelie so it may bee considered, being at this present resolued to conclude, I attend the redresse of these euils: and so giue my selfe to my further trauels. From B. this of, &c.
_Your maister to requite you as you shall deserue._
_Of Epistles Mandatorie. Chap. 12._
=The force of these Epistles, mingled, as I said before, with the other Titles in the last Chapter declared, may for further matter or other occasions therin required, draw yᵉ plenty of their examples from those |reprehensorie| and |Comminatorie|, kindes alreadie specified, this, for any other like direction being thereunto for this place sufficient. And now the last of these familiar titles ensueth, which is called |Mandatorie|. These Letters haue their titles of such directions, matters in charge, or other instructions, as by writing from one person to another are deliuered, and are the most ordinarie in vsage of all other letters that are amongste vs frequented. The conueyance whereof in these following Examples shall be tendered.=
_A Letter mandatorie from a maister to his seruant or factor, being beyond the seas._
My heartie desire of your good sucesse and wel-fare intended, which I hope God will blesse, I maruell that I haue receyued no Letters from you since the fourth of March last, I hope you doe neuerthelesse continue your good care and trust in mine affaires, whereof I nothing doubt. I wrote by maister N. in the good ship called the P. of London vnto you, which will shortly by Gods grace arriue at B. and is bound for L. vnto my coosen T. R. for all your necessities to giue you ayd as well in counsell as money: howbeit I hope you haue no great want of either, considering those trusty friends I haue remaining where you are, and your owne allowed diligence which formerlie I haue proued. I do now send you by a bill of lading in the good ship called the S. of D. those commodities you last wrote vnto mee of, viz. one packe of verie fine broad cloathes, & twentie Tuns of Lead: the broad cloathes stand me with all charges in sixteene pounde a cloath. I hope you will haue regarde to the selling of these commodities to my best aduauntage, wherein I pray you do your best endeuour as the market serueth. And for the money arising thereof, I would haue you to employ on these commodities there, which are here most vendible, wherof I principally wrote vnto you in my last letters, which I doubt not by this time you haue receiued. Otherwise I would haue you to confer with my coosen T. R. there abouts. And thus desiring Almighty God to blesse and prosper you, whom I desire you in all your actions and dealings to remember, I bid you heartily farewell. L. this last of Maie.
_Your maister willing in all things to requite your seruices, &c._
_Another Letter mandatory from a maister to his seruaunt._
Albeit I haue manie occasions to write vnto you by this bearer, which time will not suffer me to doe: Neuerthelesse such as are most needfull I will hereby remember you of. At my departure from N. I gaue order for certaine wares to bee sent vnto you from thence by the carier of C. and thereof did then write vnto you at large in a Letter, and sent inclosed in that letter a bill of the parcels. Now hauing sithence considered with my selfe of the matter, my desire is that you do not transporte them as I was determined, but let them rest vntill my home comming, for that there is a shippe shortly going for B. of M. Alderman H. with whome I am determined to ioine in the whole freight, and meane by Gods grace therein to passe both those and some other commodities. About thursday next, there is one T. B. appointed by my coosen L. P. to come vnto you for fiftie pound, if he do come let him haue the money, and take his note for the receipt, and this shall be your warrant. I would haue you to looke to the waters side if the wind continue Southward, for it is now serueth wel, and I doubt not but to heare from Lisbon, for gladly would I vnderstand of our shipping, and of such letters as shall be sent I wish you to take notice, and if I returne not before, vse circumspection I pray you to prouide for their returne accordingly. The haste of this bearer wil not suffer me to write more, only looke to my businesse, haue care of the trust in you reposed, and commend me to your mistrisse, tel her I will hasten homewards, as fast as I can. And so to God I commit you. R. this of, &c.
Your louing maister, &c.
_A Letter mandatory from a man to his wife._
Good wife, considering my hasty departure from you and my children, my hope is that you wil haue that louing and respectiue care towards them and your familie, that appertaineth. I haue left many things raw by reason of the suddennes of my iourney, which standeth vpon your good regard to be ordered, as namely the charge of my seruantes, and disposition of some other affaires and businesse. You shall nowe shewe your selfe a carefull and discreete wife, if in mine absence, you will a little take vpon you to be in my place. Regard and consider with your selfe, that seruants are negligent and carelesse, and if the maister forget his owne profit, they are as readie as others to share with his gaines. Your painfull attendance to ouerlooke them, shal straine their labours to my vsing, your desire to see into them, shall worke their vsage to my well seruing. You must now a little while forget neighbourhood, and walking for company, considering the old prouerbe: That when the Cat is away the mouse wil go play: If master and dame haue both continued absence, seruants fall a wasting, and do what they list. You know good wife, I haue now taken a great charge of late vpon me, which with some carefull looking to, may turne to good, let it not be grieuous vnto you, nor thinke it hard, that I thus make you partaker of my charge, as I do of my profit. For we are yoke fellowes you know, and the charge is equall betwixt vs to be borne and supported. If as louing mates and companions wee drawe forth togethers, we doubtlesse shall by Gods blessed goodnes see the fruits of our labours. Our children shall participate with vs of our trauels, and God shal prosper our endeuours. And howbeit good wife, I haue alwaies found you such, as of whose care to my well doing I neede haue no doubt, yet if by the importance of my charge I bee driuen thus much to write vnto you, thinke that in great trust of your modesty, respect of your loue, & zeale to both our goods I haue done the same. And though no mistrust remaine of any one about me: yet doe I put you in minde what youth by too much sufferance and neglegct of libertie may be inclined to. This is al I would, and so much I hope as you gladly will yeelde vnto. Commend mee manie times to your selfe and likewise to all our friendes. From R. this third of Maie, &c.
Your assured louing husband, &c.
_A Letter Mandatory from one friend to another._
My harty commendations remembred vnto you, good maister R. These are to certifie you that I haue presumed so much on your friendship, as to put ouer certaine causes of mine in your name, for so much as for many respects I find my selfe too far insufficient to deale with the parties, I must therefore desire you to receiue some instructions which I haue herwith sent you by this bearer, and therein to vse such needfull furtherance as in like cases of friendship you may commaund at my handes. I pray you also that you will take so much more further paines for me, as at conuenient leisure to walke towards S. and there to confer with my brother P. and vpon sight and hearing of such matter as by him shall bee shewed and set forth vnto you, to deale accordingly. Thus with my earnest desire to see you here at L. where you shall most hartily finde your selfe welcome, I take leaue this of, &c.
Your very louing friend, &c.
=Thus haue I led along, as you sée, this promised Methode by varietie of directions and examples, fitting to euery purpose I hope to the pleasing and content of all the indifferent readers: and here as a limit sufficient to that determined labour, doe I laie downe my rest. If anie faultes happen, as no doubt there will (for what from fault maie bee frée) let the learned I beseech them winke at it, the curteous ouerpasse it, and the considerate and well practised in such like trauels fauour me in it, seeing my endeuour therein was done for the best. And so doe I conclude my Methode.=
FINIS.
A DECLARATION of al such Tropes, Figures or Schemes, _as for excellencie and ornament in wri-_ ting, are speciallie vsed in this Methode.
Collected and explaned togithers, according to their applications, vsages, and properties.
_By Angell Day:_
Imprinted at London by P. S. for Cuthbert Burbie. 1599.
_To the courteous Reader._
As in the two bookes before going (gentle Reader) my mind and purpose was to set foorth vnto the learner, how much the phrase of our daylie speech by well ordering and deliuerie is graced with Figures and other ornaments of Art, and to such end and purpose, haue I in the margent of euerie Epistle, directlie against the places where they are vsed, quoted them to be seen. I haue now for better supplement of the learners knowledge, determined in this place to make a collection of them all, remembring with my selfe, that vnto such as are vnexperienced in their particular applications, they shall be but of verie slender moment in their quotations, without also they may be instructed by example, how, where, and in what tearmes, wordes or cariage, they are vsed, and wherein, and by what conueyance their efficacies are explaned. For which cause, these briefe instructions following, conteining, as in the title before going, a demonstration of their true & seueral qualities, properties and natures, are to such ende deliuered: wherein my purpose is to omit nothing, which in my poore opinion may seeme vnto this deuised Methode anie wayes furthering. And howbeit my selfe in the writing of these collections, doe well consider the want I haue of other perfections, whereby to ornifie the matter hereof, with examples correspondent, yet shall it by such meanes appeare vnto all fauourers of science, what will and desire I haue to deserue with the best, confessing (as by due proofe I haue found) no speech to be accounted valuable or of weight, that is not graced with these parts. Thus hauing at large expostulated my true meaning herein, I commit the rest to your curteous censures, and my selfe to your good opinions.
_Yours, A. D._
OF FIGVRES, TROPES, and Schemes.
=A |Figure| is a certaine meane whereby from a simple and ordinarie kinde of speaking, we growe into a more cunning and excellent deliuerie.=
A Figure is diuided into _Trope_ and _Scheme_.
=A |trope| is as much to say, as a variation of a worde or sentence from the proper & apt signification, vnto another neere vnto the same, sometimes for pleasure, and otherwhile for ornament sake, and there are |tropes| of words, and |tropes| of sentences.=
=A |Scheme| is a certaine new kinde of forme of writing & speaking, and for the excellencie thereof is called the ornament, light and colours of Rhetoricall spéech.=
=Betweene a |Trope| and a |Scheme| the difference is, that the |Trope| changeth the signification, as in these wordes |Generation| of |Vipers|, meaning thereby |homicides| of their owne issue or antecessors, as the |Viper| deuoureth her owne broode. The |Scheme| hath no change of signification, but retaineth the expresse meaning, as, |Can so great anger be in heauenlie mindes?| written of _Iuno_ in the |Aeneidos| of _Virgill_, whereas anger is indéede onelie a humaine passion, yet without alteration is there allotted vnto the heauenlie Gods. And of some there is helde in them small difference, in so much as often times they runne into one anothers meaning.=
The _Tropes_ of wordes, are
=_Metaphora_, which is, when a worde from the proper or right signification is tanasferred to another neere vnto the meaning, as to saie: |We see well|, when wee meane |wee vnderstande well|, or to call them |eaters or deuourers of men and houses|, who vndo the poore, or extort from them their goods or liuings: or to saie, a homelie or rude speaker doth |braie|, which to do belongeth to an Asse, or to attribute vnto thinges the properties they haue not, as if we should say, the ground wanting wet, |doth thirst for raine|, or |fruits| in their growth do |labour|, or |corne| by the statelie length and weightie eare it carrieth, to bee |proude|, or by |Emphasis|, that |by desire, men are enflamed, by anger kindled, fallen by errour:| And lastlie, in prayse of mans ofspring, as to saie, |the beautie of his stocke|, or to call the place of renowne, |the well or seate of glorie|, also to say, |the showers of speech, flouds of eloquence|, onelie for ornament in writing, without anie other proper affinitie, attribution or likelihoode.=
=_Synecdoche_, when by one particular we vnderstand a number, as to saie, the |braue English was conquerour|, as much to saie, |Englishmen were victours|, or when by a part wee vnderstande the whole, as to say, a |blade| for a |sworde|, a |Hall| for a |house|, or when by one thing we vnderstand another, as to say, |the highest fall| for |the deepest fall|, the |toppe| for |the bottome, Neptunes reigne| for the |Sea|: or when we put the matter whereof a thing is made, for the thing it selfe: as to saie, |the loftie Pine did scowre the Seas|, for the ship made of the Pine trée, or thus: |With slashing Iron furious on his foes, hee rusht amaine, &c.| for |with slashing sworde:| Likewise hee put |spurres to his horse|, for |hee ranne his horse|. |They haue liued|, that is, |they are dead, they flourish|, for they are rich, braue or happie.=
=_Metonymia_, or _transnominatio_, the putting of one name for an other, as the |inuenter|, for the thing inuented, so do we call corne by the name of |Ceres|, we put |Bacchus| for wine, |Venus| for lust, |Vulcane| for fire, |Neptune| for the sea, |Mars| for warre: likewise the continent for that which is contained, as if we should say, |acceptable to the heauens|, meaning to him that dwelleth in the heauens, a |happie soyle|, meaning happie people in the soile, |hee drunke vp the whole cup before him|, for the wine in the cup before him. In like maner when the cause efficient is vnderstood by the effect, as when we say, |Pale death, sorrowfull dread, headlong rage, carelesse wine, vnshamefast night|: wherein is shewed, that dread causeth sorowe, |death| palenes, |wine| carelesnes, and so of the rest. Further, when by her that holdes the |Scepter|, wee signifie the |Queenes Maiestie|, and likewise by mentioning the |Sword|, |Magistracy|.=
=_Antonomasia_, where to the person of anie one, wee giue an other name, then his owne proper, as in stead of |Christ|, to saie the |Holie one of God|, or |The worlds Sauiour|. Or of the Queenes Maiestie, to saie |The Virgin Queene, The Royall Maide|, with other like appropriations fitting so great an excellencie.=
=_Onomatopœia_, where to a thing not hauing a proper terme, wee faine or deuise a name, as to saie, |the murmure of the waters, the roring of the cannon, clashing of armour|, & such like: where neither |murmur|, |roring| nor |clashing| is by nature to these belonging.=
=_Catachresis_, where wee accommodate a name to a thing that is not proper, as to saie, |lend me your hand, or your aid|, which tearme of lending is more proper to money, or things that are borrowed, and to say, |mens powers are short|, or |their counsels long|, when in neither of both there is anie such measure.=
=_Metalepsis_, or |Transumptio|, when by a certaine number of degrees we go beyond that wee intend in troth, and haue meaning to speake of, as to saie: |Accursed soile that bred my cause of woe|, when we might as well crie out on the parties selfe that hath don the wo, & not to go so far off as to the soile that bred him, or as |Penelope| bewaling her husbandes ouerlong absence from her, exclaimed in her Epistle to |Vlysses|, on |Paris| that had raped |Helena|, wishing that he and all his fleet had perished, ere the rape had bin committed, intending that by that rape, the |Grecians| were drawn to the warres, and so the siege for tenne yeares space continued, and ten yeeres after that, her husband forced by many landes and seas to haue wandered. Of the originall cause whereof her iust complaint was deriued.=
Tropes of sentences, _are_
=_Allegoria_, a kinde of inuerting or change of sence, as when we shew one thing in wordes & signifie another in meaning, a |Trope| most vsuall amongst vs euen in our common speaking, as when we saie, |Bow the With while it is greene|, meaning to correct children whilest they bee yong: or, |There is no fire without smoake:| meaning that there is no ill conceipt without occasion: or, |I smell a Rat|, that is, I know your meaning, for other applications you haue the same diuerslie quoted in our Epistles to bee seene in their margents.=
=_Ænigma_, a darke sentence, or as we ordinarilie say, a riddle, rather vsed in high and déepe mysteries, otherwise conueied sometime in pleasant fancies, then accustomed in other writings.=
=_Parœmia_, called amongst vs an _Adage_ or common saying, as thus: |Who so toucheth pitch shall bee defiled therewith: It earlie pricketh that wil be a thorn: many hands make light worke, &c.|
=_Ironia_, a scoffe or flout, as when wee saie, |Alas good man|, or to one that hath set debate or contention, |you haue spun a faire thred|: or to him that hath made a long speach to no purpose, |you haue brought forth a mighty mole-hil|, or to a lewd person, |you are an honest man|.
=_Sarcasmus_, a bitter bob as wee saie, or enuious derision, as of one arraigned for fellonie, to twit him, |that hee had like to haue knockt his head against the gallowes|, or of one suffering for treason to saie, |that it made him hop headlesse.
=_Asteismus_, a smooth, as we call it, as when one tels a thing repugnant to the present matter or companie, to saie, |I had as lieue he told me it snew|, when neither the time of the yeare, or present weather admitteth it snowe. Or when one misseth of a number, to bid him |take a sticke and tell it|, or telling a lie, to bid him |take the haire from his lips|.
=_Antiphrasis_, when a word scornefullie deliuered, is vnderstoode by his contrarie, as of a dwarfe, to saie in iest, |what a gyant haue we here|, or of him that telleth a matter ordinarie for strange, to saie, |what a wonder telleth he|, or to say, |the man hath a sharpe wit|, when we intend he hath a verie blunt capacitie, or of a blacke Moore woman, to saie, |Will ye see a faire pigion.|=
=_Charientismus_, as when we scoffe a man in his threatning mood to say, |O good words, I pray you|, or |kill vs not at the first dash|, or, |Bite not my nose off I pray you|, and such like.=
=_Hyperbole_, when for the manifestation of a thing vehement or exceeding, the wordes of our speach doe goe beyonde credite, as to saie, |It woulde haue made a stonie hearte to weepe: hee wearied the heauens with his clamour: Shee was fairer then beautie herselfe, more cruell then Nero or Phaleris: Worse then the Deuill: Whiter then snowe: sighing without ceasing|, and infinite such like.=
Of Schemes there are two sorts, _that is,_ Grammaticall, and Rhetoricall. Grammaticall are also deuided into two parts. _that is,_ Orthographicall, pertaining chieflie to Poesie: _and_ Syntaxicall, which are to be applied to our vses.
Schemes Syntaxicall, _are_,
=_Eclipsis_, that is a defect of sence in a word or necessarie reason, aunswerable to the due construction, as when hauing spoken sufficientlie of a matter, we close vp the sentence with these wordes, |But this for that let be, and now to the rest|, where after |let be|, this worde (|sufficient|) seemeth to be wanting. Likewise, |what might be more in the matter?| for |what might be more don or spoken in the matter|. Also to saie, |you are not to aunswere or compare with him|, for |you are not meete, sufficient, or able to answere or compare with him|. Or otherwise to say, |A man of so rare vertue, so deeplie to be ouerseene|, for, |is it true that a man of so rare vertue shoulde so deeply be ouerseene.|=
=_Aposiopesis_, when by passing to another matter, we stop our spéech on a sudden, as it were in an interrupted or discontented mood, as to say, |Are these the practises you take in hand? be these your deuises? hath your worthy courage endeuored so mighty effectes? But I will first tame your courses, and for the residue, I wil hold you in so bridled a meane, that my selfe will warrant you henceforth from any such like further proceedings|. Or thus, |Vngratefull creature, hast thou dealt wel with me in thus conspiring my ill that haue euer sought thy good? Wel, I wil saie no more, but for thee & thy complices I wil take order well inough to stay you|. Or otherwise by way of a fearful rehearsall thus: |What euill was there whereunto we were not subiect? But whie dwell I in circumstances? wee were the men allotted to that purpose.|=
=_Zeugma_, when one or more clauses are concluded vnder one verbe, as to saie, |His loosenesse ouercame all shame: his boldnesse, feare: his madnesse, reason:| where all these clauses are concluded vnder this one verbe, |Ouercame|. Or thus: |What auaileth it to shrine so much this vaine beauty, which either by long sicknesse, extremity of old age, infinite sorrowes and cares, or a thousand mishaps besides, is euery day in daunger or subiect to bee vtterlie crased:| In which all the clauses before going are concluded in this one verbe |is in danger, &c.|=