CHAPTER XXXIV.
ON CERTAIN ADVERBS OF PLACE.
s. 435. It is a common practice for languages to express by different modifications of the same root the three following ideas:--
1. The idea of rest _in_ a place.
2. The idea of motion _towards_ a place.
3. The idea of motion _from_ a place.
This habit gives us three correlative adverbs--one of position, and two of direction.
s. 436. It is also a common practice of language to depart from the original expression of each particular idea, and to interchange the signs by which they are expressed.
s. 437. This may be seen in the following table, illustrative of the forms _here_, _hither_, _hence_, and taken from the Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199.
_Moeso-Gothic_ thar, thath, thathro, _there, thither, thence_. h[^e]r, hith, hidr[^o], _here, hither, hence_. _Old High German_ hu[^a]r, huara, huanana, _where, whither, whence_. d[^a]r, dara, danana, _there, thither, thence_. hear, h[^e]ra, hinana, _here, hither, hence_. _Old Saxon_ huar, huar, huanan, _where, whither, whence_. thar, thar, thanan, _there, thither, thence_. h[^e]r, her, henan, _here, hither, hence_. _Anglo-Saxon_ thar, thider, thonan, _there, thither, thence_. hvar, hvider, hvonan, _where, whither, whence_. h[^e]r, hider, henan, _here, hither, hence_. _Old Norse_ thar, thadhra, thadhan, _there, thither, thence_. hvar, hvert, hvadhan, _where, whither, whence_. h[^e]r, hedhra, hedhan, _here, hither, hence_. _Middle High German_ d[^a], dan,dannen, _there, thither, thence_. w[^a], war, wannen, _where, whither, whence_. hie, her, hennen, _here, hither, hence_. {375} _Modern High German_ da, dar, dannen, _there, thither, thence_. wo, wohin, wannen, _where, whither, whence_. hier, her, hinnen, _here, hither, hence_.
s. 438. These local terminations were commoner in the earlier stages of language than at present. The following are from the Moeso-Gothic:--
Innathr[^o] = _from within_. [=U]tathr[^o] = _from without_. Innathr[^o] = _from above_. F['a]irrathr[^o] = _from afar_. Allathr[^o] = _from all quarters_.
Now a reason for the comparative frequency of these forms in Moeso-Gothic lies in the fact of the Gospel of Ulphilas being a translation from the Greek. The Greek forms in [Greek: -then, esothen, exothen, anothen, porrhothen, pantothen], were just the forms to encourage such a formation as that in _-thro_.--Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 199, &c.
s. 439. The _-ce_ (=_es_) in _hen-ce_, _when-ce_, _then-ce_, has yet to be satisfactorily explained. The Old English is _whenn-es_, _thenn-es_. As far, therefore, as the spelling is concerned, they are in the same predicament with the word _once_, which is properly _on-es_, the genitive of _one_. This statement, however, explains only the peculiarity of their orthography; since it by no means follows, that, because the _-s_ in _ones_ and the _-s_ in _whennes_, _thennes_ are equally replaced by _-ce_ in orthography, they must equally have the same origin in etymology.
s. 440. _Yonder._--In the Moeso-Gothic we have the following forms: _j['a]inar_, _j['a]ina_, _j['a]inthr[^o]_=_illic_, _illuc_, _illinc_. They do not, however, explain the form _yon-d-er_. It is not clear whether the _d_=the _-d_ in _j[^a]ind_, or the _th_ in _j['a]inthro_.
_Anon_, as used by Shakspeare, in the sense of _presently_.--The probable history of this word is as follows: the first syllable contains a root akin to the root _yon_, signifying _distance in place_. The second is a shortened form of the Old High German and Middle High German, _-nt_, a termination expressive, 1, of removal in space; 2, of removal in time; Old High German, _enont_, _ennont_; Middle High German, {376} _enentlig_, _jenunt_=_beyond_. The transition from the idea of _place_ to that of _time_ is shown in the Old High German, _n[^a]hunt_, and the Middle High German, _vernent_=_lately_; the first from the root _nigh_, the latter from the root _far_.--See Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 215.
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