CHAPTER XXI

THE FALL OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN AND THE GREAT INTERREGNUM [1250–1273].[44]

The Reign of Conrad IV.—Innocent IV. and Manfred—Alexander IV. and Edmund of England—Manfred King of Sicily—Fall of Eccelin da Romano—Ghibelline triumph in Tuscany—Urban IV.—Clement IV.—Coronation of Charles of Anjou—Battle of Grandella and Death of Manfred—Charles conquers Sicily—Guelfic Revolution in Tuscany—Conradin’s Expedition to Italy—Battle of Tagliacozzo—The Papal Vacancy and the Restoration of Peace by Gregory IX.—the Great Interregnum in Germany—Rivalry of Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso of Castile—Destruction of the German Kingdom—The Triumph of the Princes and the Town Leagues—The Election of Rudolf of Hapsburg.

[Sidenote: The Reign of Conrad IV., 1250–1254.]

According to his father’s testament, King Conrad succeeded on Frederick II.’s death-bed to the Empire and the kingdom of Sicily. Conrad remained in Germany. Manfred, Frederick’s bastard son, acted as lieutenant for his brother in Sicily, and received as his share in the inheritance the principality of Taranto. To Henry, Frederick’s son by Isabella of England, was assigned either Jerusalem or Burgundy, at Conrad’s discretion, while to Frederick, son of the dead Henry VII., Austria and Styria, his mother’s heritage, were allotted. But the hostility of the Church was not abated by the death of the chief offender. ‘Root out the name of the Babylonian, and what remains of him, his succession and his seed,’ was now the cry of Innocent IV. The careful precautions taken by the dead Emperor to maintain the union of the Empire and Sicily showed that the long struggle was still far from its end.

Conrad IV., finding that he made no way against his rival, William of Holland, left his wife with her father, Duke Otto of Bavaria, his chief supporter, and abandoned Germany. Early in 1252 he appeared in Italy. [Sidenote: Conrad in Italy, 1252–1254.] After rallying his partisans in Upper Italy, he took ship at Venice for Siponto, where Manfred and the Apulian barons gave him a hearty welcome. His appearance within his kingdom was followed by a strong reaction in his favour. The magnates generally recognised him, and Naples and Capua were forced to open their gates. But misfortunes still dogged the house of Hohenstaufen. Conrad’s position in southern Germany was now shattered by the death of his father-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, which was rapidly followed by that of Conrad’s nephew, the young Duke Frederick of Austria and Styria. Early in 1254 Henry, Conrad’s half-brother, also died, and his removal destroyed the last ties which bound the Hohenstaufen to England. Worse than all, Conrad and Manfred began to disagree, and their dispute gave the Papacy an opportunity to intervene with effect in Apulia. [Sidenote: Innocent IV.’s hostility to him.] So early as 1250 Innocent had sought to set up candidates of his own for the Sicilian throne. He had sounded Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., as to his willingness to accept it, and in 1252 he had renewed his offer. But neither Richard nor his brother, the King of England, were willing to break from the Hohenstaufen, though, after the death of Isabella’s son, in 1253, their scruples were removed, and in the same year Henry III. accepted another offer of the Sicilian throne on behalf of his younger son Edmund. Meanwhile Innocent had returned in 1251 from Lyons to Italy, and had, after a progress through the north-Italian cities, taken up his residence at Perugia. Before the end of 1253 he was strong enough to return to Rome. Active hostilities were now threatened. Mendicant Friars vigorously proclaimed the Crusade against Conrad, and in the spring of 1254 Innocent renewed his excommunication. [Sidenote: Death of Conrad, 1254.] But in May 1254 Conrad died suddenly, when only twenty-six years old, leaving Conradin, a child of two, as his heir, and, in his distrust of Manfred, intrusting the regency to the Margrave Berthold of Hohenburg. The body of the deceased king had hardly been laid in its tomb at Messina when the ancient hatred of the Germans and South Italians burst out as violently as of old. Berthold found himself so powerless that he cheerfully gave up the regency, and Manfred was put in his place. [Sidenote: Innocent IV. and Manfred, 1254.] Meanwhile Innocent’s troops had invaded the kingdom, and took possession of the important border stronghold of San Germano. The barons of the neighbourhood sent in their submission, and the Margrave Berthold made overtures to the Pope. Manfred was forced to negotiate with Innocent, and in September 1254 a peace was signed, in which Innocent recognised Manfred as Prince of Taranto and reconciled him to the Church. Nothing was said as to the rights of Conradin, and in October Innocent himself went on progress through the cities of the kingdom, and took up his quarters at Naples, where he posed as feudal lord of the realm, the disposal of which rested entirely in his hands. Manfred had hoped that his submission would be followed by the recognition, if not of his nephew, at least of himself as King of Sicily. He now saw that he had been tricked by the Pope, and that the king whom the Pope would acknowledge was not himself but the young Edmund of England. [Sidenote: Death of Innocent, 1254.] He rode hastily to the trusty Saracens of Lucera, and with their help gathered together an army to withstand the aggressions of the Pope. Before any decisive action could take place, Innocent died on 7th December at Naples.

[Sidenote: Alexander IV., 1254–1261.]

The Conclave assembled at Naples and elected a nephew of Gregory IX., who took the name of Alexander IV. The new Pope was described by Matthew Paris as ‘kindly and pious, assiduous in prayer and strenuously ascetic, but easily moved by flatterers and inclined to avarice.’ He had not the inflexible will of his predecessor and (though he continued Innocent’s policy) he was not very successful in his efforts, despite the fact that it was easier to carry on the war against the Hohenstaufen now that the legitimate stock was almost extinct and Germany entirely isolated from Sicily. He soon found it prudent to withdraw from Naples to his own territories, but he excommunicated Manfred and renewed Innocent’s offer of the Sicilian throne to Edmund of England. [Sidenote: Edmund of England King of Sicily.] In April 1255 the conditions were drawn up on which Edmund was to obtain the proffered kingship. He was to pay a yearly tribute of two thousand ounces of pure gold, and be responsible for all past and future expenses involved in the prosecution of the war against Manfred, besides sending an army and a general to assist in the conquest of his kingdom. Edmund was still a mere child, and remained in England while papal legates waged war against the usurper in his name and sent in the bills to King Henry, who exhausted his last resources in a vain effort to extract from the clergy and laity of England the sums necessary for their payment. Meanwhile Manfred more than held his own against the papalists, and showed in the struggle a daring courage and force of character that proved that he was no unworthy son of his father. [Sidenote: Manfred conquers Naples and Sicily, 1255–1256.] Before the end of 1255 the bastard of Frederick had established his position on the mainland. Early in 1256 he crossed over to Sicily, and soon subjected the whole of the island to his obedience. Alexander now found that there was no prospect of the promised English army and subsidies. In 1257 the Pope’s difficulties were increased by a popular revolt in Rome, where the Senator Brancaleone drove him to take refuge in Viterbo, while a violent and sanguinary democracy lorded over the capital and entered into friendly relations with Manfred, to whom the Ghibelline towns now turned as their best protector against Pope and Clergy. By politic commercial treaties Manfred secured the active alliance of both Genoa and Venice. At last he grew so strong that he scorned any longer to rule merely as the regent of his nephew. An untrue report of Conradin’s death gave him a pretext for accepting the offer of the throne from the Sicilian magnates, and in August 1258 he was crowned at Palermo. [Sidenote: Manfred’s Coronation, 1258.] He soon learnt that Conradin was still alive, but he did not lay down his crown. For a brief space Naples and Sicily enjoyed peace and prosperity under his rule. The early years of Frederick II. seemed revived, and the strong national traditions of the South Italian kingdom were never more capably expressed than in the brilliant court of Manfred at Palermo.

The cause of the Hohenstaufen seemed once more in the ascendant. Even in Germany, where the little Conradin had hitherto found but scanty acknowledgment outside his hereditary estates in Swabia, things took a turn for the better. William of Holland died in 1256, and nearly a year elapsed before a new election was made. Even then the papalists disagreed, and, instead of a single strong partisan with an undoubted title, two weak foreign claimants, neither of whom were very zealous for Rome, disputed, as we shall see, the title of King of the Romans. [Sidenote: Guelfs and Ghibellines in Northern and Central Italy.] In Italy the success of Manfred had led to a strong Ghibelline revival, and the one apparent reverse which their cause now suffered in the fall of Eccelin da Romano did good by relieving the party from complicity in the odious deeds of the ‘most cruel and redoubtable tyrant that ever was among Christians.’ The cities of north-eastern Italy began to revolt against the horrors of his rule, and the papal Crusade preached against him now found a welcome even among his own subjects. [Sidenote: Fall of Eccelin da Romano, 1259.] But Eccelin lacked neither energy nor ability, and in September 1258 he signally defeated the Guelfic Crusaders at Torricella. But his comrade in victory, the Marquis Pallavicino, soon deserted his blood-stained cause, and was joined by Cremona, Mantua, Ferrara, and revolted Padua. Manfred himself expressed his goodwill to the confederates. Eccelin’s days were now numbered. He made a last desperate effort to regain power by allying himself with the Milanese nobles who had been recently exiled from their city by the popular leader, Martin della Torre. But the attack on Milan failed, and Eccelin himself was wounded and taken prisoner at Casciano by Pallavicino and the Cremonese. Conscious that the game was up, he tore off his bandages and perished (7th October 1259). The allies now wreaked their revenge on his brother Alberic, murdering his wife and eight children before his eyes, and then tearing him to pieces with wild horses. The house of Romano had fought for its own hand rather than for the Emperor, and their fall did little towards helping forward the papal cause. Yet Eccelin was the prototype of the swarm of Ghibelline tyrants who in subsequent generations were the most characteristic upholders of a once great cause in Italy.

The fall of Eccelin made Manfred the uncontested head of the Italian Ghibellines. In 1258 the Guelfic city of Florence had driven out the local Ghibellines, who took refuge in Siena and appealed to Manfred for help. In 1260 the Florentines marched out against Siena with their _carroccio_. They were utterly defeated on 4th September at Montaperto, a battle which secured the triumph of the Ghibellines over all Tuscany save Lucca. [Sidenote: Battle of Montaperto and Ghibelline triumph in Tuscany, 1260.] The victors proposed to reduce Florence to open villages, but the patriotism and courage of the exiled Farinata degli Uberti dissuaded his fellow-countrymen from this act of sacrilege. Manfred had sent a troop of German horsemen to help the allies at Montaperto. He now, says Villani, ‘rose to great lordship and state, and all the imperial party in Tuscany and in Lombardy greatly increased in power, and the Church and its devout and faithful followers were much abased.’ The baffled Guelfs were now reduced to the sorry shift of sending to Conradin’s mother in Germany, hoping to stir up her and her son to resent the power of Manfred.

[Sidenote: Urban IV. 1261–1264.]

Alexander IV. was now so hopeless that he vainly sought to make peace with Manfred. He died in May 1261, and a three months’ vacancy showed even more clearly the impotence of the cardinals and the abasement of the Church. At last the choice of the conclave fell upon the nominal Patriarch of Jerusalem, James of Court Palais, the son of a cobbler of Troyes, who took the title of Urban IV. During the three years of his pontificate, the French Pope lived mostly at Viterbo and Orvieto, while at Rome the Ghibellines again won the upper hand, and talked of making Manfred their Senator. But Urban was a hot-tempered, strong and active partisan, who brought back the Papacy to the policy of Innocent IV., and struggled with all his might to lay low the power of Manfred, and strove, though in vain, to end the schism of rival kings in Germany. He was clear-sighted enough to see that it was no use fighting Manfred in the name of a nominal king like Edmund of England, especially since, after 1258, the Provisions of Oxford had effectually deprived his father of money and power. [Sidenote: Charles of Anjou offered Sicily.] Urban therefore prudently threw over the creature of Innocent and Alexander, and offered the Sicilian throne to Charles of Anjou, the brother of St. Louis, whose successful rule of Provence had shown his fitness for the difficult task of withstanding the son of Frederick. St. Louis shrank from countenancing the aggression of his brother, but Charles was ambitious, and brushing aside all objections, gladly accepted the offer. Manfred meanwhile grew more powerful than ever, and was steadily extending his authority over the States of the Church. Before the Angevin could come to his assistance, Urban IV. died on 2nd October 1264.

There was no delay in electing the next Pope. Guy Foulquois, a native of Saint Gilles, and a born subject of the King of France, who had attained the cardinal bishopric of Sabina, and was at the moment striving as papal legate to uphold Henry III. against his barons, was chosen in his absence by the cardinals, and assumed the name of Clement IV. [Sidenote: Clement IV., 1264–1268.] A capable man and a strong partisan, Clement at once entered into the enjoyment of the results of the labours of his predecessors. He proclaimed a Crusade against Manfred, and in May 1265 Charles of Anjou himself appeared in Rome, where the fickle Romans, among whom the Pope never ventured to risk himself, received him with enthusiasm and named him their Senator. Next month a commission of cardinals conferred upon him the investiture of Sicily, and received his acceptance of the onerous conditions on which he was permitted to occupy the papal fief. [Sidenote: Charles of Anjou crowned King of Sicily, 1266.] He was to pay 8000 ounces of gold as tribute, to surrender Benevento to the Apostolic See, and to renounce the office of Roman Senator as soon as he had conquered Manfred’s dominions. Charles returned to Provence to raise an adequate army. Before the end of the year he was back in Rome, where on 6th January 1266 he and his wife Beatrice were crowned King and Queen of Sicily.

Within a few weeks of his hallowing, Charles invaded Manfred’s dominions with an army of Provençals, North-French adventurers, and Italian Guelfs. The Neapolitans were unprepared to fight a winter campaign, and many towns and castles opened their gates to the French. Manfred retreated from Capua to Benevento, where he resolved to strike his great blow. [Sidenote: Battle of Grandella and Death of Manfred 1266.] On 26th February the decisive battle was fought in the plain of Grandella, north-westward of Benevento. Manfred’s Saracens easily scattered the Provençal foot, but were in their turn overwhelmed by the mail-clad mounted knights. The German cavalry, that were still faithful to the Hohenstaufen, sought to redress the fortunes of the day. Charles hastily directed the flower of his army against the Germans, who after a short sharp fight were outnumbered and defeated. The chivalry of Apulia took fright at the discomfiture of the Germans, and rode off the field without striking a blow. [Sidenote: Charles conquers Sicily.] Manfred saw the hopelessness of the situation, spurred his horse into the thick of the fight, and valiantly met his fate. His wife and children fell into the victor’s hands, and on that one day Charles gained his new kingdom, which he now sought to tame by stern and systematic cruelty. He was soon able to give material help to the struggling Guelfs of Tuscany. On the news of Charles’s victory reaching Florence, the Ghibellines were expelled, and the Guelfs availed themselves of their triumph to reorganise the constitution. It was the first faint beginning of Florentine democracy, and the turning-point in the whole history of the city. [Sidenote: Guelfic Revolution in Tuscany, 1266–1267.] Fearing for the permanence of their power, the Florentines called upon Charles to aid them. On Easter Day 1267, Count Guy of Montfort, the fiercest and wildest of the banished sons of Leicester, marched into the city at the head of a band of French horse. Charles was made lord of Florence for ten years. The Guelfs were almost as triumphant in Tuscany as in Naples.

[Sidenote: Conradin’s Italian Expedition, 1267–1268.]

Conradin was in his fifteenth year when the death of his uncle made him the sole surviving representative of the house of Hohenstaufen. He was a precocious and gallant youth, conscious that there was no prospect of his playing a great part in Germany, and greedily listening to the stories which Ghibelline exiles told of the wrongs of Italy and the violence of the Angevin usurper. The triumph of Charles had been too rapid to be permanent, and a strong reaction set in both in Apulia and Tuscany against the brutal violence of his partisans. A revolt broke out in Calabria. The Pope himself trembled at the completeness of his ally’s success, and Rome chose Henry of Castile, brother of Alfonso X. and an old enemy of Charles, as her Senator. Pisa raised the Ghibelline standard in Tuscany, and the northern feudalists vied with the Ghibelline cities in stemming the Guelfic tide. Conradin judged the moment opportune to try his fortunes in Italy. At the head of a small army, and accompanied by his uncle, Duke Louis of Bavaria, and by his closest friend, Frederick, the nominal Duke of Austria, the young prince crossed the Brenner, and in October 1267 entered Verona. But he was not strong enough to act at once, and Charles profited by the delay to prepare thoroughly for the struggle. At the approach of danger the jealousies of the Guelfs vanished, and Clement was as eager as Charles to destroy the ‘basilisk sprung from the seed of the dragon.’

[Sidenote: Battle of Tagliacozzo and Death of Conradin, 1268.]

Early in 1268 Conradin began to move. Welcomed in January in Ghibelline Pavia, in April he was nobly received in Pisa, where he long tarried, hoping to make head against the Guelfic reaction which, thanks to Charles’s energy, was already apparent in Tuscany. In July he entered Rome, where the Senator Henry of Castile joined his forces with the Ghibelline host. He pressed on into Apulia, hoping to join hands with the revolted Saracens of Lucera. But Charles hurried to meet him, and on 23rd August annihilated his army at the battle of Tagliacozzo. Conradin fled from the ruin of his hopes, but was betrayed to Charles, and was beheaded at Naples along with his comrade Frederick of Austria. He was the last of his race, and his death ensured the Guelfic triumph in Italy, which was henceforth to be utterly separate from Germany, and was to go through long generations of anguish before she could work out her destinies for herself. Clement IV. only just outlived the success of his policy. After his death, in November 1268, a three years’ vacancy in the Papacy completed the victory of Charles of Anjou by depriving him of the only control that could be set over his actions. It was during this period that he attained that fatal ascendency over Louis IX. that led to the expedition to Tunis, where even the sacred crusading cause was made subservient to the ambition of the lord of Naples. Yet, fierce and violent as he was, Charles’s power alone kept Italy from absolute anarchy.

While Italy was distracted by the contest between Guelfs and Ghibellines, Germany was equally divided by the troubles of the Great Interregnum which followed the death of William of Holland in 1256. [Sidenote: Germany, 1254–1273.] After Conrad IV.’s departure to Italy, William had begun to make way in Germany, and his marriage with the daughter of Duke Otto of Brunswick connected him closely with the traditional leaders of the German Guelfs. After Conrad’s death many of the partisans of the Hohenstaufen, including the Rhenish cities, recognised his claim, and no attempt was made to set up the infant Conradin as his rival. [Sidenote: King William of Holland, 1254–1256.] But if he thus gained formal recognition, William never aspired to be more than a king in name. The chief event of his reign was the union in 1254 of the Rhenish cities in a league which extended beyond its original limits as far as Ratisbon, and gave a precedent for other and even more memorable unions of German towns. The local alliance between Lübeck and Hamburg, established as far back as 1241, proved the nucleus of the famous Hanseatic League. William’s death was only important because of the troubles that a contested election evoked. The friends of the Hohenstaufen found it useless to pursue the candidature of Conradin, and were anxious to effect a compromise. They sought to find some prince who, while friendly to the Swabian traditions, was acceptable to the Pope and his partisans. Even the Rhenish archbishops, who had procured the elections of Henry and William, felt the need for peace. Thus both the Bavarian kinsfolk of Conradin, and Conrad of Hochstaden, the Guelfic archbishop of Cologne, agreed in the sort of candidate that they would welcome. They soon found no one in Germany who answered their requirements. [Sidenote: The Double Election of 1257.] Ottocar, King of Bohemia, possessed a power that far outshadowed that of any native prince, and his recent acquisition of Austria and Styria gave him a sort of claim to be considered a German. But all parties viewed with alarm the aggrandisement of so powerful and dangerous a neighbour, and looked further afield, hoping to find a candidate who, though not strong enough to overwhelm their independence, was rich and energetic enough to save them from the ambitious Czech. Conrad of Hochstaden, already well acquainted with England, declared himself in favour of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, whose wealth and reputation were great, and whose rejection of the Sicilian throne, afterwards bestowed by the Pope on his nephew Edmund, showed that he would keep clear from the complications of Italian politics. Henry III., delighted that his brother and son should divide the Hohenstaufen inheritance between them, backed up his candidature. Richard was a good friend of the Pope, and yet had been the brother-in-law and ally of Frederick II. He scattered his money freely, and the Jews, his faithful dependants in England, actively furthered his candidature. But France took the alarm at the extension of the power of her English enemies, and the inveterate Ghibelline partisans of the Italian cities would hear of no Emperor indifferent to their ancient feuds. The citizens of Pisa suggested that Alfonso X. of Castile would be a better candidate than the Earl of Cornwall, and the French party eagerly took up his claims. The ancient rights of all the German nobles to choose their king had fallen into disuse during the recent troubles, and the right of election had gradually passed to seven of their leaders, who on this occasion first definitely exercised the power that belonged to the Seven Electors of later times.

In January 1257 the Archbishop of Cologne appeared with the Count Palatine Otto of Bavaria and the proxy of the captive Archbishop of Mainz before the walls of Frankfurt. On being refused admission to the city, they formally elected Richard as King of the Romans before the gates. The Archbishop of Trier, who had held the town against them, was soon joined by the Duke of Saxony and the Margrave of Brandenburg, and on 1st April these three elected Alfonso of Castile. Ottocar of Bohemia, the remaining elector, for some time hesitated between the two, but his declaration in favour of Richard gave the English earl a majority of the votes of the electoral college. [Sidenote: The Great Interregnum, 1257–1273.] In May Richard crossed over the North Sea, and was crowned at Aachen by Archbishop Conrad. He remained nearly two years in Germany, and succeeded in getting himself generally recognised by the estates of the Rhineland. But the rest of Germany took little interest in his movements, and as soon as his money was exhausted, even his Rhenish friends grew lukewarm in his cause. More hopeful was the support of Alexander IV. and the alliance of Milan and other Italian cities. The Castilians refused to allow Alfonso to prosecute his candidature in person, and an absentee competitor might safely be neglected. Richard now hoped to be able to seek the Imperial crown at Rome. But his absorption in English politics required his return to his native land, and the death of Alexander IV. deprived him of his best chance of formal recognition.

Richard paid three subsequent visits to Germany, but never obtained any greater power. Neither his character nor his resources were adequate to the difficult task that he had undertaken, and his divided allegiance to his old and new country made real success quite impossible. His simple policy was to obtain formal recognition from the princes by making them lavish grants of privileges. A striking example of this was when in 1262 he secured the permanent friendship of Ottocar by confirming his acquisitions of Austria and Styria. For all practical purposes Germany had no king at all. The abeyance of the central power forced the princes to exercise all sovereign rights, and their feuds and factions reduced the realm to a deplorable state of anarchy. Richard’s gold had broken up the league of the Rhenish cities, and for the time the feudal party seemed to have it all their own way. Richard, despairing of general recognition, at last agreed to submit his claims to the judgment of Clement IV., though he had refused similar proffers from Urban IV. Clement died in 1268 before anything could be decided, and three years’ vacancy of the Papacy between 1268 and 1271 left the world without either a spiritual or a temporal head. The great days of Papacy and Empire were plainly over.

Henceforth the Empire was little more than an unrealised theory, but the Papacy was still a practical necessity for the age, however much the furious Guelfic partisanship of recent pontiffs had deprived the Apostolic See of its former position as spiritual director of Europe. Only a good and a strong Pope could restore peace to Italy and Germany, and in September 1271 the election of the holy Theobald of Piacenza, Archdeacon of Liége, then actually on pilgrimage in the Holy Land, secured for Europe a high-minded spiritual leader. [Sidenote: Gregory X. and the restoration of peace 1271–1276.] The short pontificate of Theobald, who took the name of Gregory X. (1271–1276), stands in noble contrast to the reigns of a Gregory IX., an Innocent IV., or a Clement IV. With the wise and peace-loving pontiff, who sought to win back Europe to better ways, the highest spirit of the Roman Church was restored. We have seen how Gregory laboured in the second Council of Lyons for the organisation of the Mendicant Orders, for the union of East and West, and for the renewal of the Crusades. He devoted himself with equal energy to ending the long anarchy in Germany. Richard of Cornwall submitted to his decision, but died in 1272 before it could be pronounced. In 1273 the Electors chose Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, in his stead. Gregory smoothed over the difficulties which might have attended his candidature, and established friendly relations with him. But the peace that the Pope loved was but of short duration. The Papacy again succumbed to the spirit of intrigue and violence, and before long fell at the hands of the grandson of St. Louis, the great-nephew of Charles of Anjou. The glory of the Papacy only outlasted the glory of the Empire for two generations: but while the Empire had become little more than a mere name, the Papacy, even in the days of the Captivity, continued, though with diminished lustre, to command the spiritual allegiance of Europe. Germany and Italy, the chief names of the Imperial idea, had hopelessly lost any prospect of national unity, while losing the wider unity of the Roman State. The real future thus remained with the localised national states, which were best represented by France, England, and the Spanish kingdoms. With their establishment on the ruins of the older system, the age of the Papacy and Empire came to an end.

APPENDIX TABLES OF SOVEREIGNS

(1) POPES.

John X., 914–928.

Leo VI., 928–929.

Stephen VII., 929–931.

John XI., 931–936.

Leo VII., 936–939.

Stephen VIII., 939–942.

Martin III. or Marinus II., 942–946.

Agapet II., 946–955.

John XII., 955–963.

Leo VIII., 963–964.

Benedict V., 964–965.

John XIII., 965–972.

Benedict VI., 972–974.

Benedict VII., 974–983.

John XIV., 983–984.

Boniface VII., Antipope, 974–984; recognised, 984–985.

John XV., 985–996.

Gregory V., 996–999.

John XVI., 997–998 (partisan of Crescentius).

Sylvester II., 999–1003.

John XVII., 1003.

John XVIII., 1003–1009.

Sergius IV., 1009–1012.

Benedict VIII., 1012–1024.

John XIX., 1024–1033.

Benedict IX., 1033–1046. } deposed in 1046. [Antipope, Sylvester III., 1044–1046.] } deposed in 1046. Gregory VI., 1044–1046. } deposed in 1046.

Clement II., 1046–1047.

Damasus II., 1048.

Leo IX., 1048–1054.

Victor II., 1055–1057.

Stephen IX., 1057–1058. [Antipope, Benedict X., 1058–1059.]

Nicholas II., 1058–1061.

Alexander II., 1061–1073. [Antipope, Honorius, 1061–1062.]

Gregory VII., 1073–1085. [Antipope, Clement III., 1080–1100.]

Victor III., 1086–1087.

Urban II., 1088–1099.

Paschal II., 1099–1118. [Antipopes, Albert, Theodoric, and Sylvester IV.]

Gelasius II., 1118–1119. [Antipope, Gregory VIII., 1118–1121.]

Calixtus II., 1119–1124.

Honorius II., 1124–1130.

Innocent II., 1130–1143. [Antipopes, Anacletus, 1130–1138. Victor, 1138 (abdicated).]

Celestine II., 1143–1144.

Lucius II., 1144–1145.

Eugenius III., 1145–1153.

Anastasius IV., 1153–1154.

Adrian IV., 1154–1159.

Alexander III., 1159–1181. [Antipopes, Victor, 1159–1164. Paschal III., 1164–1168. Calixtus III., 1168–1178. Lando, 1178–1180.]

Lucius III., 1181–1185.

Urban III., 1185–1187.

Gregory VIII., 1187.

Clement III., 1187–1191.

Celestine III., 1191–1198.

Innocent III., 1198–1216.

Honorius III., 1216–1227.

Gregory IX., 1227–1241.

Celestine IV., 1241.

Innocent IV., 1243–1254.

Alexander IV., 1254–1261.

Urban IV., 1261–1264.

Clement IV., 1265–1268.

Gregory X., 1271–1276.

(2) EMPERORS AND KINGS OF THE ROMANS.

Henry I. (the Fowler), 918–936.

*Otto I. (the Great), 936–973.

*Otto II., 973–983.

*Otto III., 983–1002.

*Henry II. (the Saint), 1002–1024.

*Conrad II. (the Salic), 1024–1039.

*Henry III. (the Black), 1039–1056.

*Henry IV., 1056–1106. [Rivals—Rudolf of Swabia, 1077–1080. Hermann of Luxemburg, 1082–1093. Conrad of Franconia, 1093–1101.]

*Henry V., 1106–1125.

*Lothair II., 1125–1138.

Conrad III., 1138–1152.

*Frederick I. (Barbarossa), 1152–1190.

*Henry VI., 1190–1197.

*Otto IV., 1197–1212, } Rivals. Philip II., 1197–1208, } Rivals.

*Frederick II., 1212–1250. [Rivals—Henry Raspe, 1246–1247; William of Holland, 1247–1256.]

Conrad IV., 1250–1254.

The Great Interregnum, 1254–1273.

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, } Rivals, 1257–1272. Alfonso X., King of Castile, } Rivals, 1257–1272.

* An asterisk is affixed to these Kings who were crowned Emperors by the Pope.

(3) EASTERN EMPERORS.

Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), 912–959. [Joint-rulers—Alexander, 912–913. Romanus I. (Lecapenus), 919–945.]

Romanus II., 959–963.

Basil II. (Bulgaroctonus), 963–1025. [Joint-rulers—Nicephorus II. (Phocas), 963–969. John I. (Zimisces), 969–976.]

Constantine VIII., 1025–1028.

Romanus III. (Argyrus), 1028–1034.

Michael IV. (the Paphlagonian), 1034–1041.

Michael V., 1041–1042.

Constantine IX. (Monomachus), 1042–1054.

Theodora, 1054–1057.

Michael VI. (Stratioticus), 1057.

Isaac I. (Comnenus), 1057–1059.

Constantine X. (Ducas), 1059–1067.

Michael VII. (Ducas), 1067–1078. [Joint-ruler—Romanus IV. (Diogenes), 1068–1071.]

Nicephorus III. (Botaniates), 1078–1081.

Alexius I. (Comnenus), 1081–1118.

John II. (Comnenus), 1118–1143.

Manuel I. (Comnenus), 1143–1180.

Alexius II. (Comnenus), 1180–1183.

Andronicus I. (Comnenus), 1183–1185.

Isaac II. (Angelus), 1185–1195.

Alexius III. (Angelus), 1195–1203.

Isaac II. (restored) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204. Alexius IV. (Angelus) } Joint-rulers 1203–1204.

Alexius V. (Ducas), 1204.

(4) LATIN EMPERORS OF THE EAST.

Baldwin I., 1204–1205.

Henry of Flanders, 1205–1216.

Peter of Courtenay, 1216–1219.

Robert, 1219–1228.

Baldwin II., 1228–1261.

(5) KINGS OF JERUSALEM.

Godfrey of Boulogne, 1099–1100 [refused the title].

Baldwin I. of Edessa, 1100–1118.

Baldwin II. of Edessa, 1118–1130.

Fulk of Anjou, 1130–1143.

Baldwin III., 1143–1163.

Amalric I., 1163–1174.

Baldwin IV. (the Leper), 1173–1185.

Baldwin V. (the Child), 1185–1186.

Guy of Lusignan, 1186–1194.

[Conrad of Montferrat, 1191–1192.]

[Henry of Champagne, 1192–1197.]

Amalric II. of Lusignan, 1197–1205.

Amalric III., 1205–1206.

John of Brienne, 1210–1225.

Iolande of Brienne, 1225–1228.

Frederick II., 1228–1250.

Hugh of Lusignan (King of Cyprus), 1268–1284.

(6) KINGS OF FRANCE.

Charles the Simple, 896–929.

[Rivals—Robert of Paris, 922–923; Rudolf of Burgundy, 923–936.]

Rudolf of Burgundy, 929–936.

Louis IV., 936–954.

Lothaire, 954–986.

Louis V., 986–987.

Hugh Capet, 987–996.

Robert II., 996–1031.

Henry I., 1031–1060.

Philip I., 1060–1108.

Louis VI., 1108–1137.

Louis VII., 1137–1180.

Philip II., Augustus, 1180–1223.

Louis VIII., 1223–1226.

Louis IX. (Saint Louis), 1226–1270.

INDEX

Aachen, 18, 46, 51, 139, 141, 258, 331, 371.

—— palace at, 46, 80.

Aarhus, 22.

Aba, king of Hungary, 61.

Abbassides, the, 158, 465.

Abbeville, 416.

Abelard, 7, 208, 211–214, 239, 240, 241, 429, 432.

Abotrites, the, 21, 226, 227, 264.

Abul Cassim, 39.

Acarnania, 348.

Acerra, Diepold of. _See_ Diepold.

Achaia, Villehardouin, Prince of, 349.

—— Princes of, 355.

Acre, 186, 192, 300, 302–303, 304, 312, 337, 368, 453, 461, 462, 463.

—— battle of, 459–460.

—— St. Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Adalbero, Archbishop of Reims, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77.

—— Archbishop of Trier, 231.

Adalbert, St., 43, 45, 379.

—— Archbishop of Bremen, 121, 122, 123, 223, 236.

—— —— of Mainz, 144, 146, 231.

Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, 87.

—— of Champagne, third wife of Louis VII., 290, 291.

Adelaide of Burgundy, wife of Otto I., 28, 29, 31, 41.

—— of Maurienne, queen of Louis VI., 282.

—— of Poitou, 69.

Adenulfus, Duke of Benevento, 106.

Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, 182, 183.

Adige, the, 29, 258.

Adolf of Holstein, 265.

—— Archbishop of Cologne, 311.

Adrian IV., Pope, 249–250, 252–254, 256.

Adrianople, 155, 162, 299, 348; battle at, 351.

Ægean, islands of, 158, 348; crusaders in, 345.

Ætolia, 348.

Affonso Henriquez, king of Portugal, 325, 470–471, 475.

Afghanistan, 168.

Africa, 158, 170, 236–237, 468, 409, 471.

—— Christianity in, 103.

Agenais, the, 416.

Agnes of Poitou, wife of Henry III., 62, 121, 122, 128.

—— daughter of Henry IV., 221.

—— wife of Henry of Brunswick, and daughter of Conrad, Count Palatine, 308, 319.

—— of France, daughter of Louis VII., and wife of Alexius II., 340.

—— of Meran, wife of Philip Augustus, 323–324, 408.

Agriculture under Frederick I., 272.

Aigues Mortes, 457.

Ain Talut, battle of, 460.

Aix (in Provence), 417, 418.

Alan ‘of the Twisted Beard,’ first Count of Brittany, 85.

Alarcos, battle of, 471.

Albania, 164, 348; Greeks in, 350.

Alberic I., Marquis of Camerino, 30.

—— II., 30, 38.

—— 381.

—— da Romano, 483.

Albert the Bear, the Margrave, 226, 232, 233, 251, 264, 265, 268.

—— of Brabant, claimant to Liège, 307.

—— of Buxhöwden, 379.

—— the Great, 378, 447.

Albi, 216.

Albigenses, the, 216–217, 334, 394, 397, 398, 401, 419, 433, 436.

Albigensian Crusade, the, 332. _See also_ Albigenses.

Albigeois, 287.

Albina, daughter of Tancred, 317.

Alcantara, Order of, 207, 471.

Alençon, Peter, Count of. _See_ Peter.

Aleppo, 158, 195; Ameer of, 159–160.

Alessandria founded (1168), 259, 260; besieged, 261, 382.

Alexander II., Pope, 116, 124, 145.

—— III., Pope, 6, 256, 257–264, 269–270, 288, 471.

—— IV., Pope, 444, 446, 481–484, 490.

—— joint-emperor of Eastern Empire, 152.

—— of Hales, 445, 446, 447.

Alexandria, 195, 458.

Alexius I., Comnenus, 173–175, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184–185, 336–338.

—— II., Comnenus, 340.

—— III., 312, 342, 345.

—— IV., Angelus, 342, 344–346.

—— V. (Ducas), Murzuphlus, 346.

Alfonse of Poitiers, Count of Poitou, 407, 408, 410, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 458.

—— Jordan, Count of Toulouse, 283–284, 287.

Alfonso, king of Leon, 326.

—— I., of Aragon, 467, 470.

—— VI., of Castile, 467, 468, 469.

—— VIII., king of Castile, 395, 421, 431, 467, 468, 469.

—— X., the Wise, of Castile, 10, 473, 475–476, 487, 490.

Alfred, king of Wessex, 15, 25.

Algarve, 473, 475.

—— Spanish, 473.

Algebra, Arabic, 363.

Alice, daughter of Louis VII. and Constance of Castile, betrothed to Richard of Aquitaine, 288, 290, 293, 302.

—— of Champagne. _See_ Adela.

—— queen of Cyprus, 409.

Almansor, 466.

Almohades, the, 469–472.

Almoravides, the, 468–471.

Alp Arslan, Seljukian Sultan, 169, 171, 172, 179.

Amalfi, 117, 227.

Amalric I., king of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

—— II., of Lusignan, 453.

—— III., of Lusignan, 453.

—— of Bena, 433.

—— of Montfort, 456. _See_ Amaury.

Amaury, abbot of Cîteaux, 399, 400.

—— de Montfort, 402, 406.

Amiens, 291, 292.

—— treaty of, 416.

Anacletus II., Antipope, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 241, 281.

Anagni, 257, 262; meeting of Gregory IX. and Frederick II. at, 369.

Anastasius IV., Pope, 249.

Ancona, 310; siege of, 261, 310; March of, 384.

Andalous (Andalusia), 464, 468, 470, 471, 472, 473.

Andechs-Meran, house of, 323.

Andernach, 19.

Andrew, king of Hungary, 61, 326, 452, 453, 454.

Andronicus Comnenus, 340–341.

Angelus, house of, 341–346, 351, 353.

Angevins. _See_ Anjou.

Angoulême, Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.

Ani captured, 169.

Aniane, Benedict of, 97.

Anjou, county of, 71, 76, 79, 87, 88; rise of the house of, 286–287, 395–396, 404, 415, 416, 417. _See_ Bertrada, Charles, Fulk, Geoffrey, Henry, Joan, John, Richard.

Anna Comnena, 107, 173, 337, 338.

Anne of Russia, wife of Henry I. of France, 79.

Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, 116, 121, 122, 123.

Anselm, St., of Canterbury, 7, 100, 139, 141, 210.

—— of Laon, 211.

—— Bishop of Lucca. _See_ Alexander II.

Anthony, St., of Padua, 441, 445.

Antioch, 160, 163, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 192, 195, 196, 285–300, 453; principality of, 117, 460; capture of by Bibars, 460.

—— Frederick of. _See_ Frederick.

Anweiler, Markwald of. _See_ Markwald.

Aosta, 210.

Apulia, 10, 11, 50, 166, 227, 228, 230, 253, 261, 306–307, 309–310, 311–312, 316–318, 328, 367, 369, 374, 390, 458, 479; the Normans and, 105, 106, 114, 117.

Aquileia, 29; patriarch of, 50.

Aquino, St Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Aquitaine, 75, 89, 90, 280–281, 286–287, 395, 396, 398, 406, 415, 416; barons of, 76; dukes of, 91. _See also_ William V. of; William the Pious of, and Eleanor of.

Arabs, the, 39; of South Italy, 34; and Aristotle, 432; civilisation of, 169, 170; and Holy Sepulchre, 178; and Frederick II., 360, 361.

Aragon, 215, 229, 325, 326, 327, 467, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475–476.

—— kings of. _See_ Peter II. and James I.

Aral, Sea of, 456.

Arbrissel, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Archers, Norman, 175.

Archipelago, Duchy of the, 352.

Architecture, Romanesque, 7. _See also_ Romanesque.

—— Gothic, 7, 378, 403. _See also_ Gothic.

Ardoin of Ivrea, 49, 52, 106.

Arelate, the, 3, 23, 53, 55, 56, 80, 266, 289, 308, 320, 386, 398, 417, 419.

Arezzo, 100.

Argenton, 320.

Argyrus, son of Meles, 107.

Aribert, archbishop of Milan, 53, 58, 59, 238.

Aribo, archbishop of Mainz, 50, 51, 52.

Aristotle, 214, 447; translations by Michael Scot of, 363; study of, 432; Averroes’ commentaries on, 433.

Arles, kingdom of. _See_ Arelate.

—— kings of, Conrad, 51. _See_ Rudolf III.; Constance of. _See_ Constance; archbishop of, 418.

Armenia, 155, 170, 171, 326; kingdom of, 303, 311, 453, 454; attacked by Togrul Beg, 169.

Armenian kingdom in Cilicia, the, 179.

Armenians, the, 165, 339.

Arnold of Brescia, 208, 213, 234, 239–242, 249–250.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 250.

Arnulf of Carinthia, 13.

—— duke of Bavaria, 15, 18, 20.

—— (2), Count Palatine, 19.

—— archbishop of Reims, 42, 44.

Arpad, house of, 61.

Arthur, legend of, 378.

—— duke of Brittany, 395.

Artois, 86, 291, 292.

—— Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Art, 2, 7, 10.

Arts in East, 157; under Frederick II., 362, 363.

Arundel, Earl of, 454.

Ascalon, battle of, 183; barony of, 186.

Asia, 169; nobles of, 171.

—— Central, 167, 168.

—— Minor, 4, 155, 163, 172, 179, 182–183, 192, 351.

Assisi, 333, 388, 434, 435, 439; St. Francis’ chapel at, 439.

Assizes of Jerusalem, 186, 355.

—— of Romania, 355.

Asti, 260; captured, 261.

Atabeks, rise of the, 191, 195.

Athelstan, 15, 68.

Athens, Odo, Lord of, 349; dukes of, 355.

Athos, Mount, 157.

Attalia, 192.

Attica, 155.

Attila, 167.

Augsburg, 23; treaty at, 269.

Augustine of Hippo, St., 205, 440.

Augustus. _See_ Philip Augustus, King of France.

Aumâle, the peace of, 292.

Aurillac, 42, 43, 209.

Austin, St., rule of, 437.

—— Canons, 204–206.

—— Friars, the, 440.

Austria, 23, 37, 223, 329; the duchy of, created, 251, 265; dukes of, 353, 375, 478, 479, 490. _See_ Frederick and Leopold.

Auvergne, 89, 90, 287, 289, 407, 413, 415; Synod in, 138; and Hugh Capet, 76; William of. _See_ William.

Auxerre, Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Aventine, palace on, 44.

Averroes, 432, 433, 466.

Averroists, the, 433.

Aversa, 107; foundation of, 105.

Avignon, 398, 406, 448.

Ayoub, 457.

Ayoubites, the, 455.

_Azymites_, 350.

Bacon, Roger, friar, 447, 451.

Badajoz, 468.

Bagdad, 158, 169, 170, 465.

_Baillage_, the court of the, 425.

_Baillis_, the, 404, 424.

Bailiffs, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Balearic Islands, the, 473.

Balkans, the, 163.

Baltic, the, 21, 380.

Baldwin of Boulogne, first Count of Edessa, 182, 184, 185.

—— —— the younger, 182.

—— of the Iron Arm, first Count of Flanders, 85.

—— V., Count of Flanders, 80, 86.

—— VII., Count of Flanders, 278.

—— IX., Count of Flanders, 343. _See also_ Baldwin I., Latin Emperor in the East.

—— Count of Hainault, 291.

—— I., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne, and Baldwin, Count of Edessa.

—— II., King of Jerusalem, 185. _See also_ Baldwin of Boulogne the younger.

—— III., King of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

—— IV., King of Jerusalem, 193.

—— I., Latin Emperor in the East, 348, 351, 352.

—— II., Latin Emperor in the East, 353, 354, 355, 387.

Bamberg, 225.

—— cathedral of, consecrated, 50.

—— Suidgar, bishop of, 63. _See_ Clement II.

Bandinelli, Roland, 253–254, 256. _See also_ Alexander III.

Barbarians, invasions of, 15.

Barbarossa. _See_ Frederick I.

Barcelona, 43, 91, 419.

—— county of, 465, 466, 470.

Bari, 38, 103, 104, 107, 117, 118, 156, 172, 174, 230.

—— Synod of, 139.

Barral des Baux, 418.

Basil, dynasty of, 170.

—— I., the Macedonian, Eastern Emperor, 152, 167.

—— II., Eastern Emperor, 159, 163, 164, 165, 167.

—— St., shrine of, 171.

_Basilica_, the, code of laws, 154.

Basilius, chamberlain of John Zimisces, 162, 163.

Basque language, the, 90.

_Bastides_, 415.

Baty, Tartar chief, 385.

Bavaria, 2, 15, 16, 18, 19, 28, 37, 40, 47, 56, 58, 64, 121, 133, 139, 231, 232, 248, 266, 268, 329.

—— Otto of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of. _See_ Otto.

—— Welf or Guelf, Duke of. _See_ Welf.

Beatrice of Provence, 418, 485.

—— wife of Otto IV., 329.

—— wife (1) of Boniface of Tuscany, (2) of Godfrey the Bearded, 109.

Beatrix of Savoy, 417.

Beaucaire, 418.

—— Seneschal of, 413.

Beauce, the, 78, 277.

Beaugency, Council of, 285.

_Beauséant_, 190.

Beauvais, 277.

Bec, Le, abbey of, 48, 100, 209, 210.

Becket. _See_ Thomas, St., archbishop of Canterbury.

Bela II., King of Hungary, 226.

—— III., King of Hungary, 299.

Bena, Amalric of. _See_ Amalric.

Benedict V., Pope, 33.

—— VIII., Pope, 48, 50, 63. 105.

—— IX., Pope, 63.

—— X., Antipope, 112, 113.

—— St., of Nursia, rule of, 94, 98.

—— St., of Aniane, 97.

Benedictine nuns, 438.

Benedictines, the, 443.

Benefices, feudal, become hereditary, 56, 57.

Benevento, 34, 107, 127, 485.

—— Lombard dukes of, 103.

Berbers, the, 468, 469.

Berengar, the Emperor, 27, 28.

—— of Ivrea, King of Italy, 28, 29, 30, 33.

—— of Tours, 111, 114, 209.

Berengaria of Castile, 326.

—— of Navarre, queen of Richard I., 302.

Bergamo, 259, 269.

Bernard, St., 7, 189, 191–192, 199, 202, 207–208, 209, 212–214, 215, 228–229, 232, 234–235, 240, 241, 242, 276, 281–282, 285, 432, 470.

—— of Anhalt, 268.

—— of Ventadour, 397.

—— Sylvester, 211.

Bernardone, John. _See_ Francis, St. Berno of Cluny, 97.

Bernward, St., bishop of Hildesheim, 41, 45, 46.

Berri, 76, 90, 287.

Bertha of Sulzbach, wife of Manuel I., 192. _See also_ Irene.

—— Empress of Henry IV., and daughter of Odo of Turin, 122, 123, 130, 138.

—— of Holland, repudiated by Philip I. of France, 80, 81, 275.

—— widow of Odo I. wife of Robert II., 78.

Berthold of Hohenburg, 480.

—— of Zähringen, 222, 248, 251.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 18.

—— of Ratisbon, 441, 442.

Bertrada of Montfort, Countess of Anjou, 80, 138, 278.

Bertrand de Born, 397.

Bessin, the, 83.

Besançon, 130.

—— Diet at, 252, 253, 254, 268.

Bethlehem, 368.

Béziers, Raymond Roger, Viscount of. _See_ Raymond Roger.

Biandrate, Counts of, 260.

Bibars, the Sultan, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463.

Bieda, 140.

Billung, Hermann, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23, 35.

Billungs, the, 232.

Birthen, 19.

Black Forest, 54.

Blanche of Castile wife of Louis VIII., 395, 407, 408, 410, 420, 426.

Blaye, 414.

Blois, 286, 289–291, 343.

—— the house of, 76, 79, 86, 87, 277, 279–280, 286, 291–292, 416.

Bobbio, 44.

Bogomilians, 174, 216.

Bohemia, 5, 23, 34, 37, 40, 41, 43, 60, 61, 142, 215, 226, 252, 326, 329.

Bohemund, son of Robert Guiscard, prince of Antioch, 47, 175, 182, 184, 185, 194.

Boleslav, king of Poland, 54.

—— king of Bohemia, 23.

—— duke of Poland, 48, 226.

—— IV., king of Poland, 252.

Bologna, 219, 237, 247, 259, 269, 382, 386, 391, 437, 444, 445.

—— schools and university of, 218, 219, 255, 313, 429, 430.

Bonaventura, St., 447.

Boniface of Tuscany, 109.

—— of Montferrat, king of Thessalonica, 344, 345, 347, 348, 351, 352.

_Boni homines_ (municipal), 238.

Bordeaux, English seneschal of, 413.

—— siege of, 414.

Born, Bertrand de. _See_ Bertrand.

Borrel, Count of Barcelona, 43.

Boso, founder of kingdom of Provence, brother of Richard the Justiciar, 88.

Bouchard the Venerable, 76.

Boulogne, 286, 287, 291.

—— the Counts of, 86, 87, 330. _See_ also Eustace, Philip, Stephen.

—— Godfrey of. _See_ Godfrey.

Bourbon, 417.

Bourges, 75, 81, 277, 287.

—— Peter, archbishop of. _See_ Châtre, Peter de la.

Bouvines, battle of, 331, 393, 396.

Bowides, the, 158, 169.

Brabant, the Dukes of, 307, 308, 330, 388.

Braga, Burdinus of. _See_ Gregory VIII.

Brancaleone, senator of Rome, 482.

Brandenburg, 16, 22, 223, 378, 490.

—— the Margraves of, 378.

Breakspear, Nicholas, 249. _See also_ Adrian IV.

Brennabor. _See_ Brandenburg.

Bremen, 226, 379.

—— Adalbert of. _See_ Adalbert.

—— archbishopric of, 223, 265.

Brenner Pass, the, 31, 50, 53, 134, 248, 250.

Brenner, the, 487.

Brescia, 239, 240, 381, 382.

—— Arnold of. _See_ Arnold.

Bretislav, Duke of Bohemia, 60, 61.

Brienne, house of, 355.

—— John of. _See_ John.

—— Iolande or Isabella of. _See_ Isabella.

—— Walter of. _See_ Walter.

Brindisi, 367, 368, 452.

Brittany, 75, 84, 85, 91, 212, 395, 408, 416.

—— Arthur of. _See_ Arthur.

—— Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Brixen, Poppo, bishop of. _See_ Damasus II.

Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, 24, 25, 31.

—— bishop of Toul. _See_ Leo IX.

—— St., founder of the Carthusian order, 200–201, 209.

—— cousin of Otto III. _See_ Gregory V.

Brunswick, 265, 268, 331.

—— Egbert of, 121. _See_ Egbert.

—— new duchy of, 375.

Bruys, Peter de. _See_ Peter.

Bulgaria, 34, 155, 157, 162–164, 167, 168, 192, 215, 326, 341–342, 361–352, 353.

Burdinus of Braga. _See_ Gregory VIII.

Burgundy, 28, 55, 59, 60, 67, 69, 116, 138, 202, 228, 260, 289, 413, 416.

—— Frederick I.’s policy in, 248, 251–252, 270, 478, 479.

—— as buffer-state, 56.

—— Conrad II.’s policy in, 58.

—— dialect of, 90.

—— duchy of, history of, 88, 89.

—— Robert II.’s conquest of, 78.

—— duchy of, Capetian, 76.

—— Free County of, 145.

—— kingdom of, 3, 55. _See also_ Arelate, and Arles, kingdom of.

Burgundies, consolidation of the two, 4.

Burkhard, Duke of Swabia, 37.

—— bishop of Worms, 50.

Buxhöwden, Albert of. _See_ Albert.

Byzantine power in South Italy, 160.

—— Empire, the, 161–175; in the twelfth century, 336–342.

Byzantium. _See_ Constantinople.

_Byzants_, the, 156.

Cadalus, Bishop of Parma. _See_ Honorius II., 116.

Cadiz, 473.

Caen, French of, 83.

Cærularius, Michael, Patriarch of Constantinople, 103, 109, 167.

Cæsarea captured by Seljukians, 171.

Cæsar, title of, renewed, 270.

Cahors, 287, 415.

Cahorsins, 426.

Cairo, 195, 465.

Cairoan, 158, 178.

Calabria, 39, 53, 114, 115, 166, 201, 227, 230, 486.

—— Greeks of, 53.

—— Theme of, 156.

Calatrava, 470, 471, 472.

—— Order of, 207, 470–471.

Caliphate, break-up of, 168, 169, 178.

—— of Bagdad, destroyed by the Tartars, 460.

Caliphs, Abbasside, 158.

—— Fatimite, 117, 158, 178.

—— Ommeyad, 158.

—— —— at Cordova, 465–466.

Calixtus II., Pope, 145, 146, 147, 149, 202.

—— Antipope, 260, 263.

Camaldoli, order of, 100, 219.

Camerino, 30.

Campagna, Saracens in the, 386.

Cannæ, battle of, 105.

Canon Law, the, 219–220, 382.

Canonists, the, 432.

Canons, Regular, 6, 204–206, 226, 438.

—— —— in cathedrals, 205, 226.

—— Secular, 226.

Canossa, 143, 263.

—— Henry IV. at, 131, 132.

—— siege of, 137.

Canterbury, 210.

—— disputed election to, 325.

—— shrine of St. Thomas at, 289.

—— Anselm of. _See_ Anselm, St.

—— Thomas of. _See_ Thomas, St.

Canute the Great, King of Denmark and England, 53.

—— VI., King of Denmark, 265, 270, 320, 323, 326.

Capet, Hugh. _See_ Hugh.

Cappadocia, 161, 171, 172.

Capua, 34, 50, 106, 114, 227, 328, 362, 485.

—— Dukes of, 103.

—— Norman principality of, 117.

Carcassonne, 400, 409, 414, 418.

—— the _ville_ and _cité_ of, 425, 426.

—— Seneschal of, 413.

Cardinal, Peire, 398.

Carinthia, 37.

—— Arnulf of. _See_ Arnulf.

—— Conrad of. _See_ Conrad.

Carmel, Mount, hermits of. _See_ Carmelites.

Carmelites, 440.

Carniola, 37.

Carolingian Empire, the, 15.

Carolingians, West Frankish, fall of the, 40.

Carolings, the, 2, 3, 13, 14, 17, 23, 26, 31, 38, 47, 51, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 97.

_Carta Caritatis_, the, 202, 204.

Carthage, 461, 462.

Carthusians, the, 6, 200–201, 257, 290.

_Cas Royal_, the, 425.

Casciano, battle of, 483.

Cassim, Abul, 39.

Castel del Monte, 364.

Castelnau, Peter of. _See_ Peter.

Castile, 10, 229, 336, 420, 431, 465, 466, 467–469, 471, 472, 473–476.

—— Blanche of. _See_ Blanche.

Castle, the feudal, 3, 9.

—— building in the Latin East, 188.

Castrogiovanni, battle of, 118.

Catalans, the, 355, 361.

Catalonia, 465.

_Catapan_, the, 103.

Cathari, the, 215, 334, 388, 433.

Cavalry, feudal, 3, 175.

Cavalry, heavy, in army of John Zimisces, 162.

—— Greek, 171.

—— Saxon, 16.

Celano, Thomas of. _See_ Thomas.

Celestine II., Pope, 241.

—— III., Pope, 271, 305–306, 309–313, 314, 323, 233.

—— IV., Pope, 385.

_Centumgravii_, the, 373.

Cevennes, the, 90.

Châlon, 213.

—— the Bishop of, 203.

Châlons, Bishops of, 86. _See also_ William.

Chamberlains, Frederick II.’s, 362.

_Chambre des Comptes_, the, 425.

Champagne, 76, 79, 86, 87, 284, 286, 289–291, 343, 413, 416.

—— its union with Blois, 280.

—— Odo of. _See_ Urban II., 137.

—— Counts of. _See_ Odo, Theobald, Henry of.

Champeaux, William of, 145. _See_ William.

Chancellor, the Episcopal, of the University of Paris, 430.

Chandax, Saracen stronghold, 159.

_Chansons de Geste_, 84.

Charente, the, 414, 416.

Charismians, 456, 457.

Charlemagne, romances of, 378. _See_ Charles the Great.

Charles the Bald, 56, 85.

—— the Great, 3, 4, 22, 31, 46, 151, 230, 378.

—— —— House of, 70, 72, 73. _See_ Carolingians.

—— —— Canonisation of, 258.

—— Martel, 170.

—— the Simple, 14, 15, 17, 66, 67, 68, 83.

—— of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, 354, 355, 407, 408, 416, 418, 419, 421, 447, 458, 461, 462, 484, 488.

—— of Denmark, Count of Flanders (the Good), 278.

—— Duke of Lower Lorraine, uncle of Louis V., 71, 77.

_Charter of Charity_, the, 202, 204.

Chateau Gaillard, castle of, 394.

Châtre, Peter de la, Archbishop of Bourges, 284. _See_ Peter.

Chartres, 286.

—— the School of, 211, 213, 214.

—— Ivo, Bishop of. _See_ Ivo.

—— House of, 78, 87. _See also_ Blois, house of.

Chartreuse, la Grande, 289. _See also_ Carthusians.

Cherson, theme of, 155.

Chester, Earl of, 454.

Chiavenna, 206, 261.

Children, the Crusade of the, 452.

China, 168, 174, 385.

Chios, 348.

_Chiusa di Verona, La_, 258.

Chivalry, 2.

Chrodegang, the rule of, 205.

Christian, Archbishop of Mainz, 262.

—— first Bishop of the Prussians, 379.

Cid, the, 467–469.

Cilicia, 155, 159, 160, 271, 300, 339.

—— Armenian kingdom in, 183.

Cistercians, the, 6, 201–204, 257, 265, 290, 399, 438, 443.

—— in Spain, 470–471.

Citeaux, 202–204, 206, 290, 385.

Civitate, battle of (1017), 105.

—— battle of (1053), 108, 114.

—— Diet at (1232), 372.

Civil Law, the, 7, 217–219.

Clair-on-Epte, Treaty of, 83.

Clairvaux, 202, 204, 234, 385. _See also_ Bernard, St.

Clara Scifi. _See_ Clare, St.

Clare, St., 439.

Clares, the Poor. _See_ Claresses.

Claresses, 439.

Clari, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Classics, study of, in 11th and 12th centuries, 100.

Clement II., Pope, 63, 64.

—— III., Pope, 271, 278, 305, 313.

—— III., Antipope, 134, 135, 140.

—— IV., 485–491.

Clermont, Council of, 138, 139, 180–181.

—— Innocent II.’s Synod at, 229.

Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, Robert of. _See_ Robert.

Clito. _See_ William the Clito.

Cluny, 5, 6, 25, 56, 63, 84, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 120, 125, 126, 137, 145, 178, 199, 203, 209, 213, 228, 229, 384, 387, 420.

—— and Gregory VII., 125, 126.

Cluniac ideals, 51.

Cluniacs, the, 41, 50, 51, 52, 92.

Coblenz, 140, 231.

Coimbra, county of, 467, 470.

Coinage, St. Louis and the, 425.

Cologne, 121, 141, 144, 201, 206, 255, 268, 320, 321, 330, 331, 378.

—— archbishops of, 25, 50, 51, 52, 262, 305, 307. _See also_ Adolf, Anno, Engelbert, Philip, Pilgrim, and Rainold.

—— Diet at (1198), 320.

—— School of, 447.

Colonisation, German, 264, 265, 266.

Colombières, 294.

Columban, St., 44.

Combat, trial by, 424.

Comedies, Latin, 25.

_Comites Imperialis Militiæ_, 45.

Commerce, Greek, 157, 158.

—— treaty of, between Sviatoslav and John Zimisces, 162.

—— under Frederick I., 272.

Comminges, Count of, 401.

Commune of Rome, the, 240–241, 250, 253, 318–319.

Communes, the French, 282, 429.

—— the Italian, 237–239.

Como, 261, 269.

Company of Death, the, 262.

Compiègne, synod at, 323, 324.

Comnenus, dynasty of, 171–173, 336–340, 350, 351, 355.

Conan, Duke of Brittany, 287.

Conceptualism, 212.

Conches, William of. _See_ William.

Concordat of Worms (1122), 147, 148, 149, 225.

Congregational idea, 199–200, 204.

Congregation of Cluny, the, 97, 100.

Conrad I., king of the Germans, 12, 13, 14.

—— II., the Salic, Emperor, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 78, 101, 106, 224.

—— III., 192–193, 231–234, 236, 242–243, 245–246, 283, 340.

—— IV., 456, 459, 460, 478–480.

—— of Franconia, son of Henry IV. (Anti-Cæsar), 1093 137, 139, 140.

—— Duke of Franconia, son of Frederick of Büren, 222, 224, 225, 231. _See also_ Conrad III.

—— son of Frederick II., king of the Romans, 368, 375, 383, 385, 388, 391. _See also_ Conrad IV.

—— Duke of Swabia, 51. _See_ Conrad II.

—— Duke of Carinthia, cousin of Conrad II. of Swabia, 51, 58, 101.

—— father of Conrad of Carinthia, 51, 101.

—— Count Palatine of the Rhine, half-brother of Frederick Barbarossa, 251, 308.

—— of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne, 488–490.

—— of Marburg, Franciscan, 373, 382.

—— of Montferrat, king of Jerusalem, 302–303, 341, 453.

—— the Pacific, king of Arles, 23, 51, 55.

—— the Red, Duke of Lorraine, 20, 21, 23, 29, 51.

—— of Urslingen, 310.

Conradin, 459, 480, 482, 486–487.

_Conseil, Grand_, the, 424.

_Consolamentum_, the, 216.

Constance, 55.

—— Diet of, 62.

—— the treaty of (1153), 248, 249.

—— treaty of (1183), 263–264, 309.

Constance of Arles, 78.

—— of Brittany, 287.

—— of Castile, queen of Louis VII., 290.

—— of Sicily, wife of Henry VI., 269, 270, 301, 305, 306, 310, 316–317.

—— sister of Louis VII., Countess of Toulouse, 287, 398.

Constantine I., 144, 177.

—— VII., Porphyrogenitus, 152–158, 162, 163.

—— VIII., 159–165.

—— IX., Monomachus, 109, 166.

—— X., Ducas, 171.

Constantinople, 8, 34, 45, 152, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 182, 192, 193, 236, 322, 337, 338, 339, 341, 353, 354.

—— church of St. Sophia in, 341, 348, 350.

—— Fourth Crusade turned against, 345, 346.

—— organisation of, 348.

—— sack of, 351.

—— and Thessalonica, rivalry of, 351

_Consuetudines Cluniacenses_, 97.

_Consuls_ (municipal), 238, 263.

Conti, house of, 313.

_Conversi_, 200, 201, 440.

Corbeil, 76.

—— treaty of (1258), 419.

Corbogha, Ameer of Mosul, 183.

Cordova, 43, 473.

—— the Caliphs of, 465–466.

—— Mosque and cathedral of, 473.

—— Schools of, 466.

Corfu, Robert Guiscard dies at, 136.

Corinth, Marquises of, 349.

Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. _See_ Richard.

Corsairs, Moorish, 159.

Corsi, house of, 228.

Corsica, 239, 310.

Cortenuova, battle of, 381.

_Cortes_ of Spain, the, 474.

Cortona, Elias of. _See_ Elias.

Corvey, 25, 122.

Cos, 348.

Côtentin, the, 83, 106.

Cotrone, 39.

Coucy, the forest of, 206.

—— house of, 277.

Council of Beaugency, 285.

—— at Genoa (1241), 384.

—— at Ingelheim, 69.

—— the first General Lateran (1123), 149.

—— the second General Lateran (1139), 234, 240.

—— the third General Lateran (1179), 269.

—— the fourth General Lateran (1215), 315, 334, 437, 452.

—— General, at Lyons, the first (1245), 386, 387.

—— ——the second (1274), 440, 457, 462.

—— at Mantua, 116.

—— at Pavia (1046), 63.

—— of Pavia (1159), 256.

—— at Reims (1119), 145.

—— at Rome, summoned by Gregory IX., 384.

—— of Sens, 240.

—— —— (1131), 281.

—— of Sutri (1046), 63.

—— at Tours (1163), 257, 288.

—— at Worms (1076), 128.

Councils. _See also_ Synods.

Courçon, Cardinal, his statutes for the University of Paris, 433.

Courtenay, Peter of. _See_ Peter

_Credentia_ (municipal), 238.

Crema, 255.

—— Guy of. _See_ Paschal III.

Cremona, 28, 261, 269, 270, 309, 382, 383, 390, 483.

—— Diet at, 366.

—— Liutprand of. _See_ Liutprand.

Crescentii, the, 35, 112.

Crescentius I., 38.

—— II., John, son of the above, 41, 42, 43.

—— III., son of the above, 49, 50.

Crete, 155, 158, 159, 348, 355.

Crimea, the, 156.

Cross, the True, 178, 195.

Croton, 39.

Crown, the Iron, 137.

Crusade, the first, 138, 175, 179.

—— the second, 191–193, 208, 232–233, 284–285.

—— the third, 294, 295–304, 393.

—— the fourth, 8, 156, 343–346, 450.

—— the fifth, 452–455.

—— the sixth, 420, 421, 457–459.

—— the seventh, 425, 461–462.

—— the last, 450–463.

—— of Edward I., 462.

—— of the Children, the, 452.

—— projected by Henry VI., 311, 312.

—— preached by Urban IV., 354, 355.

Crusades, the, 2, 10, 39, 40, 84, 92, 139, 140, 170, 271, 348, 349, 350, 351, 364, 394.

—— their effects on the Byzantine Empire, 337.

—— Frederick II.’s, 364, 365, 366, 379, 455.

—— Innocent III. and the, 332–333.

—— Innocent IV. and the, 387.

—— the Albigensian, 394, 399, 400, 401, 405, 406, 407, 409.

_Curia Regis_, the, 424.

Cunigunde, Empress of Henry II., 48.

Cyclades, duchy of the, 348, 352.

Cyprus, 157, 160, 161, 301, 302, 303, 304, 340–341, 342, 351, 355, 457, 459.

—— the kings of, 463.

Cyril, 157.

Czechs, the, 266, 379. _See also_ Bohemia.

Dalmatia, 155, 345.

Damascus, 160, 192, 193, 195, 456.

Damasus II., Pope, 64, 101.

Damiani, Peter. _See_ Peter.

Damietta, 365, 454, 455, 458.

Dandolo, Henry, Doge of Venice, 343, 344, 348, 349.

Danes, the, 15, 16, 23, 37, 40, 155, 163, 178.

Dante, 363, 390, 392, 449.

Dardanelles, the, 345.

Dark Ages, end of, 3–4, 96.

Dassel. _See_ Rainald of Dassel.

Dauphiny, 301, 214.

David, monk, 142.

_De Consideratione_, Bernard’s, 242.

Decretals of Gregory IX., the, 382.

_Decretum_ of Gratian, the, 219.

Dedi, the Margrave, 122, 123.

Demetrius, king of Thessalonica, 352, 353.

_Demiurgus_, the, 216.

Denmark, 34, 83, 84, 248, 320, 321, 323, 326, 331, 383.

—— Canute of. _See_ Canute.

—— Engelbert’s war with, 371.

—— German influence over, 226.

—— Valdemar II. of. _See_ Valdemar.

Desiderius, Abbot of Monte Casino. _See_ Victor III.

Dialects, Romance, 89, 90.

Diepold of Acerra, 317–318, 328.

_Dies Iræ_, the, 442.

Diet at Civitate (1232), 372.

—— of Cologne (1198), 320.

—— of Constance, 62.

—— at Forchheim, 132.

—— of Mühlhausen, 320.

—— at Pavia, 59.

—— of Roncaglia (1154), 248.

—— —— (1158), 254–255.

—— at Tribur, 122.

—— at Verona (983), 39.

Diets, 48.

—— at Besançon, 252, 253, 254, 268.

—— at Mainz, 268, 374.

—— of Worms (1179), 266.

—— of Würzburg, 146, 257, 267.

Diocletian, 270.

Dionysius the Areopagite, St., 212.

Dominic de Guzman, St., 316, 333, 367, 399, 410, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 444.

Dominicans, the, 436–439, 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 446.

—— in Germany and Italy, 373.

—— and St. Louis, 422, 423.

—— at Toulouse, 410, 413, 414.

Dordogne, 90, 406.

Dorylæum, battle of, 183.

Dorystolum, battle of, 162.

Douai, 85.

Douro, the, 465, 467.

Drogo, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 107, 114.

Dreux, 285.

Ducas, house of, 172, 353.

Dudo of St. Quentin, 83.

Durance, the, 417.

Durazzo. _See_ Dyrrhachium.

Düsseldorf, 121.

Dyrrhachium (Durazzo), 164, 175, 180, 352.

—— theme of, 155.

Eadgifu, daughter of Edward the Elder, 68.

East Mark, the, 223. _See also_ Austria.

Eberhard, Duke of Franconia, 12, 18–19.

Ebles, Count of Poitou, 89.

Ebro, the, 465.

Eckhard, Margrave of Meissen, 41, 43, 47.

Eccelin da Romano, 381, 382, 390, 482–483.

Edessa, 163, 184.

—— county of, 183.

—— fall of, 191.

Edith, daughter of Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 35.

Edmund of England, son of Henry III., 480, 481, 484.

Edward the Elder of Wessex, 15, 68, 89.

—— I. of England, 10, 416, 443, 461, 462.

Egbert, Count of Brunswick, 121.

—— Margrave of Meissen, 223.

Eger, Golden Bull of, 331.

Egypt, 158, 178, 195, 343, 359, 420, 426, 454, 456.

Eisenach, 378.

El Hakim, 178.

Elbe, the, 21, 40, 48, 264, 268.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II. of England, 9, 192, 281, 283, 284, 285–286, 288, 289, 290, 292, 395.

—— sister of John, 395.

—— of Provence, Queen of Henry III. of England, 417.

Electors, the seven, 489.

Elias of Cortona, friar, 436, 445.

Elizabeth, St., of Thuringia, 382, 388.

El-Kamil, Sultan of Egypt, 368, 454, 455.

Elster, battle of the, 134.

Emeric, King of Hungary, 326.

_Emirs-ul-Omra_, 158.

Engelbert, St., archbishop of Cologne, 370, 371, 372, 378.

England, 3, 10, 15, 53, 80, 87, 229, 265, 267, 288, 327, 374, 375, 396, 414.

—— and Frederick II., 374, 375.

—— and the Guelfs, 265, 268.

—— imperial overlordship over, 308.

—— and Innocent III., 327.

_Enquesteurs_, the, 424.

Enzio, son of Frederick II., 382, 385, 390, 391.

Ephesus, bishopric of, 173.

Epic, the, 7.

Epirus, 155, 348, 350, 351.

—— Despot of, 352, 353, 354.

Erfurt, 268.

Ernest, Duke of Swabia, 51, 52, 54.

Es-Saleh Ayoub, 456, 459.

Eschenbach, Wolfram of. _See_ Wolfram.

Esthonians, the, 379.

Etampes, 76, 277.

Eubœa, 348.

Eudocia, widow of Constantine X., 171.

Eugenius III., Pope, 208, 213, 241–242, 249.

Euphrates, the, 163, 183.

Eustace of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey, 182.

—— —— son of King Stephen, 287.

—— of Flanders, 343.

Evora, Order of, 471.

Evreux, 395.

Exchequer Court, the (France), 424.

Faculties, University, 430.

Faenza, 384.

Farfa, 27.

Fatimites, the, 117, 178, 183, 195.

Federation of Lombard cities, 258, 259, 260.

Ferdinand I., first king of Castile, 466.

—— III., Saint, king of Castile, 473.

Ferrand, Count of Flanders, 330.

Ferrara, 483.

Ferté, La, abbey of, 204.

Feudal system, 13.

Feudalisation of South Italy, 118.

Feudalism, 1, 2, 5, 10, 13, 27, 448, French, 73, 74, 350; in Brittany, 85; in Syria, 186; in the 11th century, 96; under Frederick I., 272; growth of, 57; political weakness of, 4.

Fiesco, Sinobaldo, 386.

_Filioque_ Clause, the, 350.

Finland, Gulf of, 379.

Fiorentino, 391.

Flanders, 85, 278, 291, 330, 343, 416.

—— Counts of. _See_ Baldwin, Charles, Ferrand, Philip, Robert, Thierry.

Flarchheim, battle of (1080), 133.

Flemings, the, 91, 350; colonies of, 264; of Constantinople, 351.

Fleury, 82.

Flora, 391.

Florence, 483–484, 486; Hildebrand at, 112; Conrad, son of Henry IV., dies at, 140.

_Fodrum_, the, 264.

Foggia, 391; Frederick II.’s summer palace at, 364.

Foix, 419; counts of, 401.

Foligno, 384.

Folmar, archdeacon, 270, 271.

Forchheim, Diet at, 132.

Fontevrault, order of, 201.

Fortore, the, 108.

Fossalta, 391.

Foulquois, Guy, 485. _See also_ Clement IV.

Fowler, the. _See_ Henry.

Franche-Comté, 145.

Francia, 68.

Francis, St., of Assisi, 7, 316, 333, 382, 388, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 441, 442, 451; and Gregory IX., 367; and Sultan of Egypt, 435.

Franciscans, the, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 447; in Germany and Italy, 373; and St. Louis, 422, 423.

Franconia, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20; Duke of, 12, 56.

Frangipani, house of, 228.

Franks, the, 13, 19, 20, 26, 156, 174, 344–347; character of the, 350; the West, 14, 19, 66; West, kingdom of, 72, 82; in the East, 13, 88; kings of, 67; of Peloponnesus, 354, 355.

Frankfurt, 245, 311, 388, 489–490; treaty of, 232.

Frascati, 306.

Fraticelli, the, 389, 442.

Frederick I., the Emperor (Barbarossa), 6, 243, 245–273, 292, 342, 370, 377, 428, 432.

—— II., 6, 10, 299–300, 305, 310, 315, 316–318, 328–332, 358–392, 394, 396, 408, 420, 429, 431, 451, 452, 455, 456, 482.

—— —— will of, 478.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25.

—— of Büren (1), Duke of Swabia, 220, 222.

—— of Hohenstaufen (2), Duke of Swabia, son of above, 222, 224, 225, 231.

—— of Rothenburg, Duke of Swabia, 248, 259, 271.

—— of Hohenstaufen (3), Duke of Swabia, 232. _See also_ Frederick I., Barbarossa.

—— younger son of Frederick I., Duke of Swabia, 271, 300.

—— son of Henry VII., 478, 479.

—— of Antioch, 390.

—— brother of Godfrey of Lorraine. _See_ Stephen IX.

—— of Austria, 378.

—— nominal Duke of Austria, 487.

Freinet, 27.

French in Sicily, 317.

—— —— the, and the Council of Lyons, 386.

—— language, 72, 91.

Friars, the Mendicant, 7, 367, 382, 391, 437–444. _See_ also Mendicants; the Grey. _See_ Franciscans; the Austin, 440; the White, 440. _See also_ Carmelites; the Black. _See_ Dominicans.

Friars of the Sack, 440.

Friesland, 144, 373.

Fritzlar, 12.

Friuli, 37, 372, 373.

Fulcher of Chartres, quoted, 189.

Fulda, treaty of, 305.

—— peace of, 307.

Fulk (I.), the Red, Count of Anjou, 87, 88.

Fulk (III.), the Black, of Anjou, 178; king of Jerusalem, 185, 286.

—— (IV.), le Réchin, Count of Anjou, 80, 81, 278.

—— (V.), Count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem, 280.

—— of Neuilly, 332, 342, 343.

Gabriel, 164.

Gaeta, 258.

—— John of. _See_ Gelasius II.

Galilee, barony of, 186.

Gandersheim, 25, 45, 46.

Gargano, Monte, 104.

Garlande, family of, 277.

—— Stephen de, 277.

Garonne, the, 90, 406.

Gascon language, the, 90.

Gascony, 89, 90, 406.

—— English dukes of, 415.

Gaza, 457.

Gebhard. _See_ Pope Victor II.

Gelasius II., Pope, 144.

_General Courts_, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Genghiz Khan , 385, 456.

Geneva, 55.

Genoa, 185, 188, 228, 239, 257, 260, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310, 337, 340, 386, 459, 460, 482.

—— council at, 384.

_Gens des Comptes_, the, 425.

Geoffrey the Bearded, Count of Anjou, 88.

—— Martel, Count of Anjou, 79, 88.

—— Count of Anjou, father of Henry II., 88, 185, 280, 286.

—— son of Henry II., Duke of Brittany, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294.

Georgians, the, subdued, 169.

Gerard, Grand Master of the Hospital, 190.

Gerbert of Aurillac, St., 42, 43, 44, 70, 71, 74, 77, 100, 309. _See also_ Sylvester II.

Gerberga, queen of Louis IV., 23.

Gerhard, Count, 223.

Gero, the Margrave, 19, 21, 23.

Gerstungen, 124.

Gertrude, daughter of Lothair II., wife of Henry the Proud, 224, 232.

—— daughter of Henry the Lion, 265.

Ghazni, 168, 169.

Ghibelline, origin of the name, 221.

Ghibellines, 224–225, 246, 307–309, 320–322, 327–331, 381, 386, 390, 391.

—— Italian, 482–488.

Gibraltar, Straits of, 468.

Giglio, island of, 384.

Gilbert de la Porée, 208, 213.

Giotto, 436.

Girgenti, 118.

Gironde, the, 90, 414.

Gisela, Duchess of Swabia, Empress of Conrad II., 51, 52, 55, 60.

Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine, 19, 23.

Gnesen, 38, 252.

—— archbishopric of, 45, 226.

Gnostics, the, 216.

Godfrey of Boulogne (Bouillon), Duke of Lorraine and crusading leader, 152, 181, 184–185.

—— Duke of Lorraine, 112, 122, 123.

Golden Horn, the, 337.

Gorm the Old, King of Denmark, 16.

Goslar, 64.

Gothic architecture, 7, 378, 403, 415, 426.

—— —— in the East, 157.

—— —— in Italy, 203.

—— —— in Germany, 378.

—— —— in southern France, 415.

Gottfried of Strasburg, 378.

Grammont, order of, 200.

Gran, 45.

Granada, kingdom of, 472.

Grandella, battle of, 485–486.

Gratian, 7, 219, 382.

Greeks, character of, 350.

—— expulsion of, from Italy, 166.

—— in Sicily, 236.

—— in south of Italy, 3, 34, 53.

Gregory I., St., Pope, 209.

—— V., Pope, 42, 43, 44, 51.

—— VI., Pope, 63, 110.

—— VII. Pope, 80, 81, 116, 117, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129–136, 140, 143, 180, 182, 198, 210. _See also_ Hildebrand.

—— VIII., Pope, 271, 298.

—— —— Antipope, 144.

—— IX., Pope, 367–369, 382–385, 410, 420, 431, 433, 435, 436, 440, 442, 444, 456, 481. _See also_ Ugolino, cardinal.

—— X., Pope, 462, 491–492.

—— cardinal of St. Angelo, 228. _See also_ Innocent II.

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 386.

Guadalquivir, the, 472, 473.

Guadarrama, the, 465, 467.

Guadiana, the, 470.

Gualbert, St. John, 100.

Guelf, Duke of Bavaria, 137. _See also_ Welf.

—— house of, origin of the, 222, 224, 225.

Guelfs, the, 245–246, 265, 268, 331, 370, 371, 375, 382, 390, 394.

—— Italian, 482–488.

—— and Hohenstaufen, struggle of, 307–309.

—— renewed struggle of, 320–322, 327–331.

Guibert, archbishop of Ravenna, elected Antipope. _See_ Clement III.

Guido, archbishop of Milan, 115.

—— cardinal, 240.

—— Marquis of Tuscany, 30.

Guienne, 281. _See also_ Gascony and Aquitaine.

Guilds, merchant, 429.

Guilhems, the, of Poitiers, 90, 395–396.

Guiscard, meaning of the name, 107. _See also_ Robert Guiscard.

Guthrum, 3.

Guy, archbishop of Vienne. _See_ Calixtus II.

—— of Crema. _See_ Paschal III.

—— of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem and Cyprus, 193, 195, 302–303.

—— de Montfort, 486.

Guzman, Dominic de. _See_ Dominic, St.

Haco, King of Norway, 388.

Hainault, 291, 417.

Halberstadt, Ulrich of. _See_ Ulrich.

Hales, Alexander of, 445. _See_ Alexander.

Hamburg, 22, 488.

Hamdanides, the, 158, 159.

Hanseatic League, origin of the, 488.

Harding, or Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, 202.

Harold, King of England, 72, 73.

—— Blue Tooth, King of Denmark, 83.

Harran, battle of, 184, 185.

Harzburg, castle of, 124.

Harz Mountains, the, 17, 35.

Hastings, battle of, 80, 162, 175.

Hattin, battle of, 195.

Hauteville, Roger of. _See_ Roger.

Havel, the, 16.

Havelberg, 22.

Havellers, the, 16.

Hawking, treatise by Frederick II. on, 359.

Hedwig, Duchess of Swabia, 37.

Heidelberg, 251.

Heinsberg, Philip of. _See_ Philip.

Helena, mother of Constantine, 177, 178.

Hellas, theme of, 155.

Heloisa, 212.

Henfrid of Toron, 302.

Henry I., the Fowler, King of the Germans, 3, 4, 12–18, 21, 45.

—— II. (emperor), 47–50, 52, 54, 55, 105, 257.

—— III. (king), succeeds to Conrad II., 54, 59, 60; (emperor), 61, 62, 63, 80, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 113, 120–122.

—— IV. (emperor), 64, 65, 116, 120, 141, 180, 181, 220.

—— V. (king), 140; (emperor), 141, 147, 149, 223, 246.

—— VI. (king), 269, 270; (emperor), 304–312, 314, 328, 329, 342, 428, 453.

—— ‘VII.’, son of Frederick II., 331, 364, 365; Duke of Swabia, 371; king of Romans, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380.

—— I. of Normandy and England, 88, 141, 145, 149, 277, 278, 280, 283.

—— II. of England, Normandy and Anjou, 6, 88, 195, 235, 243, 257, 260, 267, 268, 269, 270, 286–294, 299, 361, 393, 413, 423.

—— ‘III.’, son of Henry II. of England, 288, 289, 290, 291–292.

—— III. of England, 327, 374, 396, 406, 408, 409, 414, 415, 416, 418, 419, 421, 479, 481, 489.

—— VIII. of England, 389.

—— I., king of France, 61, 78–80, 89, 102, 103.

—— I. Duke of Bavaria, 18, 19, 20, 23, 28, 35.

—— II. the Quarrelsome, Duke of Bavaria, 37, 40, 47.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 58. _See also_ Henry III., emperor.

—— the Black, Duke of Bavaria, 222, 224, 246.

—— the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, son of Henry the Black, 224, 225, 229, 231, 232.

—— the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 232, 233, 246, 248, 250, 251, 260–261, 264–269, 273, 271, 292, 305, 309.

—— of Brunswick, eldest son of Henry the Lion, 306–307, 308, 319.

—— son of Frederick II. and Isabella of England, 459, 478, 479.

—— of Castile, brother of Alfonso X., 487.

—— of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 453.

—— Duke of Burgundy, uncle of Robert I., 78.

—— Duke of Burgundy, afterwards Henry I. of France, 78. _See_ Henry I. of France.

—— of Cluny, 214, 217.

—— archbishop of Mainz, 248.

—— Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, 250–251.

—— archbishop of Sens, 281.

—— the Liberal, Count of Champagne, 289, 290, 291.

—— II. of Champagne, king of Jerusalem, 301, 303, 409.

—— of Kalden, 328, 329.

—— of Flanders, 343; afterwards Latin Emperor of the East, 352.

—— of Schwerin, 371.

—— Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia, 388.

Heraclius, the Emperor, 184.

Herbert, Count of Vermandois, 67.

Heresy, 115, 214–217, 433–434, 444, 451; Monophysite, 155; and Frederick II., 365, 373; in Lombardy, 383; Innocent IV. and, 387; in Provence, 397, 398, 399; in Anjou, 406; Albigensian, 410; and St. Louis, 426; in Spain and Italy, 433; and the Mendicants, 444, 446.

Hermann, bishop of Metz, 129.

—— of Luxemburg, 143.

—— Count Palatine, 250, 251.

—— of Thuringia, 378.

—— of Salza, 366, 368, 369, 374, 379, 383, 451.

Hermits, 201.

Hersfeld, 124.

Hierarchy, Cluniac conception of the, 99.

Hildebrand, 6, 8, 84, 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 143, 145, 149, 198–199, 209, 247, 314. _See_ Gregory VII.

Hildesheim, 41.

Hirschau, 199.

Hochstaden, Lothair of, bishop of Liège. _See_ Lothair.

Hohenburg, battle of, 124, 128.

Hohenstaufen, the, 5, 269, 348, 377, 378, 394, 421; castle of, 221; house of, 221–223; ruin of, 370; policy of, 373; fall of the, 478–488.

Holland, William, Count of, 330. _See_ William, King of the Romans.

Holstein, renounced by Valdemar II. 371; Adolf of. _See_ Adolf.

Holy Roman Empire, 56, 60.

Honorius II., Antipope, 116; Pope, 189, 225, 227–228.

—— III., Pope, 364, 365, 366, 406, 408, 410, 435, 437, 439.

Hospitallers, 194, 398, 456, 463, 470.

Hrotswitha, 25.

Hugh of Provence, 28, 30.

—— the Great, 23, 67, 68, 69.

—— Capet, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78.

—— the Great, brother of Philip I. of France, Count of Vermandois, 86, 181, 291.

—— of Cluny, 86, 130, 131, 145.

—— de Payens, 189, 190.

—— du Puiset, 277.

—— Duke of Burgundy, 301, 303.

—— de Lusignan, Count of La Marche, 395, 406, 408, 413, 414.

—— III. of Lusignan, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, 453, 459.

—— of Saint-Cher, 447.

Humphrey, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 106, 108, 114.

Hungarians, 5, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 27, 48, 162, 339; against Conrad II., 54; and Henry III., 60, 61.

Hungary, 34, 45, 192, 226, 299, 326, 340, 385; Stephen, king of (_see_ Stephen); against Henry V., 142; conversion of, 178; king of, 344; Margaret of. _See_ Margaret.

Huns, the, 167.

Hyacinth, the cardinal. 305. _See also_ Celestine III.

Ibelin, house of, 459; lordship of, 186.

Iconium, 192.

Ida of Lorraine, 181.

—— Countess of Boulogne, 291.

Ikshidites, the, 158, 160, 168, 178.

Imad-ed-din Zangi. _See_ Zangi.

Incoronata, forest of the, 364.

India, Turkish state in, 168.

Infantry, Varangian heavy-armed, 175.

Ingeborg of Denmark, wife of Philip Augustus, 322–325, 328.

Ingelheim, Council at, 69.

—— Henry IV. abdicates at, 141.

Innocent II., Pope, 208, 213, 228–231, 233–234, 235–237, 240–241, 253, 281, 283, 284.

—— III., Pope, 6, 313–335, 342–343, 347, 350, 358, 364, 366, 393, 395, 399, 401, 428, 434, 435, 437, 444, 452, 453, 471, 472.

—— IV., Pope, 386–390, 420, 446, 457, 479–481.

Inquisition, Episcopal, 399, 410.

—— Papal, 325–326, 382, 444.

Interregnum, the Great, 421, 489–492.

Interdict imposed on France (1200–1201), 324.

—— on Lombard cities, 366.

_Introduction to the Eternal Gospel_, the, 446.

Investiture Contest, 6, 120–150.

Iolande, wife of Peter of Courtenay, 352.

—— or Isabella de Brienne, 366, 455. _See_ Isabella.

Ionian Islands, 348, 349, 350, 355.

Ireland, 9, 84, 85.

Irene, daughter of Isaac Angelus, and wife of Philip of Swabia, 310, 311.

—— or Bertha, wife of Manuel I. and sister-in-law of Conrad III., 340.

—— _See_ Margaret of Hungary.

Irnerius, 7, 218–219.

Isaac I., Angelus, 299, 310, 311.

—— II., Angelus, 341–342, 345, 346, 351.

—— I., Comnenus, 171.

—— Comnenus, Emperor of Cyprus, 301, 341.

—— Comnenus, son of Alexius I., 338.

Isabella of Angoulême, queen of John of England, 395, 413.

—— of Aragon, queen of Philip III., 419.

—— of Brienne, wife of Frederick II., 366, 368, 375.

—— of England, wife of Frederick II., 374.

—— of Hainault, wife of Philip Augustus, 291, 322–323.

—— of Jerusalem, wife of Conrad of Montferrat, 202–303; Isabella, wife of Amalric of Lusignan, 453.

—— of Vermandois, 291, 292.

Isère, the, 417.

Isle de France, the, 76, 403, 408.

—— conquest of the, 276–277.

Ivo, bishop of Chartres, 143, 219, 281.

Ivrea, 28, 49.

—— Ardoin of, 52.

Jacopone da Todi, 442.

Jacobin Convent at Paris, the, 437, 445.

Jaen, 473.

Jaffa, 184, 303, 461.

Jaffa-Ascalon, barony of, 186.

James I., king of Aragon, 419, 461, 472–473.

—— of Court Palais, 484. _See also_ Urban IV.

—— of Compostella, Saint, shrine of, 289.

—— of Vitry, 333.

Jaroslav the Great, of Russia, 378.

Jerome, St., 177.

Jerusalem, 177, 178, 183, 285, 300, 366, 368, 451, 453, 454, 457, 459, 478.

—— expulsion of Fatimites from, 179.

—— kingdom of, 184–196, 302–304, 451–463.

—— organisation of the kingdom of, 186–189.

—— capture of, by Saladin, 195–196, 271.

Jesi, 390.

Jews, the, and Aristotle, 432.

—— influence on Frederick II. of, 360.

—— St. Louis and the, 426.

—— of Spain, 433, 465, 466, 472, 474.

—— in Syria, 188.

Joachim the Abbot, 388, 391, 434, 446.

Joan of Anjou, Countess of Toulouse, 398.

—— of Toulouse, marries Alfonse of Poitiers, 413.

Joanna, widow of William II. of Sicily, 301.

Jocelin I. of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, 191.

—— II. of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, 191.

Johanitsa, Tsar of the Bulgarians, 351.

John X., Pope, 30.

—— XI., Pope, 30.

—— XII., Pope, 30, 32, 33.

—— XIII., 33, 34.

—— XIX., Pope, 53, 63.

—— Ducas, 172.

—— II., Comnenus, 338–339.

—— III., Ducas, 353, 354.

—— Vatatzes, 353.

—— I., Zimisces, 34, 161, 162, 163, 172.

—— the Orphanotrophos, 166.

—— king of England, 308, 315, 321, 325–326, 327, 330, 331, 395, 396, 398, 451, 452.

—— de Brienne, king of Jerusalem, 353, 368, 453, 454, 455, 458.

—— Prince of Bulgaria, 326.

—— of Gaeta. _See_ Gelasius II.

—— Gualbert, St., 100.

—— Saint, Knights of. _See_ Hospitallers.

Joinville, biographer of St Louis, 420, 457, 461.

_Judices Palatii Ordinarii_, 45.

Judith, Duchess of Bavaria, 20, 37.

—— daughter of Henry the Black, 222.

Julian, St., Order of, 471.

_Justicia_, of Aragon, the, 474.

Justiciar, Grand, Frederick II.’s, 362.

_Justiciarius Curiæ_, the, 374.

Justices, Frederick II.’s, 362.

Justinian, the Emperor, 165.

_Kaisercronik_, the, 272.

Kaiserswerth, 121.

Kalden, Henry of. _See_ Henry.

Kerak, 188, 195.

Kerak-Montreal, barony of, 186.

Kerman, Seljukian kingdom of, 179.

Khorassan, conquest of, 168.

Kiev, 162, 385.

Kilidj Arslan, Sultan of Roum, 179, 182, 183, 299, 300.

Knights of St. John, 190. _See_ Hospitallers.

—— of St. Thomas of Acre, 190.

—— of the Sword, Order of, 379, 380.

—— of the Temple, 190. _See_ Templars.

Kutuz, Sultan of Egypt, 460.

Kyburg, Werner of. _See_ Werner.

Ladislas, king of the Bulgarians, 164.

Lambert, bishop of Ostia, 227. _See_ Honorius II.

Lance, the Holy, invention of the, 183.

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 100, 209, 210.

_Langue d’oc_, the, 89, 90, 91, 377, 394, 397, 415.

Languedoc, 398, 399, 402, 410, 426, 433, 436.

—— civilisation of, 401, 417.

—— St. Anthony in, 441.

_Langue d’oil_, the, 89, 394, 396, 415, 419.

Laon, 69, 77, 212.

—— Anselm of. _See_ Anselm.

Larissa, siege of, 175.

Lascaris, Theodore, 353.

Lateran, the, 124, 229.

—— Council, the first General (1124), 149.

—— —— the second General (1139), 234, 240.

—— —— the third General (1179), 269.

—— —— the fourth General (1215), 315, 334, 437, 452.

Latin bishops in East, 167.

—— churches in East, 167.

Latini, Brunetto, 449.

Latins, the, in Peloponnesus, 355.

Lausitz, 22, 49, 54.

Lavoro, Terra di, 105.

Law, revival of the study of, 217–290.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376, 377.

Learning in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 100, 209–214; in the thirteenth century, 428–432.

Lecce, 317.

—— Tancred of. _See_ Tancred.

Lechfeld, the battle of, 23, 35.

Legnano, battle of, 261–262.

Leicester, Earl of, 486.

Leo VIII., Pope, 33.

—— IX., Pope, 64, 80, 101, 102, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 124, 138, 209, 253.

—— the Isaurian, Eastern emperor, 170, 184.

—— VI., the Philosopher, Eastern emperor, 152, 154, 157, 170.

—— king of Armenia, 326.

Leon, kingdom of, 326, 467, 471, 472, 473.

Leonard of Pisa, 363.

Leonine City, the, 229.

Leopold, duke of Austria, 224, 308.

Lepers, hospital for, 161.

Lesbos, 348.

Levant trade, 185.

Lido, the, 344.

Liége, 141.

—— disputed election to bishopric of, 307.

Lille, 85.

Limoges, 200, 415.

—— cathedral of, 416.

Limousin, the, 89, 96, 395, 406.

Lisbon, 441, 469, 470, 471.

Literature, epic, 7.

—— German national, under Frederick I., 272.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376, 377.

—— of _langue d’oc_, 91.

—— of the Troubadours, 397.

—— vernacular, 9, 10, 448.

—— —— Italian, under Frederick II., 363.

Lithuanians, the, 379.

Liutgarde, daughter of Otto the Great, wife of Conrad the Red, 20, 51.

Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, 28, 30, 156, 160.

Livonians, the, 379.

Loches, 211.

Lodi, 259, 269.

_Logothetes_, 43.

Loire, the, 68, 69, 81, 85, 89, 90, 406.

Lombard League, the, 252, 258, 260, 261, 262, 269, 305, 319, 380, 381, 383, 429.

Lombard usurers, 426.

Lombards of Southern Italy, 50, 107, 114, 137, 263.

—— of Thessalonica, 351.

Lombardy, 59, 132, 135, 156, 215, 254–256, 258, 260, 366, 388, 391, 433.

—— growth of municipal autonomy in, 237–239.

—— the Patarini in, 115.

Lombardy, theme of, 103, 104.

Lorraine, duchy of Lower, 71, 181. _See also_ Brabant.

—— division of the duchy of, 55, 223.

Lorraine, 3, 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 26, 38, 47, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 66, 70, 71, 80, 215.

Lorris, 418.

—— peace of (1243), 414.

Lorsch, 122.

Lothair I., emperor, 56.

—— II. of Supplinburg, the emperor, 144, 206, 223–231, 264, 283.

—— king of the Franks, 38, 40, 69, 70.

—— of Hochstaden, bishop of Liége, 307.

—— son of Hugh of Provence, 28.

—— of Segni, 313, 314. _See_ Innocent III.

Lotharingia. _See_ Lorraine.

Louis the German, king of the East Franks, 13, 56.

—— IV., king of the Franks, 19, 23, 67, 68, 69, 83.

—— V. (d’Outremer), king of the Franks, 67–69, 70, 89.

—— VI., king of France, 82, 145, 149, 275–282, 352.

—— VII., the Young, king of France, 191–193, 229, 257, 281, 282–290, 340, 429.

—— VIII., the Lion, king of France, 322, 330, 331, 394, 396, 401, 405–407, 418.

—— IX., St., king of France, 10, 383, 387, 394, 402, 407–427, 456–457, 461–462, 484.

—— count of Blois, duke of Nicæa, 343, 349, 352.

—— duke of Bavaria, 487.

—— Landgrave of Thuringia, 300.

Lübeck, 264, 305, 488.

—— laws of, 377.

—— trade of, 378.

Lucca, 269, 483.

—— Anselm, bishop of, 116. _See_ Alexander II.

Lucera, Saracens at, 359, 360, 361, 366, 381, 391, 480, 487.

Lucius II., Pope, 241.

—— III., Pope, 270, 399, 410.

Ludolf, duke of Swabia, 20, 21, 28, 31, 37.

Ludolfings, the, 13, 14, 50.

Lund, 226.

—— archbishop of, 223, 253.

Lüneburg, 268.

—— Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Lusignan, Guy of, 302, 303. _See_ Guy.

—— Hugh de. _See_ Hugh.

—— kings of Cyprus, 303, 304, 311.

Lützen, 134.

Luxemburg, Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Lyons, 215, 387, 388, 390, 420, 480.

—— first council of (1245), 386, 387, 457.

—— second council of (1274), 440, 491.

Macedonia, 152, 155, 164, 170, 175, 340, 348, 353.

Macedonian dynasty, the, 165, 167.

Macon, 97, 416.

—— the bishop of, 199.

Madrid, 467.

Magdeburg, 35, 37, 45, 206, 226, 266.

—— laws of, 377.

—— archbishop of, 22, 26, 32, 34, 40, 262. _See also_ Norbert, St.

—— —— heads Saxon revolt, 123, 124.

Magi, the three, relics of, 255.

_Magna Carta_, 327.

—— _Curia Rationum_, the, 362.

—— _Curia_, the, 362.

Magnus, king of Denmark, 226.

Magyars, 3, 48, 55, 61, 167, 168, 266. _See_ Hungarians.

Mahmoud of Ghazni, 168, 169.

Maimonides, 432.

Maine, county of, 68, 88, 286, 395, 396, 416.

Mainz, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 32, 37, 40, 41, 46, 132, 144, 224.

—— diet of (1184), 268.

—— diet at (1235), 374.

—— archbishop of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 305, 489.

—— archbishops of. _See_ Arnold; Christian; Siegfried.

_Maîtres des Comptes_, the, 424.

Malek Shah, 172, 179.

Malta, 236.

Manasses, archbishop of Reims, 201.

Manchurian kingdom, 168.

Manfred, king of Sicily, son of Frederick II., 364, 391, 478–485.

Maniaces, George, 106.

Manicheans, 215, 216.

Mansourah, 454, 458, 459, 460.

Mantes, 277.

Mantua, 483.

Manuel I., Comnenus, 192–193, 236, 252, 263, 339–340.

Manzikert, battle of, 171, 172, 174.

Marathon, 170.

Marburg, Conrad of. _See_ Conrad.

March of Ancona, 380.

—— of Provence, 417.

—— the Spanish, 465, 466.

Marche, la, 89.

—— Hugh of. _See_ Hugh of Lusignan.

Margaret of Flanders, 417.

—— daughter of Louis VII., wife of the young king Henry (III.) of England, 288, 290, 293.

—— of Hungary, 351.

—— of Provence, 417.

Margarito, admiral of Sicily, 306, 310.

Marks, the German, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 37, 96, 264.

Markwald of Anweiler, 310, 316, 317, 319.

Marle, Thomas de. _See_ Thomas.

Marozia, 29, 30, 38.

Marriage of clergy, 102, 115, 127.

Marseilles, 145, 188, 301, 419.

Martin della Torre, 483.

Mary of Antioch, wife of Manuel I., 340.

—— —— aunt of Hugh III. of Jerusalem, 459.

—— of Blois, wife of Baldwin IX. of Flanders, 343.

—— daughter of Stephen of Boulogne, 289.

—— countess of Champagne, daughter of Louis VII. and Eleanor, 290.

—— queen of Jerusalem, 453.

Mathematics under Frederick II., 363.

Matilda, wife of Henry the Fowler, 17.

—— the empress, wife of Henry V., 86, 144, 280, 286.

—— daughter of Henry of Anjou, wife of Henry the Lion, 265.

—— the countess of Tuscany, 109, 110, 116, 120, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142, 144.

—— inheritance of the countess, 229, 231, 311, 318–319, 321, 328, 365.

Matthew, count of Boulogne, 291.

—— chancellor of Sicily, 301.

Mauclerc, Peter. _See_ Peter, duke of Brittany.

Maurienne, 287. _See also_ Savoy.

Meaux, treaty of, 409, 414.

Mecklenburg, bishopric of, 265.

Medicine, school of, at Salerno, 363.

—— study of, by the friars, 443.

Meissen, 16, 22, 34, 41, 43, 47, 266.

Meles, 104, 105.

Melfi, 106.

—— synod of (1059), 115.

Melun, 76.

Memleben, 35.

Mendicants, the, 382, 384, 434–441, 443, 444, 445, 446. _See also_ Friars, the.

—— the, and St. Louis, 422, 423.

—— the, in Italy, 367.

—— the, and Frederick II., 389.

Meran, Agnes of, 323. _See_ Agnes.

Merovingians, the, 69, 75.

Merseburg, 16, 17, 34.

Mesopotamia, northern, 158.

Messina, 106, 117, 118, 305, 312, 361, 480.

—— capture of, 301.

Methodius, 157.

Metz, 205.

—— Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Michael IV., eastern emperor, 165, 166.

—— V., eastern emperor, 166.

—— VI., Stratioticus, eastern emperor, 170, 171.

—— VII., eastern emperor, 171, 172, 173, 180.

—— VIII., Palæologus, eastern emperor, 354.

—— Cærularius. _See_ Cærularius.

—— Scot, 359, 363, 432.

—— St., monastery of, in Monte Gargano, 104.

Middle Kingdom (Burgundy), the, 3, 56. _See also_ Burgundy and Arelate, 266.

Miecislav, king of Poland, 54.

Mignano, the treaty of, 235.

Milan, 37, 115, 116, 128, 248, 254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 269, 270, 309, 381, 382, 483.

—— revolt and destruction of, 255–256, 257.

Milan, Aribert, archbishop of. _See_ Aribert.

—— church of St. Ambrose at, 255.

Military orders, the, 190, 207.

—— —— of Spain, 190, 470–471.

Millicent, heiress of Jerusalem, 185, 193.

_Ministeriales_, the, 58, 310, 320, 329, 330, 370.

_Minnesinger_, the, 272, 333, 377.

Minorites. _See_ Franciscans.

_Missi Dominici_, 20, 424.

Mohammed, 169.

Molême, 202.

Mondego, the, 467.

Mongols, the, 8, 15, 385, 456. _See also_ Tartars.

Monophysites, the, 155.

Montanists, the, 214.

Montaperto, battle of, 483–484.

Mont Cenis, pass of, 130, 259, 260.

Montebello, peace of, 261.

Monte Casino, 108, 112, 136.

—— —— Roffrid, abbot of, 317.

Montferrat, 259, 340.

—— counts of, 260.

—— _See_ Boniface and Conrad.

Montfort, Simon de (the elder). _See_ Simon.

—— —— (the younger). _See_ Simon.

—— Amaury de. _See_ Amaury.

—— Guy de. _See_ Guy.

Montlhéry, 276.

Montreal, barony of (Syria), 186.

Montreuil-sur-Mer, 76, 277.

Moors, Spanish, 158, 431, 433, 451.

Mopsuestia, brazen gates of, 160.

Moravia, 61.

Morena, the Sierra, 472.

Morimond, 204.

Morocco, 471.

Morosini, Thomas, patriarch of Constantinople.

Mortain, 87.

Mortemer, battle of, 79.

Mortmain, the law of, 159, 362.

Moses Maimonides (died 1204), 432.

Mosul, 158, 183, 184, 185, 191, 193.

Mouzon, 145, 146.

Mozarabs, the, 469–470, 474.

Mühlhausen, diet at, 320.

Munich founded, 266.

Murcia, 473.

Muret, battle of, 200, 401, 472.

Nangis, William of. _See_ William.

Nantes, 85.

—— county of, 287.

Naples, 10, 117, 118, 227, 306, 328, 385, 389, 480–488.

—— consolidation of the kingdom of, 227. _See also_ Sicily.

—— Frederick II.’s policy in, 360, 361.

—— University of, 363, 431, 447.

Narbonne, Duchy of, 409.

—— Raymond VI., Duke of. _See_ Raymond.

—— Simon de Montfort, Duke of, 401. _See_ Simon.

Navarre, 326.

—— kingdom of, 326, 409, 457, 465–466, 471, 472.

—— Theobald of. _See_ Theobald.

Navas de Tolosa, battle of Las, 332, 431, 471–472.

Nazareth, 368.

Necker Valley, the, 221.

Nepi, 249.

Netherlands, the, 266.

—— union of the, 291.

Neuilly, Fulk of, 332. _See_ Fulk.

Neustria, 3, 68.

Nicæa, 172, 179, 182, 192, 353, 354.

—— empire at, 351.

—— empire of, its union of Thessalonica (1241), 353.

—— Louis, Duke of. _See_ Louis of Blois.

Nicephorus II., Phocas, eastern emperor, 159, 160, 161, 163, 172, 184.

—— III. (1078–1081), 173.

Nicetas, 160, 161.

Nicholas I., Pope, 166.

—— II., Pope, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 125.

Nicopolis, theme of, 155.

Nicomedia, Louis, Duke of. _See_ Louis of Blois.

_Niebelungenlied_, the, 272.

Niel, king of Denmark, 226.

Nile, the, 454.

Niort, 406.

Nominalism, 210, 211, 212.

Norbert, St., archbishop of Magdeburg, 206, 207, 208, 212, 217, 226, 229, 233.

Nordalbingia, 371.

Nordheim, Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Normandy, 23, 66, 71, 75, 76, 79, 83–84, 87, 92, 96, 142, 268, 278, 286, 288, 394–396, 404, 415, 416.

—— its rivalry with Anjou, 87, 88.

Norman Conquest of England, 73, 115.

Normans in Naples and Sicily, 84, 104–105, 106, 108–109, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 135, 137, 261, 360, 361.

—— in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Spain, Italy, 84.

—— in Brittany, 84, 85.

—— in Flanders, 85, 86.

—— in Macedonia and Thessaly, 174, 175.

—— the character of, 350.

Norsemen, the, 3, 83, 84, 156.

Norse mercenaries, 163.

North Mark, the, 226.

Norway, 53, 83.

Noureddin, 193, 195.

Novara, 260.

Noyon, 71, 277.

Numerals, Arabic, 363.

Nürnberg, 329.

Ochrida, 164.

Octavian, cardinal, bishop of Ostia, 324.

Octavian, 30. _See_ also John XII.

—— the cardinal, 256. _See_ Victor V.

Oder, the, 21, 264, 378.

Odo, king of the Franks, 66, 67, 70.

—— count of Champagne, king of Arles, 55.

—— of Cambrai, 212.

—— I., count of Chartres, Tours, and Blois, 78.

—— II., Count of Blois and Troyes, 78, 79, 87.

—— of Champagne. _See_ Urban II.

—— abbot of Cluny, 97.

—— of La Roche, 349.

—— of Turin, 122.

Olga, conversion of, 162.

Olona, the, 261.

Omar, the mosque of, 178.

Oporto, county of, 467, 470.

Oppenheim, 129.

Orléans, 76, 78, 84, 275, 276, 277.

Orseolo, Peter, Doge of Venice, 46.

Orthodoxy, Greek, 350.

Orvieto, 484.

Osma, 436.

Ostia, Ugolino, cardinal bishop of. _See_ Gregory IX.

—— Octavian, bishop of. _See_ Octavian.

Otbert, bishop of Liége, 141.

Otranto, 182, 367.

—— Straits of, 174, 175.

Otto I., the Great, emperor, 15, 18–27, 28, 30–32, 35, 37, 43, 45, 69,71, 247, 264.

—— II., 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 44, 70, 103, 160, 162.

—— III., emperor, 39, 40–44, 47–50, 100, 247, 304–305.

—— IV., of Brunswick, 319–320; king of Romans, 320, 322; emperor, 327–332, 370, 371, 396.

—— Count Palatine of Bavaria, 489.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 122, 123.

—— of Freising (quoted), 230, 245, 247, 250.

—— son of Duke Ludolf, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria, 37.

—— of Lüneburg, first Duke of Brunswick, 375.

—— of Wittelsbach, 248, 255, 256, 268. (Nephew of above, 322).

—— of Nordheim, 121, 122, 124, 134, 223.

Ottocar I., king of Bohemia, 329, 379.

—— II., king of Bohemia, 379, 489–490.

Ottoman Turks, 355.

Ourique, battle of, 470.

_Outremer_, Louis IV., 68.

Oxford, the provisions of, 484.

—— University of, 430, 431.

Oxus, the, 168.

Padua, 256, 268, 441, 445, 483.

—— University of, 430.

—— St. Anthony of. _See_ Anthony, St.

Painting in the East, 157.

Palæologi, the, 8.

Palais, 211.

Palatinate, origin of the, 251, 308.

Palencia, University of, 431.

Palermo, 310, 312, 482.

—— archbishop of, 387, 391. _See also_ Walter.

—— Frederick II.’s palace at, 364.

—— siege of, 118.

Palestine, pilgrimages to, 177, 178.

—— Turkish conquest of, 179.

Pallavicino, the marquis, 483.

Pandects, the, 218.

Pandulf, prince of Capua and Benevento, 34.

—— of Capua, 105, 106.

—— papal agent in England, 326.

Pannonia, 155, 167.

Pantheism taught at Paris, 433.

Papacy, theory of the, 314.

—— Cluniac conception of the, 99.

Paraclete, monastery of the, 212.

Paris, 38, 68, 76, 81, 82, 83, 87, 240, 277, 290, 295, 378, 395, 404, 426, 446.

—— Hugh, count of, 73. _See_ Hugh Capet.

—— growth of, under Philip Augustus, 403.

—— heresy in, 433, 434.

—— parliament of, 425.

—— the schools of, 211–214, 240.

—— university of, 214, 313, 447. _See also_ University.

—— treaty of (1259), 416, 419.

—— Matthew, 408, 443.

—— William, bishop of. _See_ William.

_Parlamentum_ (municipal), 238.

_Parlement_ of Paris, the, 424, 425.

Parma, revolt of, 390.

—— Cadalus, bishop of, 116.

—— Roland of, 128.

Parthenay, Poitevin barons meet at, 413.

Paschal II., Pope, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145.

—— III., Antipope, 257–260.

_Pastoureaux_, the, 426.

Patarini, the, 115, 116, 128, 215.

_Patrician_ of Rome, the, 41, 49, 241.

Paterno, 47.

Patrimony of St. Peter, the, 30, 310, 318, 369.

Patzinaks, the, 174, 339.

Paulicians, the, 174, 215–216.

Pavia, 29, 41, 49, 53, 130, 218, 237, 248, 259–261, 262, 269, 487.

—— council at, 63, 256.

—— diet at, 59.

Payens, Hugh de. _See_ Hugh.

Peking, 168.

Pelagius, the legate, 454, 458.

Peloponnesus, 155, 164, 348, 351.

—— Franks of, 354.

Pennaforte, Raymond of. _See_ Raymond.

Pepo, 218.

Périgord, 406.

Périgueux, 415.

_Perils of the Last Times_, the, book on, 446.

Persia, 107, 158, 169, 179, 456.

—— Seljukians of, 183.

Perugia, 335, 434, 480.

Peter of Courtenay, count of Auxerre, Latin emperor in the East, 352, 353.

—— II., king of Aragon, 325, 326, 401, 472.

—— III., king of Aragon, 475, 476.

—— king of Hungary, 61.

—— count of Alençon, 416.

—— de Bruys, 208, 214, 215.

—— of Castelnau, 399.

—— de la Châtre, archbishop of Bourges, 284.

—— Damiani, 100, 108, 112, 115, 116, 121, 123, 125, 205.

—— the Hermit, 179, 180–181.

—— Lombard, 213, 432.

—— Mauclerc, duke of Brittany, 395, 408, 409.

—— the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 199, 213, 214.

—— della Vigna, 364, 387, 390, 391.

Petrobrusians, 214–215.

_Pfahlbürger_, the, 373, 374.

Philip the Arabian, emperor, 320.

—— II., of Swabia, king of the Romans, 309, 311, 316, 318, 319–322, 326, 342, 344.

—— I., king of France, 79, 80–82, 86, 127, 138, 141, 180, 274, 275, 281.

—— II., Augustus, king of France, 10, 267, 290–294, 299, 301–303, 308, 315, 322–325, 330–331, 393–397, 400–406, 408, 416, 423, 426, 453.

—— III., the Bold, king of France, 415, 419, 426, 462.

—— IV., the Fair, king of France, 10, 417, 422, 425.

—— of Alsace, count of Flanders, 289, 291, 292, 301, 303.

—— of Heinsberg, archbishop of Cologne, 266, 270.

—— Hurepel, count of Boulogne, 408, 409.

Philippopolis, 349.

Philosophy, study of, 100, 429, 432, 446.

Photius, the Patriarch, 167.

Piacenza, 382.

—— synod at (1095), 138.

Picardy, 76.

Piedmont, 259.

Pierleone, the house of, 228.

—— Giordano, 241.

—— Peter, 228. _See_ Anacletus II.

Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, 52, 54.

Pilgrimages to Palestine, 177, 178.

Pindus, Mount, 164.

Pisa, 185, 188, 228, 230, 239, 269, 305, 306, 309, 310, 318, 328, 337, 338, 342, 384, 487, 489.

—— synod at, 230.

—— university of, 430.

—— Leonard of. _See_ Leonard.

Plantagenet, the house of, 88. _See also_ Anjou.

Po, the river, 29.

_Podestà_, office of, 255, 258, 263.

Poitiers, 89, 90, 286, 413, 418.

Poitou, 70, 281, 330, 331, 395, 396, 409, 413, 414, 415, 416.

—— Adelaide of, 69. _See_ Adelaide.

—— Alfonse of. _See_ Alfonse.

—— Agnes of. _See_ Agnes.

—— William of. _See_ William, 52, 56.

—— Ebles, count of, 89. _See_ Ebles.

—— Otto IV., count of, 319–320. _See_ Otto.

Poland, 4, 5, 34, 37, 45, 48, 54, 60, 61, 123–124, 226, 252, 326, 358, 378, 379, 380.

—— dukes of, 34, 40.

Poles, Lausitz handed over to, 49.

Pomerania, 226, 233, 380.

—— bishopric of, 265.

—— Slavonic dukes of, 378.

Pontigny, 204.

Pontius, abbot of Cluny, 199.

_Poor Men of Assisi_, the. _See_ Franciscans.

—— —— of Lyons, the, 215.

Poppo, bishop of Brixen. _See_ Damasus II.

Porée, Gilbert de la. _See_ Gilbert.

Portugal, county of, 470.

—— kingdom of, 469, 470, 471, 475.

—— papal overlordship over, 325.

Poverty, Franciscan doctrine of, 389.

Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis, the alleged, 423.

Prague, 38, 43, 61.

Praxedis of Russia, second wife of Henry IV., 138.

Preachers, Order of. _See_ Dominicans.

Preaching in the Middle Ages, 441.

—— _Brothers of St. Romanus of Toulouse_, the, 437.

_Præfectus urbis_, the, 318.

Prémontré, 206, 226.

Premonstratensian Canons, 206–207, 265, 436. _See_ Canons Regular.

Prespa, 164.

Presthlava, battle of, 162.

_Prévôté_, the court of the, 425.

Procession of the Holy Ghost, the, 139.

_Protospatharii_, 45.

_Protovestiarius_, 45.

Provence, 28, 145, 214, 228, 397, 410, 417, 418, 419, 485.

—— language of, 89, 90. _See also_ _Langue d’oc_.

—— poets of, 363, 364. _See also_ Troubadours, the.

—— Louis VIII. against, 406.

—— Raymond VI., marquis of, 398.

—— and Raymond VII., 401.

—— Raymond Berengar, count of. _See_ Raymond Berengar.

Prussia, 43, 379, 380, 451.

_Publicani_, the, 215.

Puiset, Hugh du, 277.

_Pullani_, 194, 459.

Pyrenees, the, 90, 419, 465.

Pyrrhus, 39.

_Quadrivium_, the, 209.

Quedlinburg, 16, 17, 22.

Quercy, 287.

—— lower, 416.

Ragewin (quoted), 252, 253, 271.

Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne, 252, 253, 255, 257, 259, 265.

Rainerius of Bieda, 140. _See also_ Paschal II.

Ramiro, lord of Aragon, 466–467.

Ranulf, Norman chief, 105, 106.

Ratisbon, 488.

—— Albertus Magnus, bishop of. _See_ Albertus.

—— Berthold of. _See_ Berthold.

Ravenna, 46, 135, 136, 218, 364, 384.

—— archbishop of, 44.

—— Guibert of. _See_ Guibert.

—— Romuald of, 100. _See_ Romuald.

Raymond I., count of Toulouse, 91.

—— IV. of Saint-Gilles, count of Toulouse, 181, 183, 398; count of Tripoli, 184.

—— V., count of Toulouse, 287.

—— VI., count of Toulouse, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402.

—— VII., count of Toulouse, 401, 402, 406, 408, 409, 413, 414, 418.

—— count of Antioch, 285, 339.

—— of Le Puy, grand master of the Hospital, 190.

—— of Pennaforte, 382.

—— of Toledo, 432.

—— count of Tripoli, regent of Jerusalem, 193, 195.

—— Berengar II., of Provence, count of Barcelona, 470.

—— —— V., count of Provence, 417, 418.

—— Roger, viscount of Béziers, 399, 400.

Realism, 210, 211, 212.

Rectorate of the university of Paris, the, 430.

Rectors of Lombard League, 259.

Reggio, 130, 131.

Reginald, Apulian baron, 230, 231.

_Regnum_, the, 391, 428, 430.

Regular canons, the, 97, 204–206, 438. _See also_ Canons, regular.

Reichenau, 209.

Reims, 41, 42, 43, 44, 68, 70, 75, 77, 79, 201, 209, 229, 283, 290, 307.

—— archbishops, 86, 87. _See also_ Adalbero, William.

—— synod at, 102.

—— council of (1148), 213.

Renascence, the 12th century, 2, 7, 100, 429.

Rennes, 85.

Rhineland, the, 19, 51, 251, 307.

—— League of the cities of, 488, 491.

Rhodes, 463.

Rhodope, the, as boundary, 155.

Rhone, the, 88, 396.

Richard, earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans, 418, 421, 456, 475, 479, 489–491.

—— I., king of England, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 299, 301–303, 305, 308–309, 319, 320, 321, 341, 342, 378, 394, 395, 397, 453.

—— of Aversa, afterwards also of Capua, 108, 114, 115, 127.

—— the Justiciar, first duke of Burgundy, 88.

—— duke of Normandy, 83.

—— count of Segni, 318.

Richenza, wife of Lothair of Supplinburg, 223.

Riga, bishopric of, 379.

Ripen, 22.

Riviera, the, 27.

Robert of Courtenay, Latin emperor in the East, 353.

—— I., king of France, son of Robert the Strong, 66, 67, 68.

—— II., the Pious, king of France, 42, 52, 77.

—— of Arbrissel, 201, 217.

—— count of Artois, 383, 407, 416, 420, 458.

—— of Clari, 349.

—— count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, 416.

—— count of Dreux, 285.

—— Fitzwalter, 454.

—— count of Flanders, 141.

—— the Old, younger son of Robert II. of France, and first Capetian duke of Burgundy, 78, 79, 88–89.

—— the Strong, 67, 87.

—— duke of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, 178.

—— duke of Normandy, son of William the Conqueror, 181, 278.

—— Guiscard, son of Tancred of Hauteville, 107, 114, 115, 117, 118, 127, 135, 137, 174, 175, 180, 182, 194, 227, 236.

—— of Molême, 202.

Robertian house, the, 3, 4, 23, 70, 71, 89.

Rochelle, La, 406.

Roffrid, abbot of Monte Casino, 317.

Roger I. of Hauteville, afterwards count of Sicily, brother of Robert Guiscard, 108, 114, 117–118, 127, 137, 139, 227.

—— II., count, and afterwards first king of Sicily, 194, 227, 228–231, 235–237, 248, 269, 301, 316, 340.

—— duke, son of Roger, king of Sicily, 301.

—— son of Tancred of Lecce, joint king of Sicily, 310.

—— archbishop of York, 291.

Roland of Parma, 128.

—— the cardinal. _See_ Bandinelli, Roland, and Alexander III.

Rolf, duke of the Normans, 3, 83, 85.

Rollo. _See_ Rolf.

Romagna, 260, 261, 310, 316, 317, 319.

—— feudalisation of, 118.

—— towns of, 380.

Romance languages, literature of the, 89, 91, 397.

—— writers of, 7, 157, 377, 378.

Romanesque architecture, 7, 378, 415.

Romania, emperor of, 348.

Romanus, St., of Toulouse, 437.

—— I., Lecapenus, Eastern emperor, 152.

—— II., Eastern emperor, 158, 159.

—— III., 165.

—— IV., Diogenes, Eastern emperor, 171, 172.

Romano, house of, 381, 482–483.

—— Alberic da. _See_ Alberic.

—— Eccelin da. _See_ Eccelin.

Romans and Henry V., 142.

Rome, Henry IV. takes, 10, 83, 135.

—— sack of, by Robert Guiscard, 136.

—— receives Urban II., 139.

—— Alexander III. driven out of, 257; restored to, 258.

—— captured by Frederick I., 258.

—— Arnold of Brescia in, 249–250.

—— subjection of, to Innocent III., 318–319.

—— council at, 384. _See also_ Councils.

—— rebellion against Gregory IX. in, 368, 382, 383.

—— Innocent IV. flees from, 386.

—— St. Angelo, castle of, 229.

—— the commune of, 240–241. _See also_ Commune of Rome, the.

—— St. John’s in the Lateran, 124. _See also_ Lateran.

—— St. Mary on the Aventine, convent of, 110.

—— St Peter’s, tumult at, 142, 143.

—— church of St Peter at, 300.

—— St. Peter ad Vincula, church of, 124.

Romuald, St., 46, 100.

Roncaglia, diet at (1154), 248.

—— diet at, 254–255.

Roscelin, 210, 212.

Rothenburg, Frederick of. _See_ Frederick.

Rouen, French of, 83.

Rouergue, 287, 398.

Roum, Seljukian kingdom of, 179, 181–183, 192, 299–300, 342, 351.

Roussillon, 398, 419.

Rudolf III., king of Arles (993–1032), 53, 55.

—— duke of Burgundy, king of the French, 67, 68, 69.

—— of Burgundy, king of Italy, 28.

—— king of Transjurane Burgundy, 88.

—— of Hapsburg, king of the Romans, 491.

—— of Swabia, 132, 133, 134.

—— of Wied, 270.

Rügen, 226, 265.

Rurik, 162.

Russia, 34, 157, 162, 378, 379, 385.

—— Anne of, wife of Henry I. of France. _See_ Anne.

Ruy Diaz. _See_ the Cid.

_Sacerdotium_, the, 391, 428, 430, 431, 448.

_Sachsenspiegel_, the, 377.

Sack, Friars of the, 440.

Safed, Castle of the Templars at, 461.

Saint-Amour, William of. _See_ William, 446.

—— Cher, Hugh of. _See_ Hugh.

—— Denis, 212.

—— —— Abbey of, 275, 276.

—— Gallen, 209.

—— Gildas de Rhuys, 212.

—— Gilles, 214, 485.

—— —— church of, 400.

—— —— Peter of Castelnau murdered at, 399.

—— —— house of, 402.

—— Jean d’Angely, 406.

—— Maurice of Magdeburg, 22, 35.

—— Pol, Counts of, 86.

—— Quentin, 86.

—— Rufus, 249.

—— Victor, 213.

—— —— abbey of, 211.

Sainte Geneviève, Mont, 211.

Saintes, 418.

—— battle of (1242), 414.

Saintonge, 281, 406, 414, 416.

Saladin, 195–196, 271, 301–303, 453.

_Saladin Tithe_, the, 299.

Salef, the river, 300.

Salerno, 38, 49, 50, 136, 230, 328.

—— Lombard princes of, 103, 156.

—— school of medicine at, 363.

Salisbury, William Longsword, Earl of, 330, 458.

Salza, Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

Salzburg, 45.

—— Archbishop of, 260.

Samos, 348.

Samothrace, 348.

Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 163, 164.

San Germano, 235, 480.

—— —— Treaty of, 369, 380.

Sanchia, wife of Richard of Cornwall, 418.

Sancho, King of Portugal, 325.

—— IX. of Castile, 470.

—— son of Alfonso X. of Castile, 475.

—— the Great, King of Navarre, 466–467.

—— King of Navarre, 326, 409.

—— of Gascony, 90.

Santiago, 290.

—— order of, 471.

Sanudo, house of, 352.

Saône, 88.

Sardinia, 239, 310.

—— granted to Enzio, 382.

Saracens, the, 3, 5, 8, 27, 30, 39, 117, 118, 155, 159, 161, 163, 166.

—— in Sicily, 103, 106, 136, 235–236, 317, 360.

—— and Frederick II., 391.

—— from Lucera, 321. _See_ Lucera.

—— invade the Campagna, 386.

Saragossa, 468, 469, 470.

Saumur, court of Alfonse at, 413.

Savelli, house of, 364.

Savoy, 287, 419. _See also_ Maurienne.

—— Count of, Thomas. _See_ Thomas.

Saxon nation, the, 13–14; its policy, 45; kings and emperors, 13–50.

—— colonies, 264.

—— revolt, 123, 124.

—— —— against Henry IV., 140.

Saxony, castles in, 123.

—— duchy of, 223, 231, 232.

—— duchy of, divided, 268.

Scandinavia, 22, 83, 121, 226, 248, 349.

—— and the Crusades, 298–299.

Scheldt, the, 85.

Schism between Eastern and Western Churches, the, 355, 387.

Schleswig, 22.

Scholasticism, 2, 209–214, 410, 446.

Schools, Mussulman, 43.

Schwerin, bishopric of, 264.

—— Henry of. _See_ Henry.

Science in 11th and 12th centuries, 100.

—— under Frederick II., 362, 363.

Scotland, the king of, 288.

—— and Normans, 84.

Scot, Michael. _See_ Michael.

Scutari, Crusaders encamp at, 345.

Secular Canons, 205, 226.

Segni, Lothaire of. _See_ Innocent III.

—— Richard, Count of. _See_ Richard.

Seine, 68, 437.

Seljuk, 168.

Seljukian Turks, the, 138, 166, 167–168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 179, 183, 191, 339, 340. _See also_ Turks.

Seljukians, the, of Roum, decay of, 351.

Senate, the Roman, 241, 271.

_Senator, Summus_, the Roman, 318, 485.

_Sénéchaussées_, the, 424.

Senlis, 76, 277.

Sens, 277.

—— council of, 213, 240, 281.

—— archbishop of, 75, 291.

—— Henry, archbishop of. _See_ Henry.

_Sentences, the Book of_, 213.

Sepulchre, Church of the Holy, 8, 178, 189, 300.

Sergius, Prince of Naples, 105.

Servians, the, 167, 339.

Servite Friars, the, 440.

Seville, 473.

—— Ameers of, 467.

Sicily, 8, 38, 39, 161, 227–231, 235–237, 252–253, 300, 306–307, 309–310, 311–312, 328, 331, 364, 387, 421, 481, 484, 485, 486.

—— Normans in, 84, 117, 118, 126, 127, 340–341.

—— ecclesiastical privilege of, 316.

—— Papal rights over, 325, 369.

—— under Innocent III., 316–318.

—— in the 11th century, 103, 104,106.

—— organisation of the kingdom of, 235–237.

—— Frederick II.’s policy in, 359, 360, 361, 382.

—— Charles, king of. _See_ Charles.

—— Constance of. _See_ Constance.

—— Henry, king of. _See_ Henry.

—— Manfred, king of. _See_ Manfred.

—— Roger of. _See_ Roger.

—— Tancred, king of. _See_ Tancred.

—— William of. _See_ William.

Sidon, barony of, 186.

Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz, 132, 178, 329, 384.

Siegburg, Abbey of, 123.

—— on the Trave, 227.

Siena, 112, 483.

_Siete Partidas_, the, 475.

Silesia, 61, 380.

Silistria, 164.

Simeon, king of the Bulgarians, 152, 157.

Simon de Montfort, Count of Toulouse, 343, 344, 400, 401, 402.

—— de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, 415, 456.

—— of Tournai, 433.

Simony, 102, 127, 129, 138.

—— condemned at Sutri, 63.

—— St. Louis and, 423.

Siponto, 479.

Slavonia, 155.

Slavs, the, 3, 16, 21, 22, 38, 41, 48, 60, 61, 155, 157, 162, 164, 167, 226, 248, 264, 378, 379.

Slingers in John Zimisces’ army, 162.

Soana, 110.

Sobeslav, Duke of Bohemia, 226.

Soest, laws of, 377.

Soissons, councils at, 210, 212.

_Song of the Sun_, St. Francis, 442.

Spain, 10, 158, 300, 325, 326, 464–477.

—— Arab civilisation in, 169.

—— Normans in, 84.

—— Universities of, 431, 432.

Speyer, 130, 143, 192, 232, 266.

—— Bishop of, 141.

Spalato, 453.

Spoleto, duchy of, 319, 366, 384.

—— Duke of. _See_ Conrad of Urslingen.

Sporades, the, 348.

Spree, the, 16.

_Stabat Mater Dolorosa_, the, 442.

_Statutum in favorem principum_, Henry ‘VII.’s’ (1231), 372.

Stedinger, the, 373.

Steel, workers in, at Lucera, 360, 361.

Stephen IX., Pope, 109, 112, 114.

—— King of England, third son of Stephen, Count of Blois, 87, 280, 286, 289.

—— St., Duke, afterwards King of Hungary, 45, 54, 178.

—— Count of Blois and Chartres (Crusader), 87, 181, 183.

—— the Shepherd, leader of the Crusade of the Children, 452.

—— Harding, abbot of Cîteaux, 202.

_Studium_, the, 428, 448.

—— _Generale_, the, 410, 430, 431. _See_ University.

Strasburg, 145, 147.

—— Gottfried of. _See_ Gottfried.

_Strategos_, the, 156.

Styria, 478, 490.

Subiaco, 27.

Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis, 276, 277, 281, 283, 284, 285.

Suidgar of Bamberg, 63. _See_ Clement II.

Suessa, Thaddæus of. _See_ Thaddæus.

Suidas, 157.

Suleiman, conqueror of Nicæa, 172, 179.

_Summa Theologiæ_, Alexander of Hales’, 446.

Sunnites, 178.

Supplinburg, 223.

—— Lothair of. _See_ Lothair.

Susa, 259, 261.

Sutri, Synod at (1046), 63, 101.

Svend, king of Denmark, 248, 252.

Sviatoslav, 162, 163.

Swabia, 2, 15, 20, 28, 37, 56, 123, 133, 269, 329.

—— cities of, 124.

—— Conrad of, candidate for Empire. _See_ Conrad.

—— Ernest of, 52. _See_ Ernest.

—— Frederick, Duke of, 259. _See_ Frederick.

—— Gisela, Duchess of, 51, 52. _See_ Gisela.

—— Henry III., Duke of, 59. _See_ Henry.

—— Rudolf of, 132. _See_ Rudolf.

Swabian Alp, the, 220.

Sweden, 253.

Swegen, 83.

Sybil, Queen of Jerusalem, 193, 302.

Sylvester I., Pope, 44.

—— II., Pope, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49. _See also_ Gerbert.

—— III., Antipope, 63.

Synod at Bari, 139.

—— at Basel, 116.

—— at Clermont (1095), 138, 139.

—— of Constantinople, (867), 166.

—— of Milan, 115.

—— at Piacenza (1095), 138.

—— of Reims, 41, 42.

—— at Reims, 103.

—— at Rome (963), 33.

—— —— (1075), 127.

—— —— (1084), 135.

—— Lateran (1059), 113.

—— at St. Peter’s, 32.

—— at Vatican (1076), 128.

—— of Sutri, 63, 101, 125.

—— at Vienne, 145.

Syria, 8, 158, 160, 163, 168, 170, 178, 355, 426, 451, 454, 455.

—— Christians in, 379.

—— conquest of, by Omar, 178.

—— Seljukian kingdom of, 179.

Syracuse, 106, 361.

Tagliacozzo, battle of, 487.

Tagus, the, 467, 469, 471.

Taillebourg, battle of, 414.

Tanaro, the, 259.

Tancred the Crusader, 182, 184.

—— of Hauteville, 106, 114.

—— of Lecce, king of Sicily, 301, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 317.

Taranto, 38, 317.

—— gulf of, 39, 156.

—— principality of, 478.

Tarsus, loss of, 155.

—— brazen gates of, 160.

Tartars, the, 165, 351, 385, 387, 459, 460.

Taurus, the, 155, 159, 179, 183.

Templars, the, 189–190, 194, 208, 398, 456, 470.

Tinchebrai, battle of, 278.

Terracina, 137, 257.

Tertiaries, the, 440.

Teutonic Order, the, 190, 366, 379, 380.

Thaddæus of Suessa, 387, 390.

Thankmar, 17, 19.

Thebes, Counts of, 349.

Themes, 155; Constantine’s _On the Themes_, 154.

Theobald the Young, King of Navarre, 420.

—— the Great, Count (II. of Champagne, and IV. of Blois), 87, 280, 284, 286, 289.

—— III., Count of Champagne, 343, 344.

—— IV., the Great, Count of Champagne, and King of Navarre, 408, 456.

—— V., the Good, Count of Blois, 289, 290, 291, 301, 303.

—— of Liége, 462, 491. _See_ Gregory X.

Theodora, 29, 30.

—— the Younger, 30, 38.

—— Comnena, daughter of Manuel I., 193.

—— daughter of Romanus II., 161.

—— daughter of Constantine VIII., 65, 167, 170.

Theodore Angelus, 353.

—— I., Lascaris, 351, 352, 353.

Theology, study of, 100, 429, 432, 445.

—— Faculty of, at Toulouse, 410.

Theophano, widow of Romanus II., 159.

—— daughter of Romanus II., empress of Otto II., 34, 38, 40, 41, 42, 160, 161, 162.

Thessalonica, 155, 156, 164, 312, 341, 352.

—— fall of, 353.

—— king of, 348.

—— and Constantinople, rivalry of, 351.

—— union of Nicæa and (1241), 353.

Thessaly, 164, 175, 348.

Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders, 278, 279, 289.

Thomas, Count of Savoy, 417.

—— of Acre, St., knights of, 190.

—— St., of Aquino, 363, 442, 447.

—— St., archbishop of Canterbury, 6, 257, 258, 260, 288, 291, 307.

—— of Celano, 442.

—— of Marle, 277.

Thrace, 345, 348, 351, 353.

Thurgau, Werner, Count of. _See_ Werner.

Thuringia, 122, 123, 323.

—— Henry Raspe of. _See_ Henry.

—— Hermann of. _See_ Hermann.

—— Landgrave of, 367.

—— St. Elizabeth of, 382.

Ticino, the, 261.

Tiepolo, Podestà of Milan, 381, 382.

Tithes, 373.

Tivoli, 46, 135.

Todi, Jacapone da. _See_ Jacopone.

Toeny, Ralph de, 105.

Togrul Beg, 168, 169.

Toledo, 467, 469, 472.

—— Ameers of, 467.

—— Raymond of, 432.

Torre, Martin della, 483.

Torricella, battle of, 483.

Tortona, 248.

Tortosa, 470, 471.

Toul, 102.

—— Bruno of. _See_ Leo IX.

Toulouse, 287, 289, 397, 398, 401, 402, 407, 409, 410, 415, 417, 418.

—— county of, 90, 91, 96, 217, 397.

—— Counts of. _See_ Alfonse, Amaury, Raymond.

—— the bishop of, and St. Dominic, 436.

—— cathedral of, 415.

—— heretics in, 399.

—— Louis VI.’s expedition against, 283–384.

—— Louis VIII.’s expedition against, 407.

—— Synod at (1160), 257.

—— University of, 431.

—— the war of (1158), 287.

Touraine, 76, 87, 88, 286, 395, 396, 416.

Tournai, 330, 331.

—— Simon of. _See_ Simon.

—— the school of, 211.

Tournaments in the East, 339.

Tours, 69, 75, 204, 406.

—— Council at (1163), 257, 288.

—— St Martin’s at, 69.

—— Odo I., Count of, 78.

Towns, the, 9, 22.

—— German, new, built by Henry the Fowler, 16.

—— —— under Frederick I., 272.

—— —— under Frederick II., 373, 376, 377.

—— the Italian, 237–239, 362.

—— French, and Philip Augustus, 403.

—— French, and St. Louis, 425.

—— Greek, 38.

Trade, 9, 10.

—— German, under Frederick II., 376.

—— St. Louis and, 425.

—— the Venetians and Eastern, 348.

Tre Fontane, abbey of, 241.

Treaty of Abbeville (1258), (confirmed at Paris in 1259), 416.

—— of Amiens (1279), 416.

—— of Augsburg (1184), 269.

—— of Aumâle, 292.

—— of Clair-on-Epte, 83.

—— of Constance (1153), 248, 249.

—— —— (1183), 263, 264.

—— of Corbeil (1258), 419.

—— of Fulda, 305.

—— of Lorris (1243), 414.

—— of Meaux, 409, 414.

—— of Mignano, 235.

—— of Paris (1259), 416, 419.

—— of San Germano (1230), 369.

—— of Verdun, 9, 56, 68, 72, 91.

—— of Worms (1193), 308.

Trebizond, 351.

—— lords of, 353.

Treviso, 258, 381.

Trial by combat, 424.

Tribur, Diets of, 122, 129.

Trier, archbishopric of, 270.

—— the archbishop of, 490.

Tripoli (Syria), 184, 188, 195, 196, 236, 461, 463.

_Trivium_, the, 209.

Troja, 105.

—— Walter, bishop of. _See_ Walter.

Trondhjem, archbishopric of, 249.

Troubadours, the, 333, 364, 377, 397, 410, 419.

Troyes, 78, 408, 484.

—— bishops of, 86, 87.

Tunis, 237, 421, 426, 461, 462.

Turks, the, 8, 138, 158, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 355, 387, 456.

—— the Ottoman. _See_ Ottoman.

—— Seljukian, the. _See_ Seljukians.

Turin, 390.

—— Odo of. _See_ Odo.

Tuscany, 138, 260, 261, 269, 309, 318, 328, 380, 390, 483, 486.

—— feudalisation of, 118.

—— Marquis of. _See_ Philip of Swabia.

—— the towns in, 239.

Tusculum, Counts of, 49, 59, 63, 112, 116.

—— destruction of, 306.

Tyre, 186, 196, 302.

Tyrol, county of, 323.

Uberti, Farinata degli, 483.

Ueberlingen, 55.

Ugolino, cardinal, 435, 437, 439, 445. _See also_ Gregory IX.

Ulrich, bishop of Halberstadt, 266.

_Ultramarinus_, Louis IV., 68.

Umbria, 380.

Universities, the, 2, 7, 10, 214, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 446, 447, 448.

University of Bologna, 218, 219, 255, 313, 429, 430.

—— Naples, 363, 431.

—— Oxford, 430, 431.

—— Padua, 430.

—— Palencia, 431.

—— Paris, 214, 313, 403, 423, 429, 430, 445, 447.

—— Pisa, 430.

—— Toulouse, 410, 414, 431.

Unstrut, battle at Hohenburg on, 124, 223.

—— Flarchheim on the, 133.

Uranus, Greek general, 164.

Urban II., Pope, 81, 137, 138, 139, 140, 180, 182, 196, 198, 210, 229, 316.

—— III., Pope, 270, 271, 298.

—— IV., Pope, 354, 447, 484–485, 491.

Urslingen, Conrad of, 310, 319.

Usurers, Lombard, Cahorsin, and Jewish, 426.

Utrecht, death of Conrad II. at, 59.

—— —— Henry V. at, 149.

Val Camonica, the, 258.

Valdemar II. of Denmark, 264, 265, 267, 331, 371, 378.

Valdez, Peter, 215, 217.

Valence, 398.

Valencia, 469, 470, 473.

Val-ès-Dunes, battle at, 79.

Valois absorbed by Philip I. of France, 81.

Vallombrosa, Order of, 100.

Van, Lake, 171.

Varangians, the, 163, 175.

Varaville, battle at, 79.

Vatatzes, John, 353.

Vaucouleurs, 330.

Vaudois, the, 215.

Vendôme, 76.

Venice, 39, 46, 156, 185, 188, 226, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266, 332, 337–350, 354, 355, 459, 460, 479, 482.

—— St. Mark’s Church at, 263.

Ventadour, Bernard of. _See_ Bernard.

Vercelli, 260.

Verdun, treaty of, 56, 68, 72, 91.

Vermandois, the, 81, 86, 291, 293.

—— Herbert, Count of. _See_ Herbert.

—— Hugh, Count of. _See_ Hugh.

Verona, 29, 37, 39, 270, 381, 487.

—— _La Chiusa di_, 258.

—— league of, 258.

—— march of, 258.

Vexin, the, 81, 275, 288, 292.

Vézelai, 191, 300.

Vicelin, missionary, 226.

Vicenza, 258, 381.

Victor II., Pope, 109–112, 114.

—— III., Pope, 136.

—— IV., Antipope, 234, 256, 257, 288.

—— St., abbey of, 205–206.

Victorines, 205–206.

Vidin, 164.

Vienna, Frederick II. enters, in 1237, 375.

Vienne, 145.

Vikings, the, 162; in Normandy, 83; and Flanders, 86.

Vilaine, the, 85.

Villani (quoted), 484.

_Villefranches_ of St. Louis, 426.

Villehardouin, Geoffrey of, prince of Achaia, 343, 349.

_Villeneuves_, 415, 426.

Viterbo, 140, 384, 482, 484.

Vitry, the assault of, 284.

—— county of, 87.

—— James of, 333.

Vittoria, 390.

Vladimir, St., 378.

Vogelweide, Walter von der, 332, 378.

_Vogt_, 25.

Vratislav of Bohemia, 252.

Wagrians, the, 21, 226.

Waldenses, the. _See_ Vaudois.

Wales, 9, 84, 85.

Walter of Brienne, 317-318.

—— the Penniless, 181.

—— archbishop of Palermo, 300.

—— bishop of Troja, 317-318.

—— von der Vogelweide, 332, 378.

War, private, 362, 374.

Wartburg, the, 378, 388.

Weiblingen, 221.

Weinsberg, the battle of, 232.

Welf, house of. _See_ Guelf.

—— Duke of Bavaria, 137, 139.

—— Count (_temp._ Conrad III.), 233.

—— VI., of Bavaria, 246, 259, 268.

—— VII., 259.

Wenceslas III. (1230-1253), 379.

Wends, the, 5, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 37, 39, 40.

Werner of Kyburg, Count of the Thurgau, 54.

Weser, the, 268, 373.

Westphalia, 19, 266, 268, 377.

White Friars, the, 440. _See_ Carmelites.

—— Monks, the, 204. _See_ Cistercians.

Widukind, Saxon monk, 16, 99.

—— of Corvey, 25.

Wied, Rudolf of. _See_ Rudolf, 270.

Willegis, archbishop of Mainz, 40, 41, 46.

William, Count of Holland, King of the Romans, 388, 482, 488.

—— I., the Conqueror, King of England, 8, 81, 84, 86, 115, 126, 174, 178, 235.

—— II., Rufus, King of England, 138, 139, 141, 275.

—— I., the Bad, King of Sicily, 249, 252-253, 340.

—— II., the Good, King of Sicily, 262, 269, 298, 301.

—— III., King of Sicily, 310.

—— the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine, 97.

—— I. or III., Tow-head, Duke of Aquitaine, 89.

—— V., the Great, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou, 52, 56, 62.

—— son of William V. of Aquitaine, 53.

—— VIII., Duke of Aquitaine, 90.

—— X., Duke of Aquitaine, 90, 280, 281.

—— of Apulia, Norman chronicler, 105.

—— of Auvergne, bishop of Paris, 422.

—— of Blois, archbishop of Reims, 290, 291.

—— of Champeaux, bishop of Châlons, 145, 211, 212.

—— Clito, 278.

—— of Conches, 211.

—— the Great, Count of Franche-Comté, 145.

—— abbot of Hirschau, 199.

—— of the Iron Arm, 106, 107.

—— archbishop of Mainz, son of Otto I., 25, 27, 35.

—— of Nangis, 414.

—— of Saint-Amour, 446.

—— of Tyre (quoted), 196.

Winchester, the Earl of, 454.

—— Henry, bishop of, 87.

Wittelsbach, house of, 331.

—— Otto of. _See_ Otto.

Wolfram of Eschenbach, 378.

Worms, 50, 101, 124, 251, 372, 374.

—— Concordat of, 147, 149, 225, 307.

—— Diet at (1179), 266.

—— Treaty of (1193), 308.

Würzburg, Diets at, 146, (1165) 257, (1180) 267; oath at, 262, 265; (1196), 311.

Xanten, 19, 206.

Xeres, 473.

Yorkshire, Otto IV., Earl of, 319.

York. _See_ Roger, archbishop of, 291.

Yussuf, Ameer of Andalous, 468-469.

Zähringen, the Duchy of, 222, 223.

Zallaca, battle of, 468.

Zangi, 191, 192, 195.

Zara, capture of (1202), 344, 346.

Zeiz, 34.

Zimisces, John. _See_ John Zimisces.

Zoe, Eastern empress, 165, 166, 167.

Zürich, 240.

Footnote 1:

Giesebrecht’s _Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit_ gives a full account of German and Italian history from 919 to the latter part of the reign of Frederick I. Richter and Kohl’s _Annalen des deutschen Reichs im Zeitalter der Ottonen und der Salier_, includes an excellent series of extracts from the original sources. Prutz’s _Staatengeschichte des Abendlands im Mittelalter_ (vol. i. Oncken’s Series) is a popular working-up of the whole period. A French account is in Zeller’s _Histoire de l’Allemagne_; while Lavisse and Rambaud’s _Histoire générale du iv^e Siècle à nos jours_, vols. i. and ii., is certainly the best presentation of the general history of the early Middle Ages. Bryce’s remarkable essay on _The Holy Roman Empire_, and Fisher’s detailed _Medieval Empire_ are the best books in English. The facts are related in Henderson’s _History of Germany during the Middle Ages_, and in Milman’s _History of Latin Christianity_. Gregorovius’ _Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter_ is now translated.

Footnote 2:

For authorities see note to chapter ii.

Footnote 3:

Havet’s _Lettres de Gerbert_ (Picard’s ‘Collection de Textes’), with the editor’s introduction, are a chief authority for Gerbert’s history and policy. See also an article on Gerbert by Mr. R. Allen, in the _English Historical Review_, vol. vii. pp. 625-668.

Footnote 4:

Luchaire’s _Institutions Monarchiques de la France sous les Premiers Capétiens (987-1180)_ includes, besides its detailed studies of institutions, an admirable summary of the political history. Special works include Lot’s _Les Derniers Carolingiens_, Monod’s _Études sur l’Histoire de Hugues Capet_, and Pfister’s _Étude sur le Règne de Robert le Pieux_.

Footnote 5:

Moeller’s _Church History_ (translated from the German), gives a bald but full and learned summary of the ecclesiastical history of the whole period. Gieseler’s _Church History_ (also translated), is valuable for its numerous citations of original texts. Besides Gibbon’s famous fifty-sixth chapter on the Normans in Italy, Delarc’s _Les Normands en Italie (1016-1073)_ gives an elaborate and careful account of the Norman history in Italy up to the accession of Gregory VII.

Footnote 6:

Stephen’s _Hildebrand and his Times_ (‘Epochs of Church History’), gives a useful summary of the life and work of the future Gregory VII.; see also Stephen’s essay on Hildebrand in his _Essays on Ecclesiastical Biography_. Bowden’s _Life and Pontificate of Gregory VII._, and Villemain’s _Histoire de Gregoire VII._ give fuller accounts.

Footnote 7:

See the life of David [d. (?) 1139], Bishop of Bangor, by the present writer, in the _Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. xiv. pp. 115-117.

Footnote 8:

The text of the Concordat of Worms, and many other German constitutional documents, can be studied in Altmann and Bernheim’s useful _Ausgewählte Urkunden zur Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands im Mittelalter_.

Footnote 9:

The best English book on later Byzantine history is Finlay’s _History of Greece_, which covers the whole period. Oman’s _Byzantine Empire_ (‘Story of the Nations’) is a readable summary. Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall_ must always be consulted. Schlumberger’s _Un Empereur byzantin au X^e siècle_, _Nicéphore Phocas_, and _L’Epopée byzantine à la fin du X^e siècle_, present attractive aspects of the subject in a recent light.

Footnote 10:

The best short book on the Crusades in English is Archer and Kingsford’s _The Crusades_ (‘Story of the Nations’). Kugler, _Geschichte der Kreuzzüge_ (Oncken’s Series), is a fuller but dry survey of the whole subject. H. von Sybel’s _History and Literature of the Crusades_ (translated from the German) is one of the earliest of modern critical works. Mr. Archer’s article in the _English Hist. Review_, iv. 89-105, determines some points. Gibbon’s Chapters LVIII. and LIX. should always be read. Röhricht’s _Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem_ is invaluable for the internal history.

Footnote 11:

Besides the dry pages of Möller and Gieseler, reference can be made to Montalembert’s picturesque _Monks of the West_, and Maitland’s _Dark Ages_, while J. H. Newman’s _Lives of English Saints_ tells the story of some of the monastic heroes with rare sympathy and power. An idea of the monastic life can be got from good biographies, such as Church’s _Life of St. Anselm_, or Morison’s _Life of St. Bernard_. Poole’s _Illustrations of the History of Mediæval Thought_, and Rashdall’s _Universities of the Middle Ages_ (chap. ii. ‘Abelard and the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century,’ and chap. iv. §§ 1 and 2) give admirable accounts of the intellectual movements of the time. Hardwick’s _History of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages_ is a succinct one-volume summary of general Church history.

Footnote 12:

See on this subject Enlart’s _Origines de l’Architecture gothique en Italie_ (Bibliothéque de l’Ecole française de Rome).

Footnote 13:

Poole, _Illustrations of the History of Mediæval Thought_, p. 106, quotes the local chronicle’s account of the teaching of Odo of Cambrai at the Abbey of St. Martin’s, Tournai.

Footnote 14:

See on this subject Clerval, _Les écoles de Chartres au moyen âge_.

Footnote 15:

To the books enumerated in chapter i. may now be added, Busk’s discursive but detailed _Mediæval Popes, Kings, Emperors and Crusaders, from 1125 to 1268_. Bernhardi’s _Lothar von Supplinburg_ and _Konrad III._ deal specially with the two reigns covered in this chapter.

Footnote 16:

‘Rex venit ante fores, jurans prius Urbis honores, Post homo fit papæ, sumit quo dante coronam.’

_Ann. Colon. Max. s.a._ 1133, Pertz, _Mon. Hist. Germ. SS._ vol. xvii.; Ragewinus, _Gesta Fred. Imp. ib._ xx. 422.

Footnote 17:

On the whole subject of the constitution of the Italian towns see Hegel, _Geschichte der Städteverfassung von Italien_ (1847), Heinemann, _Zur Entstehung der Städteverfassung in Italien_ (1896), whose views Hegel contests; or for their more general history, Lanzi, _Storia dei communi italiani_ (1881-1884), and Sismondi’s old-fashioned _Histoire des Républiques Italiennes_.

Footnote 18:

Among the modern authorities for this period may be quoted Prutz’s _Kaiser Friedrich I._, Reuter’s _Geschichte Alexanders des Dritten und der Kirche seiner Zeit_, and Ficker’s _Forschungen zur Reichs- und Rechtsgeschichte in Italien_. Giesebrecht’s great work, unluckily, ends with the fall of Henry the Lion. Raumer’s _Geschichte der Hohenstaufen_ is quite antiquated. A full account of Frederick’s Italian struggle is to be found in English in Testa’s _History of the War of Frederick I. against the Communes of Lombardy_ (1877). Otto of Freising is a first-rate original chronicler.

Footnote 19:

On Frederick’s relations to the Middle Kingdom, see Fournier’s _Royaume d’Arles et de Vienne, 1138-1378_.

Footnote 20:

‘Debes enim ante oculos mentis reducere ... qualiter imperialis insigne coronae libentissime _conferens_, benignissimo gremio suo tuae sublimitatis apicem studuerit confovere ... sed si majora _beneficia_ de manu nostra excellentia tua suscepisset ... non immerito gauderemus.’ Ragewinus, _Gesta Frederici Imperatoris_, in Pertz, _Scriptores_, xx. 421.

Footnote 21:

Besides M. Luchaire’s _Institutions Monarchiques_, his _Louis VI. le Gros, Annales de sa vie et de son règne_ and his _Etudes sur les actes de Louis VII._, are of capital importance for this period. Hirsch’s _Studien zur Geschichte Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich_, and Delisle’s _Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste_, well illustrate the latter part of the chapter. Hutton’s short _Philip Augustus_ (‘Foreign Statesmen Series’) is a readable summary, while W. Walker’s _On the Increase of the Royal Power in France under Philip Augustus_ is also useful. Miss Norgate’s _England under the Angevin Kings_ is fullest for the struggle of France and Anjou.

Footnote 22:

_Vie de Louis le Gros_, par Suger. Ed. Molinier in Picard’s Collection de textes pour servir à l’étude et à l’enseignement de l’histoire.

Footnote 23:

See on this subject Luchaire’s _Les Communes françaises à l’époque des Capétiens directs_.

Footnote 24:

To the authorities mentioned in chapter viii., may be added for the Third Crusade, the _Itinerarium Regis Ricardi_ (Rolls Series), with Dr. Stubbs’ Introductions, Ambroise’s _Estoire de la guerre sainte_, ed. G. Paris, and Archer’s useful, though popular, _Crusade of Richard I._ Toeche’s _Kaiser Heinrich VI._ is the standard modern authority for Henry VI.’s reign; some of its results are usefully criticised in Bloch’s _Forschungen zur Politik Kaiser Heinrichs VI. in den Jahren 1191-1194_.

Footnote 25:

Among the numerous treatises written in Germany on the political significance of Richard I.’s captivity may be mentioned, besides Toeche and Bloch, Kindt’s _Gründe der Gefangenschaft Richards I. von England_, and Kneller’s _Des Richards Löwenherz deutsche Gefangenschaft_. Compare _English Historical Review_, viii. 334-336, and ix. 746.

Footnote 26:

The late M. Luchaire has recently published studies of the chief aspects of Innocent III.’s career in four little volumes, popular in form, but solid in substance. Milman’s _Latin Christianity_, vol. v., will be found useful as far as it goes. The imperial history is treated in detail by Winkelmann, _Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig_.

Footnote 27:

To the authorities mentioned under Chapter VII. may now be added Pears’ _Fall of Constantinople, being the Story of the Fourth Crusade_.

Footnote 28:

Huillard-Bréholles’ _Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi_ contains a magnificent collection of Frederick’s acts, and a whole volume of introduction, which is the best general commentary on his reign. The same writer’s _Pierre de la Vigne_ should also be studied. T. L. Kington’s _History of Frederick II._ (2 vols.) is a sound and elaborate English version of the Emperor’s career. For Frederick’s religious ideas, see also Gebhart’s _L’Italie Mystique_. There is a good essay on Frederick II. in Freeman’s _Historical Essays_, First Series. Freeman’s over-emphasis of the continuity of imperial tradition may be usefully contrasted with the view held by Mr. E. Jenks, in his interesting _Law and Politics in the Middle Ages_, ‘that the Frank Empire in both its stages was a sham Empire.’ The magnificent editions of the registers of the thirteenth century Popes, now being published, mainly by the French school at Rome, will afford a solid basis for the detailed history of the Papacy.

Footnote 29:

It is printed in Altmann and Bernheim, _Ausgewählte Urkunden_, pp. 18-20.

Footnote 30:

Altmann and Bernheim, _Ausgewählte Urkunden_, pp. 20-22.

Footnote 31:

A good account of this ‘Capture of a General Council’ is given by Mr. G. C. Macaulay in the _English Historical Review_, vol. vi. (1891), pp. 1-17.

Footnote 32:

Delisle’s _Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste_ and Hutton’s _Philip Augustus_ cover the early part of this period. For the fall of John, see Bémont’s _Condamnation de Jean Sans Terre_, in _Revue Historique_, xxxii., 33-74, 290-311. For the Albigensian Crusade, see Peyrat’s _Histoire des Albigeois_, and Douai’s _Les Albigeois_, and Lea’s _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_. For the reign of Louis VIII., the best work is Petit-Dutaillis’ _Règne de Louis VIII._, in the Bibliothèque de l’école des hautes Études. For St. Louis, Wallon’s _Histoire de Saint Louis_ is a useful but not an original summary. Joinville’s contemporary _Vie de Saint Louis_ should above all be studied. Boutaric’s _Saint Louis et Alfonse de Poitiers_, the essay in vol. vii. of the _Nouvelle histoire de Languedoc_, and Sternfeld’s _Karl von Anjou als Graf von Provence_ show well the process of the Southward expansion of France. For Louis’ relations to the Papacy consult Berger’s _Saint-Louis et Innocent IV._ See also Lecoy de la Marche’s _Saint Louis sa famille et sa cour_ in _Revue des questions historiques_, t. xxiv., and Beugnot’s _Essai sur les constitutions de Saint Louis_. Ch. V. Langlois’ _Règne de Philippe le Hardi_ gives an admirable summary of the state of France as it was left at St. Louis’ death.

Footnote 33:

Petit-Dutaillis’ _Louis VIII._, pp. 30-183, gives by far the best account of this expedition.

Footnote 34:

Miss Farnell’s _Lives of the Troubadours, with Specimens of their Poetry_, gives this (p. 222) and other illustrations of Provençal feeling. Luchaire’s _Innocent III. et la Croisade des Albigeois_ is useful for the whole subject.

Footnote 35:

See Curie Seimbres’ _Essai sur les villes fondées dans le sud-ouest de la France aux xiii^e et xiv^e siècles sous le nom de bastides_ [Toulouse, 1880].

Footnote 36:

See on this subject M. Bémont’s _Simon de Montfort_. On the general position of the English Dukes of Guienne, see the _Rôles Gascons_, now being published in the _Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France_, with M. Bémont’s invaluable introductory sketch.

Footnote 37:

See Tout’s _Edward I._ (Twelve English Statesmen), pp. 86-92.

Footnote 38:

Denifle’s _Universitäten des Mittelalters_ (vol. i.), and Rashdall’s _Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_ supply full information as to the organisation and studies of the universities. Hauréau’s _De la philosophie scholastique_ (2 vols.) summarises clearly the activity and teaching of the schoolmen. For the Franciscans, Hase’s _Franz von Assisi_ and Sabatier’s brilliant _Saint François d’Assise_, and Müller’s _Anfänge des Minoritenordens und der Bussbruderschaften_. Brewer’s _Monumenta Franciscana_ and Little’s _Grey Friars at Oxford_ illustrate their activity in England. For the Dominicans, Lacordaire’s _Vie de Saint Dominique_, Caro’s _Saint Dominique et les Dominicains_, and Lecoy de la Marche’s _La Chaire française au moyen âge_. For the heretics and their repression, besides Lea’s _History of the Inquisition_, J. Havet’s _L’hérésie et le bras séculier au moyen âge_. The extracts from original authorities in Gieseler, and Möller’s careful summary, remain very useful.

Footnote 39:

Rex Francorum qui terrestrium rex regum est tum propter ejus cœlestem inunctionem tum propter suam potestatem et militiæ eminentiam.—_Hist. Major_, V. 480.

Footnote 40:

Besides the general authorities referred to in an earlier chapter, special reference may be made to important recent monographs such as Röhricht’s _Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im Jahre 1217_ (_Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte_, 1876), _Die Belagerung von Damiette_ (Raumer’s _Historisches Taschenbuch_, 1876), and Riant’s article on Edward I.’s Crusade in the _Archives de l’Orient Latin_. Joinville is indispensable for St. Louis’s Egyptian Crusade.

Footnote 41:

The authenticity of the story of the Children’s Crusade, challenged by Winkelmann, _Geschichte Friedrichs des Zweiten_, is upheld by the great authority of Röhricht in his article on _Der Kinderkreuzzug_ in the _Historische Zeitschrift_, vol. 36.

Footnote 42:

Ulick R. Burke’s _History of Spain_, 2 vols. (1895), S. Lane-Poole’s _Moors in Spain_, Watts’ _Spain_, and Professor Morse Stephens’ _Portugal_ (these three in ‘The Story of the Nations’); Southey’s _Chronicle of the Cid_, H. B. Clarke’s _The Cid_ (‘Heroes of the Nations’). Fuller accounts in Dozy, _Histoire des Mussulmans d’Espagne_, and Schäfer and Schirrmacher’s _Geschichte von Spanien_.

Footnote 43:

_The Chronicle of James I. of Aragon_, translated by John Foster, with an introduction by Pascual de Gayangos.

Footnote 44:

To the authorities earlier given may be added Schirrmacher’s _Die letzten Hohenstaufen_ and Kempf’s _Geschichte des deutschen Reichs während des grossen Interregnum_. A considerable literature of monographs and dissertations has been written in Germany as to the Interregnum. References to it will be found in the present writer’s article on Richard of Cornwall in the _Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. xlviii. pp. 165-175.

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PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. P. 171, changed “He was a pettifogging financier, who disbanded part of his troops and disheartened the rest miserable and disastrous economies.” to “He was a pettifogging financier, who disbanded part of his troops and disheartened the rest by miserable and disastrous economies.” There was a two character gap. 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 3. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 4. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=. 7. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Empire and the Papacy 918-1273, by T. F. Tout