Chapter 5

see _ibid_., p. ciii (George Reyd's will, 1559). _Ibid_., p. cx ff. (William Birche's will of 1575 in which are many bequests to poor artificers, to prisoners--a very frequent bequest--to "needfull briggs or highe waies," etc.). See also _Benefactions to Dorset Parishes, Churches_, etc., in _Notes and Quer. for Somer. and Dorset_, x, 164 ff. Also T.P. Wadley, _Notes on Bristol Wills, passim (e.g_., Thos. Kelke's will of 1583, on p. 230. He leaves £13 to Newgate prisoners, a frieze gown to 12 women and 12 men--a frequent bequest--6s. 8d. each to 52 poor maidens for their marriage, etc.). Also _Wills and Inventories, Surtees Soc_., xxxviii, Pt. ii, _passim_. Surrey Wills in _Surrey Arch. Coll_., x (1891), _passim_.

[236] _The crie of the poore for the death of the right Honourable Earle of Huntington_ (printed 1596), Joseph Lilly, _A Collection of Seventy-Nine Black-Letter Ballads and Broadsides_, 1559-1597 (1870), 230.

[237] _Ibid_., 263.

[238] _The poore people's complaynt, Bewayling the death of their famous benefactor, the worthy Earle of Bedford_ (Died 1585). Bedford was described as "a person of such great hospitality that Queen Elizabeth was wont to say of him that he made all the beggars." Clark, _Shirburn Ballads_, 256.

[239] J.C. Cox, _Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals_, i, 136.

[240] E. Freshfield, _St. Bartholomew, Exchange, Acc'ts, s.a_. 1598, _et passim_. Freshfield, _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Vestry Book_, 32 (1595). _St. Margaret's, Westminster, Overseers' Acc'ts_ in _The Westminster Tobacco Box_, Pt. ii (1887), _e.g., s.a_. 1572-3, where we find donations from Lord Burghley, the Lord Chief Justice, the Dean of Westminster, the Earl of Derby, the Earl of Hertford, etc.

[241] Though by 37 Hen. VIII c. 9, sec. 3 (_Stats. of Realm_, iii, 996) interest up to 10 per cent. per annum was permitted, all interest was prohibited by the 5 & 6 Ed. VI, c. 20, sec. 2 (_Stats. of Realm_, iv, Pt. i, 155). Interest is here dubbed usury, "a vice most odyous and detestable." Interest up to 10 per cent. was, however, again made lawful by the 13 Eliz. c. 8, sec. 4 (_Stats. of Realm_, iv, Pt. i, 542) which, however, stigmatizes usury as sinful.

[242] Examples are, _Vestry Minutes of St. Margaret, Lothbury_, 32 (Gift of £20 in 1595 to be employed in wood and coal for the use of the poor. A committee of four was appointed to invest and make sales. See their account for 1596, p. 34). _The Westminster Tobacco Box_, Pt. ii, 22 (One of the overseers of St. Margaret's to keep a gift of £42 "untill the same may be bestowed upon somme good bargaine as a lease or somme other such like commoditie w[hi]ch may yeelde a yerely rente to the pore." 1578). Cf. _St. Bartholomew, Exchange, Acc'ts Books_, 3 ff., where in 1598, and regularly in subsequent years, appears the item: "Alowed to this account for the geft of the Lady Wilfordes xx li for the pore xx[s]." Also another item, likewise of 20s. yearly, on Mr. Nutmaker's £20--in other words, 10 per cent. in each case every year. Cf. Jas. Stockdale, _Annals of Cartmel_ (Lancashire, pub. 1872), 37-8 (£65 6s., money belonging to Cartmel grammar school "placed" in the hands of various persons, some of whom give pledges, others mortgages, for repayment. The revenue from this is £6 10s. 7d., _i.e._, 10 per cent. in 1598). In 1613, in allowing the overseer's accounts of Swyre, Dorset, the local justices indorse: "Upon this condition that from henceforth the overseers and Churchwardens do yearlie charge themselves with the some of xxs. for thuse of a stocke of xli [_i.e._, 10 per cent.] giuen to the poore by the testam[en]t of James Rawlinge." The practice above illustrated is simply that enjoined by 18 Eliz. c. 3, amended and completed by 39 Eliz. c. 3 and 43 Eliz. c. 2, with an object of making the poor administration self-supporting as far as might be. The fact that Elizabethan poor laws were based on the best-approved parish customs made them perdurable. For a model administration of parish stock according to the poor laws see the Cowden Overseers Acc'ts, _Sussex Arch. Coll_., xx, 95 ff. (1599 ff.).

[243] _E.g._, in St. Michael's in Bedwardine (_Acc'ts_ ed. John Amphlett) one Stanton left 50s. to the poor in 1588 (_Acc'ts_, p. 97-8). Robt. Chadbourne paid 5s. for the use of this money for several years (_Acc'ts_, p. 108, etc.). It then was loaned to John Brayne, an entry being made from time to time that the principal was owing as well as the interest (_Acc'ts_ p. 108). Brayne paid the 50s. to the wardens in Sept., 1595. Cf. preceding note (Cartmel school money).

[244] _St. Michael's in Bedwardine Acc'ts, supra, 96_ (One Fletcher loaned 30s. in 1586, he depositing with the wardens "a gilt salt with a cover"). For numerous gratuitous loans of parish money, see the Mere Acc'ts, _Wilts Arch. and Nat. Hist. Mag_., xxxv (1907), _passim_. Cf. also the document of 1586 relating to the parish of Heavitree, in _Devon Notes and Quer_., i (1901), 61, where it is stipulated (_inter alia_) that if any parishioner of good character upon reasonable cause shall desire to borrow from any surplus funds of the church for a season, "such a one shall not be denyed."

[245] See _Wilts Arch. Mag_., xxxv. Cf. J.E. Foster, _St. Mary the Great_ (Cambridge) _Acc'ts_ (1905), 208.

[246] In 1564 the parishioners of Chagford, Devon, bought from the lord of the manor for £10 the local markets and fairs, subject to a yearly rent of 16s., which they had always paid as tenants. They then repaired and enlarged the market house. Presumably their venture was a profitable one, for in 1595 the revenue from these markets and fairs was £3 10s. G.W. Ormerod in _Devon Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, etc., viii (1876), 72. Same, _Local Information reprinted from the Chagford Parish Mag_. (1867) in _Topographical Tracts_ in Brit. Mus. As it was sometimes hard for the authorities to prevent the churchwardens from utilizing the church for plays, so it was hard for them to keep the wardens from giving up the churchyard or outlying portions of the church structure for fairs and stall-holders. In Herts Co. Rec. Quarter Sess. Rolls (ed. W.J. Hardy, 1905), p. 13, we read, _s. a_. 1591-2, that a presentment was made that some part of the "fayer of Starford has usually been kept within the compase of the churchyard." See also _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_ (ed. H.J.F. Swayne, _Wilts Rec. Soc_. 1896), introd., p. xxiii (St. Edmund's fair held within and without the churchyard. Wardens receipts from cheesesellers, butchers, etc., for stalls and standings).

[247] As late as 1633 the bishop of Bath and Wells could write to Archbishop Laud: "I finde that by Church-ales hertofore many poore Parishes have cast their Bells, repaired their Towers, beautified their Churches, and raised stocks for the poore." Wm. Prynne, _Canterburies' Doome_, etc. (1646), 151. Cf. Philip Stubbes, _Anatomie of Abuses_ (4th ed., 1595), 110-11. _Spudeus:_ "But, I pray you, how do they bestow that money which is got thereby?" [_i.e._, by church-ales]. _Philopomus:_ "Oh well, I warrant you, if all be true which they say; for they repaire their Churches and Chappels with it; they buy bookes for service, Cuppes for the celebration of the Sacrament, Surplesses for Sir John [_i.e._, the parson], and such other necessaries. And they maintaine other extraordinarie charges in their Parishes besides."

[248] Bath and Wells to Canterbury, Prynne, _supra, loc. cit_. In 1536 at Morebath, Devon, the parish agreed that the clerk should gather his "hire meat" (_i.e._, so much corn of each one) at Easter, "& then ye p[a]rysse schall helpe to drenke him a coste of ale yn ye churche howse." J.E. Binney, _Morebath Acc'ts_ (1904), 86. When in 1651 at St. Thomas', Salisbury, clerk-ales were abolished, "both the clerk and sexton claimed compensation for the loss of income sustained." The same was true of St. Edmunds' (in the same city) in 1697. Swayne, _St. Edmund and St. Thomas Acc'ts_, introd., p. xvii.

[249] Stubbes, _Anatomie_, etc., 110. The above account of church-ales has been derived partly from Stubbes and from a curious little pamphlet, edited by Rev. Fredk. Brown in 1883, entitled _On some Star Chamber Proceedings_, 34 _Eliz_. 1592; partly, also, from many churchwardens acc'ts, in particular the Seal Acc'ts in _Surrey Arch. Coll_., ii (1864), 34-6 (See items in detail for the ale of 1592, and especially the ale of 1611. Expenses for all manner of provisions and delicacies, for minstrels and evidently, too, for a play occur. In 1611 the festivities lasted at least 5 days). Cf., too, the _Expenses of the Maye Feast_ at Dunmow in 1538 (Cooks, minstrels and players mentioned), _Essex Arch. Soc_., ii, 230. Also Kitchen, _Manor of Manydown_, 172-3 (Lists of delicacies provided at the Wootton ale in 1600. Expense items for lords' and ladies' liveries, players, etc.)

[250] The Parish of Chagford in _Devon Ass. for Adv. of Science_, viii, 74.

[251] _Wilts Arch. Mag_., xxxv (1907), Mere Acc'ts, 30. These have been transcribed verbatim by Mr. T.H. Baker.

[252] _Op. cit_. Because of greatly increased expenses the wardens here thenceforth resorted to collections according to a book of rates. They also devised other means of income, such as parish burial fees, collections for the holy loaf (_i.e._, blessed but not consecrated bread), etc. This casting about for new sources of revenue was characteristic of all parishes as the reign advanced.

[253] _Op. cit_., 26.

[254] _Op. cit_., 92.

[255] In 1605 and 1606, doubtless to meet some extraordinary expenses, the Mere wardens roused themselves to great efforts at their church-ale, and netted £15 6s., and £20 respectively. Sir Rich. Colt Hoare, _Hist. of Modern Wiltshire_ (1822), i, 21.

[256] Kitchen, _Manor of Manydown_, 174. At this ale there were six tables and the receipts from each were tabulated separately. For other large receipts see the Wing, Bucks, Acc'ts, _Archaeologia_, xxxvi, 219 ff. In 1598 the ale here yielded £9 16s. 4d. At Morebath, a small and poor parish, an ale had produced £10 13s. 5d. in 1529. but the receipts from this source fell off here in Elizabeth's time. At Stratton, Cornwall, up to 1547, at any rate, if not later, ales were the chief source of income. _Archaeologia_, xlvi, 195-6.

[257] _Devon Notes and Quer_., iii (1905), 224. Cf. the Young Men Wardens' ales at Morebath (Binney, _Morebath Acc'ts_, 213 [1573], _et passim_). Also St. Anthony's Gild ales at Chagford. _Devon Ass. for Adv. of Science_, viii, 74 (1599). Various persons at Milton Abbot sold ale and bread. _Op. cit_., vol. xi (1879), 218.

[258] _Notes and Quer. for Somer. and Dorset_, v (1897), 48. The same year in these acc'ts we find three conduit wardens mentioned. These are to have "the assistance of William Ellis plomer [plumber]." Of them it is also determined that they "do kepe an alle for the comodetie of the [Transcriber's note: WORD ILLEGIBLE] dytts in the sayd Towne to be kept abowts the tyme of Shrofftyde," [Transcriber's note: WORD(S) ILLEGIBLE] just before Lent.

[259] Butcher, _The Parish of Ashburton_, 41. It would seem that there were special wardens here for ale drawing. (See p. 44 [1570-1].)

[260] _Archaeologia_, xxxvi, 235.

[261] "And because John Watts hath ben long sick, hit is agreed that if hee be not able to s[e]rve at the tyme of the Church ale, That then John Coward ... shall s[e]rve and be king in his place for this yeare." Mere Acc'ts (_Wilts Arch. Mag., l.c_., 34) _s.a._ 1561. Cf. J.H. Matthews, _History of St. Ives_ (1892), 144, _et passim_.

[262] Bishop Hobhouse, _Churchwdn's Acc'ts of Croscombe, Pilton_, etc., _Somerset Rec. Soc_., iv (1890), 80, where he says: "The [Yatton] wardens attended these festivals at Ken, Kingston, Wrington, Congresbury, etc., with more or less regularity, making their contributions, commonly xijd. in the name of the parish and at the cost of the parish ..." Cf. _Morebath Acc'ts_ (ed. Binney), 224: "It there was payd a trinite Sonday at the Churche ale at Bawnton [Bampton] for John Skynner ... xjd." (1565). Mere Acc'ts (_Wilts Arch. Mag_.), 60: "Item paied for bread and drink to make the Sum[m]er Lord of Gillingham Drink ... ijs. vjd." (1578-9). T. Nash, _Hist. and Antiq. of Worcestershire_, ii, appen., p. xxix (Halesowen Acc'ts: "Paid when we went to Frankley to the church ale 20d.").

[263] See the precedents given for the Western Circuit in Prynne, _Canterburies' Doome_, 152. Cf. also, _ibid_., 128 ff. That these ales died hard in Devon and Somerset is seen by the repeated judicial orders. See also J.W. Willis Bund, _Social Life in Worcestershire illustrated by the Quarter Sess. Rec_. in _Assoc. Archit. Soc_., xxiii, Pt. ii (1897), 373-4 (1617). A.H. Hamilton, _Quarter Sessions from Elisabeth to Anne_ (1878), 28-9. Harrison, _Descrip. of Engl_., Bk. ii, New Shak. Soc., 32. Saml. Barfield, _Thatcham, Berks, and its Manors_, ii, 105 (Wardens Acc'ts 1598-9: "Item wee were bounde over by Mr. Dolman, Justice, to appeare at Reading Assizes, where it cost T.. L.. and R.. C.. conserning our business wee kept at Whitsuntide xvs. apece, somme xxxs.")

[264] Hale, _Crim. Prec_., 149 (Hornchurch wardens bringing players into church. 1566). _Ibid_., 156 ("Tromperie" and "paynted stuff for playes in the chefe parte of the [Rayleigh] church." 1574). _Ibid_., 158 (Two plays in Romford Chapel by "comon players." Wardens plead in extenuation that proceeds went to "a poore man in decay." 1577). Leverton, Lincolnshire, Acc'ts, _Archæologia_, xli, 333 ff. (Several examples of plays in the church. 1579-95).

[265] In the Chelmsford Acc'ts, _Essex Arch. Soc_., ii, 225-6 (1562), is a most interesting inventory showing an elaborate stage outfit. That it was used for miracle plays is seen on p. 227 (" Cotte of lether for Christe," and "lyne for the clowdes," etc.). From various towns the Chelmsford men received in 1563, and subsequently, large sums for the hire of these properties, e.g., £3 6s. 8d. from "Starford" (Bishop Stortford?); 43s. 4d. from Colchester.

[266] Examples are Thos. North, _St. Martin's, Leicester, Acc'ts_ (1884), 80 (Children's morris-dance. 1558-9). Ibid., 85 (Robin Hood play). St. Helen, Abingdon, Acc'ts, _Archæologia_, i (2d ed.), 15 (1560). J.H. Baker, _Notes on St. Martin's_ (Salisbury) _Church and Parish_ (1906), Wardens Acc'ts, 153 (Whitsun dance in 1588 yielding 13s. 4d.). _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, introd., p. xvii. Also both acc'ts, _passim_ ("Feast of Hokkes," "Childrens daunse." At St. Edmund's £3 12s. collected in 1581 [p. 131]; at St. Thomas' same year £3 6s. 8d. [p. 291]). T.N. & A.S. Garry, _St. Mary, Reading, Acc'ts_ (1893), 28-9, et passim (Whitsuntide and Hocktide money here drop out as early as 1575. There was also here a Christmas gathering).

[267] Examples: Wandsworth Acc'ts in _Surrey Arch. Coll_., xvii (1902), 158 (1567-8). John Nichols, _Illustrations of the Manners etc. of Antient Times_ (1707) (Great Marlow, Bucks, Acc'ts, 135. 1612), etc.

[268] _Wilts Arch_. (etc.) _Mag., loc. cit_. (Mere Acc'ts: brass crocks in inventory of 1584). Chagford Acc'ts in _Devon Ass_. (etc.), 74. Binney, _Morebath Acc'ts_, 132. A.E.W. Marsh, _History of Caine_, 368 (Church furnace, 1529. Wardens expenditures for sowing church lands, mowing them, and carrying the corn and storing it in the church-house). _The Antiquary_, xvii, 169 (Stanford, Berks, Acc'ts, _s.a._ 1569: laying corn in church-house, and making malt there). _Morebath Acc'ts_, 132 (Spits put up in the church-house).

[269] Morebath Acc'ts, 142 (Church stock-taking), Mere Acc'ts _(Wilts Arch_. (etc.) _Mag. loc. cit_.), 32, 37, 54, etc. Chelmsford Acc'ts, 217 ("xv dozen pewter & ix peces," and rent of it owing to church. 1560).

[270] St. John's, Glastonbury, Acc'ts, _N. and Q. for Som. and Dor_., v, 94, _s.a._ 1588 (Selling ale in church-house). Tintinhull Acc'ts, _Somer. Rec. Soc_., iv, p. xxii ("The chief source of income [church-house] at T[intinhull] and elsewhere to the end of the 16th Century,") Stratton Acc'ts, _Arch_., xlvi, 198. _Bristol and Glouc. Arch. Soc. Tr_., vii (1882-3), 108 (Tenement donated 1532 to Northleach known as "the Churche Taverne." It was rented out, but on the condition that the lessee should "permit the towne to have the use of the same one month at Whitsontyde"). Of the Stratton church-house we are told that men were fined (in 1541) for drinking ale there, because the drinking was not for the profit of the parish. _Arch., loc. cit., supra_.

[271] _Stanford Acc'ts, loc. cit., s. a_. 1595. _Stratton Acc'ts, loc. cit_., 198.

[272] Thus at Calne (Wilts) in 1574-5 no church-ale was had, but a gathering in lieu of it was made from the parishioners. Ales and collections thenceforward alternated here, until church rates were established. Marsh, _History of Calne_, 372.

[273] See, _e.g_., Thos. North, _St. Martin's Leicester, Acc'ts_, 98, where the times of collection are named.

[274] See, among others, Ludlow Acc'ts, _Shrop. Archit_. (etc.) _Soc_., iii, 127 (1567), where the name occurs. Also St. Edmund's, Sarum, Acc'ts, _Wilts Rec. Soc_. for 1896, p. 141 (1592).

[275] _E.g._, at St. Edmund's, Sarum, or at St. Martin's, Leicester.

[276] See, _e.g_., J.E. Foster, _St. Mary the Great_ (Cambridge) _Acc'ts_, 148 ff. Offerings of the masters of arts and of the bachelors form a distinct feature here.

[277] See pp. 41 ff. and 59 _supra_. In the _Morebath Acc'ts_ (ed. J.E. Binney, p. 178) we read, _s.a._ 1553-4, as a heading to the receipt items: "Now to pay y'e forsayd dettis & demawndis y'e schall hyre of all our resettis y't we have resseuyed, & how gentylly for y'e moste p[ar]te men have payd of there owne devoc[i]on w[i]t[h] out ony taxyn or ratyng as y'e schall hyre here after." Then follows a list of 30 names. There is evidently some sort of rough assessment here, _e.g_., Nicholas at Hayne pays 4s. 9d., "consyderyng hys bothe bargayns" _(i.e_., small farms). Cf. _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, p. xviii and p. 317.

[278] Five years later, the vicar dead, the clerk was ordered to assist the wardens in receiving the 'paskall pence' whether paid at Easter or at any other time of communion. Hill and Frere, _Memorials of Stepney Parish_, 4-5 and 13-14.

[279] Ordered by St. Edmund's, Sarum, vestry in 1628: "that the bread and wyne for the Communion shalbe paid for by the auncyennt paymentt of the halfepence, and yf it shall com[e] to more ... Jt shalbe supplied out of the rest of the mony given after the Co[m]munion." _St. Edmund and St. Thomas Acc'ts (Wilts Rec. Soc.)_, 187.

[280] These levies were 2-1/2d. on each householder at St. Margaret, Lothbury, London; 3d. a house at St. Lawrence Pountney, London (_History of St. Laurence Pountney_, by H.B. Wilson [1831], 125 ff.). Etc. At Salehurst, Sussex, the fee was 1d. a poll yearly, heads of households being empowered in 1585 to abate that sum from their servants' wages: _Sussex Arch. Coll_., xxv, 154. At Pittington, Durham, landlords were to answer for their cottagers for a yearly fee of 2d.: _Surtees Soc_., lxxxiv, 29 (1590). Cf. _ibid_., Houghton-Le-Spring Acc'ts, 269. Leverton, Lincoln, Acc'ts, _Archæologia_, xli, 368 (A penny a poll for the elements. 1612). In the Abbey Parish Church Estate Acc'ts, Shrewsbury, every "gentleman" is to pay 6d. yearly to the wardens for bread and wine; "the second sorte" of the parishioners 4d. each; "the third or weaker sorte," each 2d.: _Shrop. Arch. Soc_., i, 65 (1603).

[281] See Great Yarmouth Acc'ts, _East Anglian_, iv (1892), 67 ff. (An item for purchase of 1000 tokens. 1613-14). Also _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Vestry Minute Books_, 14 (1584). Also _Archæologia Eeliana_, xix (1898), 44 (Ryton, Durham, Book of Easter offerings. 1595).

[282] _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, 288 (Muscatel and claret). _Abbey Parish Church Estate Acc'ts_, 62 (same). _St. Martin's, Leicester, Acc'ts_ (ed. Thos. North), 100 (Malmsey and claret).

[283] Rubric § 144 of the First Edwardine Prayer Book directs that as ministers are to find the elements, the congregations are to contribute every Sunday at the time of the offertory the just value of the holy loaf. See E. Freshfield, _St. Christopher-le-Stocks Vestry Minute Book_, p. vii, _et passim_. Stanford, Berks, Acc'ts, _Antiquary_, xvii, _s.a._ 1582 (2d. collected every Sunday for holy loaf). Mere Acc'ts (_Wilts Arch_. (etc.) _Mag_., xxxv, 38), _s.a._ 1568, _et passim_.

[284] J.V. Kitto, _St. Martin's-in-the-Fields_ (London) _Acc'ts_, append. D., Vestry Order of 1590. Parish order of Salehurst (1582), _Sussex Arch. Coll_., xxv, 153. St. Margaret's, Westminster, Overseers Acc'ts in _Westminster Tobacco Box_, Pt. ii, 18 (1566).

[285] _E.g._, at St. Laurence Pountney, London, the "clerk's wages" amounted in 1598 to nearly £30 in the wardens receipt items, but in the expense items to £8 plus various dues for lighting, bell-ringing and church-linen washing, in all £12 12s. Wilson, _History of St. Laurence_, 125. In the _St. Christopher-le-Stocks Acc'ts_ (ed. E. Freshfield), p. 4, the receipts in 1576 for "Clarkes wagis" are £9 6s. 5d., but we read: "Pd. to J.M. Clarke his whole yeares wagis [etc.] ... iij li." In _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Vestry Minutes_ (p. 13) it was decided in 1581 to raise the "clarkes rolle" to £8 a year, but expressly stated that the clerk is to be paid as before, "but That [the] overplus Shall remayn For astocke to the churche to beare owtt such charges as shalbe nessesarye for the same." In _St. Bartholomew, Exchange, Vestry Minutes_ (ed. E. Freshfield) in 1583 it is agreed (p. 27) that the clerk is to pay out of his wages the statutory assessment of 2d. weekly on the parish for maimed soldiers and mariners. Same stipulation at St. Alphage's, London Wall: G.B. Hall, _Records of St. Alphage_ (1882), 25 (1594).

[286] _St. Mary, Reading, Acc'ts_ (ed. F.N. & A.G. Garry), p. 56.

[287] Hill and Frere, _Memorials of Stepney_, 1-3 (1580). Later, 1606 (p. 50), the same method was employed to pay debts for casting the bells. Those not paying their assessments were to be deprived of their seats (p. 4). Other examples of raising money by pew rents are Butcher, _Parish of Ashburton_, 49 (£6 4s. collected "for the seat rent". 1579-80). _St. Christopher-le-Stocks Vestry Minutes_, 71 (Clerk's wages to be "sessed by the pyews").

[288] Baker, _Mere Acc'ts (Wilts Arch_, [etc.] _Mag_.), 33 (12d. for seats for a man and his wife, "which before were his ffather's." 1561). In a sale to a parishioner in 1556-7 it is expressly stated that she is to hold the seat during "here lyfe Accordynge to the old usage of the parishe": _ibid_., 24. At St. Edmund's, Sarum, the sale was sometimes for life, sometimes for a lesser period. A fine was paid for changing a pew, _Introd_., p. xxi. Cf. order made at Chelmsford in 1592, _Essex Arch. Soc_., ii, 219-20. See in St. John's, Glastonbury, Acc'ts, _Notes and Quer. for Somer. and Dor_., iv, 384, _s.a._ 1574, and _op. cit_., v, _s.a._ 1588, many receipts from the sale of seats. Cf. Pittington Vestry order, 1584, _Surtees Soc_., lxxxiv, 13. _St. Michael's in Bedwardine Acc'ts_, Introd., p. xvi. Fletcher, _History of Loughborough_, Acc'ts, 24 ff.

[289] See, _e.g_., in _St. Martin-in-the-Fields Acc'ts_, 214, the long list of receipts "for burialls, knylles and Suche Lyke," _s.aa_. 1563-5. At St. Edmund, Sarum, burials with christenings and banns netted £8 5s. 2d. in 1592-3 (_Acc'ts_, 141). At Kingston-upon-Thames in 1579 burials totalled 39s. 8d.: _Surrey Arch. Coll_., viii, 75. In _St. Michael's, Cornhill_, London, _Acc'ts_ (ed. W.H. Overall & A.J. Waterlow), 178-9, the receipts from knells and peals alone were 44s. 8d. in 1589-90.

[290] J.V. Kitto, _St. Martin-in-the-Fields Acc'ts_ (1901), 106, _note_.

[291] One of the most systematic tariffs I know of is that of St. Alphage, London Wall (G.B. Hall, _Records of St. A_., 28-30) drawn up in 1613. First there are _The Parson's dutyes for Parishioners_, for bann-askings, weddings, churchings, etc., as well as a percentage on offerings. Then the burial fees due him, without or with a coffin, in churchyard or in church, etc. Then comes the heading, _The dutyes belonging to the Parrish for Parrishioners_, a catalogue of fees for burial under various conditions. Then follow _The Parrishe's dutyes for the Bells_ (knells, peals, with small or large bells). Finally, _The Clarke his dutyes for Parishioners_ (Bann-askings, weddings, churchings, grave digging, tolling the bells for funerals in various ways, and on specified occasions, etc.). All the above fees are doubled in case of non-parishioners. See also the Salehurst tariff of 1597, most comprehensive and minute also: _Sussex Arch. Coll_., xxv, 154-5. Also parish order in _St. Martin's, Leicester, Acc'ts_ (ed. Thos. North), 19 and 128, _s. aa_. 1570-1 and 1584-5, as to duties for bells. These are regulated according to the rank of the person. _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Vestry Min., 2_ (Order regulating fees for "weddinges, cristeings, churchinges and berrialls" of 1571). See also the tariff of St. Edmund, Sarum (_Acc'ts_, 194), of 1608.

For receipt items for palls in the acc'ts, see _St. Martin's-in-the-Fields Acc'ts_, 317 (1580), where "best cloth" nets 20d. on each occasion, the "worst" but 2d. See also Stepney vestry regulation of 1602 concerning fees to be paid for palls: _Memorials of Stepney_, 41-2.

For expenses for making parish coffins see _St. Martin's-in-the-Fields Acc'ts, s. a_. 1546. Cf. _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, introd., p. xx. _St. Helen, Bishopsgate, Acc'ts_ (ed. J.E. Cox), 103 (Ordinance of 1564 that those buried within the church are to be confined). Also the other acc'ts _supra_. At St. Edmund, Sarum, the wardens sold tombstones for the benefit of the parish (_Acc'ts_, 135. 1587-8).

[292] _Memorials of Stepney_, 39-40.

[293] See W.G.D. Fletcher, _Hist. of Loughborough (Acc'ts)_, 24: an order regulating fees for marriage peals in 1588. In _St. Edmund, Sarum, Acc'ts_, 127, are receipt items, being money turned over to the wardens by the sexton, for banns, christenings, etc. Cf. _Introd_. to _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, p. xix. Cf. also _St. Laurence Pountney Acc'ts_ (Wilson, _Hist. of St. L_.), 124 (A marriage offering going to the parish. 1582). Usually marriage and churching dues went to minister and clerk (see tariffs, p. 221 _supra_). Chrisoms, _i.e._, white robes put on children when baptized, and given as an offering at churching, occasionally figure in the wardens' receipt items. See, _e.g_., J.E. Foster, _St. Mary the Great_ (Cambridge) _Acc'ts_, 156 (1565-7), _et passim. St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, 282 (Chrisoms farmed out by the parish in 1562-3. In 1567-8 the value of the chrisom offerings is 40s.). See _Introd_. to _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts_, p. xix.

[294] See p. 27 _supra_. Also p. 35 _supra_.

[295] _Provision for the poore now in penurie Out of the Store-House of Gods plentie, Explained by_ H. A[rth], London, 1597 (No pagination). "Wednesday suppers" refers to fasting nights appointed by proclamation or by statute. A not uncommon entry in the act-books is "no levy of the fyne of 12d." See, _e.g., Manchester Deanery Visit_., 57, _et passim. Barnes' Eccles. Proc_., 119, _et passim_. Hale, _Crim. Prec., passim_. Cf. in _Bishop Stortford Acc'ts_ (J.L. Glasscock, _Rec. of St. Michael, B. S_.), 64, the rubric: "Rec. of defaultes for absence" (9 names follow, each for 12d., except one for 3s.). _Dean of York's Visit_., 215 (Hayton wardens report to commissary that they have a small sum from absentees yet undistributed to the poor: "But it shalbe shortlie". 1570).

[296] See examples in note 32, pp. 19 _supra_.

[297] _Warrington Deanery Visit_., 189 (Penance of three days standing in white sheet for fornication commuted--the offender "_humiliter petens_"--to 13s. 4d. to be paid to vicar and wardens of Ormschurch to be distributed to poor, etc.). Hale, _Crim. Prec_., 232-3 (Commutation of a penance for having a bastard into £5 to be paid for the repair of St. Paul's, London, and also into 34s. 4d. to be paid to wardens of Horndon-on-the-Hill for the poor. 1606). See also _Chelmsford Acc'ts_, 212 (20s. received in 1560 "toward the pavynge of oure churche for part of his penance"). _Abbey Parish Church Estate Acc'ts, s. a_. 1578 (20s. received for a "purgation" to go to parish poor and to church).

[298] For some interesting receipt items see _The Westminster Tobacco Box_, Pt. ii, _Overseers Acc'ts_, 18 ff. (Fines in 1569 from a player beating a drum in service time; for selling coals on Candlemas day; for selling wood on Sunday; for driving a cart on that day, etc. In 1570 fines are received for retailing during service time, from proceeds of forfeitures of pots and dishes, etc., etc.). Wandsworth Acc'ts, _Surrey Arch. Coll_., xviii, 146 (Receipts for 1599 from fines for bricklaying on Sunday; for being in ale-house at service time--a number).

[299] See John Hawarde, _Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata_. 1593-1609 ed. W.P. Baildon (1894), _passim. E.g_., p. 91 (Offender fined £10 to use of poor for not laying sufficient ground to his cottages). _Ibid_. (Ed. Framingham, of Norfolk, fined £40 to use of poor for same offence. Oct. 14th, 1597). _Ibid_., 71 (Council commend a justice of the peace for condemning a Wilts engrosser to sell his corn to the poor 8d. under the price he paid for it).

[300] Some examples taken from many are North, _St. Martin, Leicester, Acc'ts_, 119 (Agreement in 1571 by mayor and brethren to fine one refusing to be warden for the first year 10s. to the use of the church). _Ibid_., 142 (This fine raised in 1600 to 20s.). _St. Edmund and St. Thomas, Sarum, Acc'ts, Introd_., p. xi, and _St. Edmund's Acc'ts_, 121, 129. _Mere Acc'ts, 26_ (Parish order of 1556-7). _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Minutes_, 33 (An offer from a parishioner in 1595 of £10 for church repair, "condicynellie that the parish wowld dispence with him for the church warden, Officers and cunstable..."). _Ibid_., 36 and 45 (Two parishioners each pay £10, being exempted thereafter "from all services as Constableshipp, Churchwarden, syde men and any other offices whatsoever that the parish myght ... hereafter Impose uppon them...". 1607). _Memorials of Stepney_, 44 (Fine for not attending vestry. 1602). _Clifton Antiq. Club_, i (1888), 198 (40d. fine for absence from St. Stephen's, Bristol, vestry, 1524. For other fines, see _ibid_.). _Clifton Antiq. Club_, i, 195 (Same fine for absence from St. Thomas', Bristol, vestry. 1579). _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Minutes, passim_ (Fines for not accounting on a certain day, and for not auditing accounts).

[301] Examples are found in W.F. Cobb, _St. Ethelburga-within-Bishopsgate_, London, _Acc'ts_, 5 (10s. received of a schoolmaster allowed to keep school in the belfry. 1589). _Ibid_., same p. ("Receaved of the owte cryar for a quarters rente for settynge of goodes at the churche doore ... iiis. iiijd..." 1585). The canons of 1571 forbid this practice: "_Non patientur [sc_. the wardens] _ut quisquam ex ... istis ... sordidis mercatoribus ... quos ... pedularios_ [peddlars] _appellant, proponant merces suas vel in coemeteriis vel in porticibus ecclesiarum_ [etc.]...", Cardwell, _Syn_., i, 124. St. Michael's, Lewes, Acc'ts, _Sussex Arch. Coll_., xlv (1902), 40, 60 ("Recd for sarttayn standyngs agaynst the cherche at Whytson fayar xvd." 1588). Similar items to the last are found in many accounts. See also _St. Mary the Great_, Cambridge, _Acc'ts_, 215 (Receipt items "for the chirch style before his house"; for the rent of the "p[ar]ishe ground wherevpon his chymney standythe". 1588). _Ibid_., 203 ("Yt ys also agreyd that goodman Tomson shall from hence forthe paye vnto the p[ar]yshe for hys byldynge into the Churche yarde 12d. by the yeare." 1584).

[302] Thus in 1561 Kingston-upon-Thames church sold brushwood growing upon its land for £14 7s. 8d.: _Surrey Arch. Coll_., viii, 77. In 1573 the wardens of St. Michael's in Bedwardine _(Acc'ts_ ed. John Amphlett, p. 74) brought a suit for the value of eight trees sold to one Lode, alleging that the defendant had promised to pay the price "for the reparacions of the ... church and reliff of the pore..."

[303] For the form and wording of such a licence see Parish Registers and Documents of Kingston-upon-Thames, etc.: _Surrey Arch. Coll_., ii (1864), 92 (1591). The fee according to royal proclamation was 6s. 8d.: _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Vestry Minutes_, 9. For receipts from this source see _St. Ethelburga-within-Bishopsgate Acc'ts_, 5, _et passim_, as well as the other London acc'ts already cited. Cf. Cardwell, _Doc. Ann_., i, 370-2, for Council's letter to the archbishop of Canterbury on the observance of Ember Days and Lent.

[304] _E.g._, see in _St. Mary the Great_, Cambridge, _Acc'ts_, 227-9 and 240-2, long lists of persons from all parts of England who contributed in the years 1592-4 towards the rebuilding of St. Mary's steeple. A host of proctors licenced under the broad seal, or by the justices of the peace, or otherwise, went from parish to parish soliciting contributions for churches, alms-houses, hospitals, etc. They seem to have entered parish churches at service time and disturbed or annoyed the congregations. This probably led to the parish order of Mere, Wilts _(Mere Acc'ts_, p. 80, in _Wilts Arch_. [etc.] _Mag_.), which in 1585 forbade such persons going about the parish or entering the church, but enjoined them all to repair to the Mere churchwardens for contributions to be given at the expense of the parish.

[305] At Winsham, Somerset, a document was drawn up in 1581, apportioning among certain parishioners (by virtue of their holdings), the vicar, and finally the whole parish, how many feet of wattled fence each should keep in repair, or what stiles each was to maintain: _Notes and Quer. for Somer. and Dor_., v, 538. See a similar agreement in _Morebath_ (Devon) _Acc'ts_, 38. Also in Marsh, _Hist. of Calne_, 372, the list at Calne. Here are 25 groups of houses and certain individuals charged with making and keeping the churchyard bounds. See also _Canterbury Visit_., xxv, 34 (Suit brought before the archdeacon against the tenant of a holding whose former owners had for 40 years repaired a portion of the church fence, 1611). For presentments to the courts Christian for non-repair of church fence by individuals, see _Dean of York's Visit_., 214, 228, 325 (1570-1599).

[306] _Canterbury Visit_., xxv, 26 (A parishioner of Herne presented for withholding 9s., "which hath always been accustomed to be paid out of a certain house and lands." 1592).

[307] Early History of Kingston-upon-Thames, _Surrey Arch. Coll_., viii, 74.

[308] _St. Mary the Great Acc'ts_, 148.

[309] _Hist. and Antiq. of Leicestershire_, by John Nichols (1815), i, Pt. ii, 569 ff.

[310] See in T. Nash, _Hist. and Antiq. of Worcestershire_, i, pp. lii-lvi, a long list of Pentecost, etc., farthings paid by each parish of the diocese in lump sums varying from 3d. to 3s.

[311] _Morebath Acc'ts_ (ed. Binney), 34, _s. a_. 1531, seem to offer a genuine example of such a payment of Peter's pence. But the Minchinhampton wardens (Acc'ts in _Archaeologia_, xxxv, 422 ff.), confuse their payments to the mother church, made in 1575 ff., with Peter's pence. See, _e.g., s. a_. 1575, the entry: "to the sumner [or apparitor] for peterpence or smoke farthynges sometyme due to the Anthecriste of roome ... xd."

[312] See, _e.g_., Sam'l. Barfield, _Thatcham, Berks, and its Manors_, ii, 122 (Midgham and Greenham called upon against their will for contributions to mother church). _Surtees Soc_., lxxxiv, 123 (Dispute ending in a suit between St. Oswald and St. Margaret. 1595 ff.). _Memorials of Stepney, 1-2_ (Parishioners of Stratford Bow forced to contribute to St. Dunstan's, the mother church).

[313] _E.g._, the vestry of St. Christopher-le-Stocks, London _(Minutes_, ed E. Freshfield), agree to cess "the parishioners" for money to prosecute a suit for certain parish lands in 1585-6. When the lands were recovered each was to have his money back _(Minutes_, p. 12). But those assessed numbered only 38 (p. 13), whereas we see by a list (p. 12) that 43 persons were here assessed for the Queen's subsidy; and subsidy men were the wealthier men of the parishes. Cf. assessment at Lapworth for Barford bridge levied on 26 tenements, cottagers not being assessed. Hudson, _Memorials of a Warwickshire Parish_, 115.

[314] Hale, _Crim. Prec_., 198 (One Spencer presented for not paying his proportion for the ringing on the Queen's anniversary, "being rated at iiijd.") Hudson, _op. cit. supra_ (Barford bridge assessment of 4s. 4d. spread out over 26 tenements).

[315] _Canterbury Visit_, xxvii, 214 (John Basset "cessed" at 2d. a quarter, but thought well able to pay 3d. for the clerk's wages. Robert Sawyer, _ditto_. 1577). _St. Margaret, Lothbury, Minutes_, 16 (ed. E. Freshfield), where in 1584 thirty-four parishioners make a "free offer" of sums from 2d. to 6s. 8d. to pay a lecturer. _Ibid_., 10 (18 parishioners give from 1d. to £2 towards the erecting of a clock. 1577).

[316] Rates for bread and wine were commonly so levied. See _supra_, p. 78 and _note_ 80.

[317] See p. 80 _supra_ and _note_ 87.

[318] Houghton-le-Spring Acc'ts, _Surtees Soc_., lxxxiv, 271 (1596). Binney, _Morebath Acc'ts_, 34 (1531). _Ibid_., 85 (1536).

[319] _E.g._, See Hale, _Churchwardens' Prec., passim, e.g_., where the parishioners of Elstree ("Idlestrye"), Herts, cannot agree in 1585/6, some contending for assessment "by their welthe and goods only, and some others do require that the taxation might be made by the acres of grounde only." _Canterbury Visit_., xxvii, 218 (2d. an acre). _Ibid_., xxv, 42 (4d. an acre). _Ibid_., xxvi, 33 (Ploughland of 140 acres paying 6s. 8d. for clerk's wages). _Ibid_., xxv, 33 (Two "cesses" at Minster church, one at 20d. the score [of pounds?], the other at 12d.). _The Reliquary_, xxv, 18 (Levy made in Morton, Derbysh., of 8d. the oxgang of 15 acres).

[320] Order of Wiltshire justices, Michaelmas, 1600, that three of their number shall call certain constables and others before them, "and examine them what overplus of money is remaining in their hands w[hi]ch they have collected of their hundredes for anie service whatsoever, and if there be anie founde remayning the said Justice to distribute the same amongst the inhabitants of the same hundredes according to their discretion." _Rec. of Wilts Quarter Sess_. in _Wilts Arch_, (etc.) _Mag_., xxi, 85.

[321] According to the 22 Hen. VIII c. 5, where it cannot be known who ought of right to repair a bridge, the justices of the district shall call before them the constables of the parishes of the surrounding hundreds, or of the whole shire, and "with the assent of the ... constables or [chief] inhabitants," tax every inhabitant of the towns and parishes of the shire (if necessary). This looks like a county bridge tax, but in practice the justices either threw a lump sum on a hundred, or on a parish, and left each parish to raise this sum according to local rating. Such, at least, would seem to be the usual practice according to the churchwardens accounts, which contain many lump payments made to constables for bridges.

[322] See Wilts justices order, 20 Eliz., _Wilts Arch_. (etc.) _Mag_., xxi, 80-1. Cf. _ibid_., 16, the appeal of Hilprington and Whaddon that they have been compelled by the inhabitants of Melkesham to pay a third part with the last named parish of these lump assessments, though the acreage of Melkesham is much greater than either of theirs, "and far better ground."

[323] See p. 81, _note_ 91 _supra_.

[324] John Lister, _West Riding Session Rolls_, 85. As early as 14 Eliz. c. 5, sec. 17, city or parish officers might remove alien poor to their places of birth, if such aliens had resided in their adopted parishes not longer than three years.

[325] J.W. Willis Bund, _Cal. Worcester Quar. Sess. Rec_.,i, p. clxxxii. The appearance of a bastard was a portentous event. See the many ridings to and fro across country to ecclesiastical and civil magistrates in the _Ashburton Acc'ts_ (Butcher, _The Parish of Ashburton_), p. 47 (1576-7). The Devonshire justices order, Easter 1598, that every woman who shall have a bastard child shall be whipped: Hamilton, _Quarter Session from Eliz. to Anne, 32_. Cf. the item: "paide for carriage of an Irish woman into Fynsburie feildes who was delivered of a childe under the stockes." Brooke and Hallen, _St. Mary Woolnoth and St. Mary Woolchurch Haw_ (London) _Acc'ts, s. a_. 1587.

[326] Wilts Quart. Sess. in _Wilts Arch_, (etc.) _Mag_., xxii, 17.

[327] Willis Bund, _loc. cit. supra_, p. 8. From 1599 to 1642 there were twenty-four indictments for not laying four acres to a cottage at the Worcester sessions. _Ibid_., Table of indictments for all offences, p. lvii ff. Cf. Wilts Quarter Sess. Rec. in _Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. on Var. Coll_., i (1901), 66. W.J. Hardy, _Herts Co. Rec. Sess. Rolls_ (1905), i, 5, _et passim. Norfolk Archaeology_, x (1888), 159. _Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata_ (ed. W.P. Baildon), _passim_.

[328] Bund, _loc. cit_., p. clxxxiii.

[329] Geo. A. Wade, _An English Town that is still ruled by an Oligarchy_ (Dalton-in-Furness), _Engl. Illust. Mag_., xxv (1901).