The Elements of Qualitative Chemical Analysis, vol. 1, parts 1 and 2. With Special Consideration of the Application of the Laws of Equilibrium and of the Modern Theories of Solution.

Of the laws and hypotheses concerning gases, the one that is perhaps of most importance to chemistry is Avogadro's hypothesis. With the aid of this hypothesis, we are able to de...

We will now turn to the consideration of a series of reactions involving the behavior of so-called "complex ions," which are very frequently met with in the various analytical g...

The chemistry of the analytical reactions of the alkalies and alkaline earths is extremely simple,—it is essentially the chemistry of well-defined bases and their salts,—and the...

We will turn now to the consideration of the question, how the principles of the theory of electric oxidation and reduction may be applied to the most important oxidizing agent,...

We will turn now to the consideration of evidence bearing on the theory of ionization, found in the data on osmotic pressure. The apparent molecular weight of hydrogen chloride...

The law governing ‹physical› or ‹heterogeneous equilibrium› applies to all cases where, at a constant temperature, one and the same chemical substance is present in two or more...

Oxidation and reduction reactions are frequently met with in analysis, and we shall turn now to the consideration of such reactions, from the point of view of the modern theory...

It frequently happens that we have to deal, simultaneously, with conditions of chemical and of physical equilibrium, obtaining in the same system. For instance, a gas like carbo...

The sulphides of the metal ions of the zinc group are readily precipitated by ammonium or sodium sulphide, but hydrogen sulphide, in the presence of a small excess of a strong a...

The systematic analysis for acid ions is made on a plan differing in an important particular from the systematic analysis for metal ions. The latter, as has been seen, are divid...

The theory of ionization, as studied so far, gives us simple, rational explanations of many of our qualitative reactions—explanations which agree with phenomena taken from separ...

and aluminium hydroxide, are found to be much weaker than bivalent bases like cadmium, zinc and lead hydroxides,[195] but the data are not sufficient for the calculation of any...

If a concentrated solution of a substance like sugar or cupric nitrate is allowed to flow into a cylinder of water (‹exp.› with cupric nitrate), we find that the outside forces—...

Accepting van 't Hoff's theory of solutions, then, as based on experimental evidence as well as on sound thermodynamic reasoning, we find a number of interesting questions still...

The analytical groups, which we have heretofore discussed, contain elements, whose oxides are preëminently ‹base-forming›. The methods of separation of these groups, from each o...

There is a very wide range in the degree of the insolubility of such precipitates as are used in analysis. In the table at the end of Part IV, the exact solubilities of the most...

in terms of (molar) ‹concentrations› of the ions, or in terms of the ‹osmotic pressures› of the ions, a molar solution at 0° producing an osmotic pressure of 22.4 atmospheres. W...

In systematic analysis it is most convenient to make separate examinations for the metal and for the acid ions. The examination for metal ions usually precedes that for the acid...

In venturing to add another book on Qualitative Chemical Analysis to the long list of publications on this subject, the author has been moved chiefly by the often expressed wish...

Qualitative chemical analysis is concerned with the determination of the kinds of matter present in any given substance. In its broadest sense it includes the determination of a...

[152] In view of the low order of accuracy of the data, and of the approximate method of calculation, this result is only qualitative, but even with an error of 10^2 to 10^4 the...

IX. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR THE COMMON METAL IONS. THE IONS OF THE ALKALIES AND OF THE ALKALINE EARTHS. ORDER OF PRECIPITATION OF DIFFICULTLY SOLUBLE SALTS WITH A COMMON ION 157