Botany

The Effects of Cross & Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom

Various means which favour or determine the cross-fertilisation of plants.--Benefits derived from cross-fertilisation.--Self-fertilisation favourable to the propagation of the species.--Brief history of the subject.--Object of the experiments, and the manner in which they were...

Chapters

17. CHAPTER V.

Pelargonium zonale, a cross between plants propagated by cuttings does no good. Tropaeolum minus. Limnanthes douglasii. Lupinus luteus and pilosus. Phaseolus multiflorus and vul...

16. CHAPTER IV.

Brassica oleracea, crossed and self-fertilised plants. Great effect of a cross with a fresh stock on the weight of the offspring. Iberis umbellata. Papaver vagum. Eschscholtzia...

20. CHAPTER VII.

Number of species and plants measured. Tables given. Preliminary remarks on the offspring of plants crossed by a fresh stock. Thirteen cases specially considered. The effects of...

22. CHAPTER IX.

Fertility of plants of crossed and self-fertilised parentage, both lots being fertilised in the same manner. Fertility of the parent-plants when first crossed and self-fertilise...

15. CHAPTER III.

Mimulus luteus; height, vigour, and fertility of the crossed and self-fertilised plants of the first four generations. Appearance of a new, tall, and highly self-fertile variety...

14. CHAPTER II.

Ipomoea purpurea, comparison of the height and fertility of the crossed and self-fertilised plants during ten successive generations. Greater constitutional vigour of the crosse...

19. chapter 18 2nd edition volume 2 page 146.) But Kolreuter has recorded a

case which bears more closely on our present one, as it shows that in the genus Nicotiana the varieties differ in their sexual affinities. (6/4. ‘Das Geschlecht der Pflanzen, Zw...

13. CHAPTER I.

Various means which favour or determine the cross-fertilisation of plants. Benefits derived from cross-fertilisation. Self-fertilisation favourable to the propagation of the spe...

21. CHAPTER VIII.

Greater constitutional vigour of crossed plants. The effects of great crowding. Competition with other kinds of plants. Self-fertilised plants more liable to premature death. Cr...

18. CHAPTER VI.

Petunia violacea, crossed and self-fertilised plants compared for four generations. Effects of a cross with a fresh stock. Uniform colour of the flowers on the self-fertilised p...

30. volume 2 2nd edition page 127.) But the offspring from a cross between

organisms which have been exposed to different conditions, profit in an incomparably higher degree than do young or old beings from a mere change in the conditions. In this latt...

23. CHAPTER X.

Sterility and fertility of plants when insects are excluded. The means by which flowers are cross-fertilised. Structures favourable to self-fertilisation. Relation between the s...

25. volume 4 page 17. The same observer elsewhere speaks of the spontaneous

crossing of rhododendrons. Gallesio makes the same statement with respect to oranges. I have myself known extensive crossing to occur with the common rhubarb. For Leptosiphon, V...

24. volume 8 1842 page 108.) The editor of the ‘Botanical Register’ counted

the ovules in the flowers of Wistaria sinensis, and carefully estimated the number of pollen-grains, and he found that for each ovule there were 7000 grains. (10/10. Quoted in ‘...

26. CHAPTER XI.

Insects visit the flowers of the same species as long as they can. Cause of this habit. Means by which bees recognise the flowers of the same species. Sudden secretion of nectar...

29. volume 2 page 159.) The good effects of cross-fertilisation are

transmitted by plants to the next generation; and judging from the varieties of the common pea, to many succeeding generations. But this may merely be that crossed plants of the...

27. volume 2 1868 page 258. Mr. Belt in a letter to me.) I noticed in 1861

exactly the same fact with Trifolium pratense. So persistent is the force of habit, that when a bee which is visiting perforated flowers comes to one which has not been bitten,...

28. CHAPTER XII.

Cross-fertilisation proved to be beneficial, and self-fertilisation injurious. Allied species differ greatly in the means by which cross-fertilisation is favoured and self-ferti...

12. CHAPTER XII.

Cross-fertilisation proved to be beneficial, and self-fertilisation injurious.--Allied species differ greatly in the means by which cross-fertilisation is favoured and self-fert...

2. CHAPTER II.

Ipomoea purpurea, comparison of the height and fertility of the crossed and self-fertilised plants during ten successive generations.--Greater constitutional vigour of the cross...

7. CHAPTER VII.

Number of species and plants measured.--Tables given.--Preliminary remarks on the offspring of plants crossed by a fresh stock.--Thirteen cases specially considered.--The effect...

4. CHAPTER IV.

Brassica oleracea, crossed and self-fertilised plants.--Great effect of a cross with a fresh stock on the weight of the offspring.--Iberis umbellata.--Papaver vagum.--Eschscholt...

6. CHAPTER VI.

Petunia violacea, crossed and self-fertilised plants compared for four generations.--Effects of a cross with a fresh stock.--Uniform colour of the flowers on the self-fertilised...

9. CHAPTER IX.

Fertility of plants of crossed and self-fertilised parentage, both lots being fertilised in the same manner.--Fertility of the parent-plants when first crossed and self-fertilis...

5. CHAPTER V.

Pelargonium zonale, a cross between plants propagated by cuttings does no good.--Tropaeolum minus.--Limnanthes douglasii.--Lupinus luteus and pilosus.--Phaseolus multiflorus and...

11. CHAPTER XI.

Insects visit the flowers of the same species as long as they can.--Cause of this habit.--Means by which bees recognise the flowers of the same species.--Sudden secretion of nec...

3. CHAPTER III.

Mimulus luteus; height, vigour, and fertility of the crossed and self-fertilised plants of the first four generations.--Appearance of a new, tall, and highly self-fertile variet...

1. CHAPTER I.

Various means which favour or determine the cross-fertilisation of plants.--Benefits derived from cross-fertilisation.--Self-fertilisation favourable to the propagation of the s...

8. CHAPTER VIII.

Greater constitutional vigour of crossed plants.--The effects of great crowding.--Competition with other kinds of plants.--Self-fertilised plants more liable to premature death....

10. CHAPTER X.

Sterility and fertility of plants when insects are excluded.--The means by which flowers are cross-fertilised.--Structures favourable to self-fertilisation.--Relation between th...