The Economic Aspect of Geology

ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES 3 Mineralogy and petrology 3 Stratigraphy and paleontology 4 Structural geology 5 Physiography 6 R...

THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS 18 Igneous processes 19 Igneous after-effects 19 Weathering of igneous rocks and veins 20 Sedimentary processes 22 Weathering of sediment...

MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS, WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUT...

ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS 80 Granite 82 Basalt and related types 82 Limestone, marl, chalk 82 Marble 83 Sand, sandstone, quartzite (and quartz) 84 "Sand and gravel"...

ECONOMIC FEATURES 158 Technical and commercial factors determining use of iron ore materials 158 Geographic distribution of iron ore production 160 World reserves and future pro...

COPPER ORES 197 Economic features 197 Geologic features 199 Copper deposits associated with igneous flows 200 Copper veins in igneous rocks 201 "Porphyry coppers" 203 Copper in...

OUTCROPS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS 311 Some illustrative cases 312 Topography and climate as aids in searching for mineral outcrops 314 Size and depth of ore bodies as determined from...

VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES 329 Intrinsic and extrinsic factors in valuation 329 Values of mineral deposits not often established by market transfers 331 The ad valorem meth...

I. LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES 342 On alienated lands 343 On the public domain 344 Nationalization of mineral resources 345 Effect of ownership l...

MEASURES INTRODUCED OR PROPOSED TO CONSERVE COAL 367 (A) Mining and preparation of coal 368 Progress in above methods 370 (B) Improvement of labor and living conditions at the m...

In adapting ourselves to physical environment it has been necessary to learn something about the earth. Mainly within the last century has this knowledge been organized into the...

A list of the solid substances of the earth making up the so-called lithosphere (or rock sphere) in order of their abundance, does not at all correspond to a list made in order...

Mineral products may be classified according to use, commercial importance, geographic distribution, form and structure, mineralogical and chemical composition, or origin. Each...

For the mineral substances used commercially, the term "mineral" is used in this chapter with a broad significance to cover any or all of the materials from which the needed ele...

With the solid earth as the special care of geology, it may seem presumptuous for the geologist to claim the waters thereof, but he does not disclaim this inheritance. Water is...

Under the general heading of common rocks are included the ordinary igneous, sedimentary, and "metamorphic" rocks, and the unconsolidated clays, sands, and gravels characteristi...

Soils are weathered rock more or less mixed with organic material. The weathering processes forming soils are in the field of geologic investigation, but the study of soils in r...

Coal overshadows all other mineral resources, except water, in production, value, and demand. It is the greatest of the energy sources--coal, petroleum, gas, and water power. Ro...

Iron is the principal element in this group; but in the manufacture of iron and steel, manganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, zirconium, titanium, aluminum...

The electrical industry is the largest consumer of copper. The manufacture of brass, bronze, and other copper alloys constitutes another chief use for the metal. Considerable qu...

The principal and most essential use of gold is as a standard of value and a medium of exchange. Gold has been prized since the earliest times because of its luster, color, mall...

Bauxite (hydrated aluminum oxide) is the principal ore of aluminum. Over three-fourths of the world's bauxite production and 65 per cent of the United States production is used...

Silica or quartz in its various crystalline forms constitutes over three-fourths of the tonnage of natural abrasives used in the United States. It is the chief ingredient of san...

The economic geologist is more vitally concerned with exploration and development than with any other phase of his work. This comes closest to being his special field. Here is a...

The geological staff of the Netherlands East Indies estimated the tin reserves of one of these islands by the use of a factor or coefficient, based on the experience of another...

The total returns from mining may not in the aggregate be far above the expenditure for exploration, development, and extraction; yet the total mineral wealth of the United Stat...

This heading is likely to suggest mining law and the vast literature devoted to it. Mining law has mainly to do with questions of the ownership and leasing of mineral deposits....

Mineral resources have been used to some extent as far back as evidences of man go, but great drafts on our resources have come in comparatively recent years. The use of many mi...

Of the annual world production of minerals about two-thirds are used within the countries where the minerals are produced and one-third is shipped to other countries. In this ch...

The experience of the great war disclosed many military applications of geology. The acquirement and mobilization of mineral resources for military purposes was a vital necessit...

Economic applications of geology are by no means confined to mineral resources (including water and soils). The earth is used by the human race in many other ways. Human habitat...

The digging of tunnels for transportation purposes, for aqueducts, and for sewage disposal requires careful analysis of geologic conditions in regard to both the rocks and the u...

Economic geology is now an established and well-recognized profession, but there is yet nothing approaching a standardized course of study leading to a degree in economic geolog...