The early history of the Hebrews
ii. 4), and no mention is made of a prophet or priest when he was
anointed ‘king over Israel’ (2 Sam. v. 3).
Footnote 437:
We must remember that in any case the act of anointing would have been a secret, and that consequently an erroneous account of it might easily have been set on foot.
Footnote 438:
1 Sam. xviii. 6. The singular ‘Philistine’ has to be noted, as if there was a reference in it to the overthrow of Goliath. Cf. xix. 5.
Footnote 439:
See above, p. 342.
Footnote 440:
It is also possible that chapter xx. ought to precede chapter xix.
Footnote 441:
1 Sam. xix. 2.
Footnote 442:
Hitzig identified the name of Achish with that of the Homeric Ankhisês. Whether this is so or not, Dr. W. Max Müller is probably right in seeing the same name in that of a native of Keft, or the northern coast of Syria, mentioned in an Egyptian papyrus where it is written Akashau (Spiegelberg in the _Zeitschrift für Assyriologie_, viii. p. 384).
Footnote 443:
Unless, indeed, 1 Sam. xxiii. 16-18 is an interpolation.
Footnote 444:
1 Sam. xxiv. 2. Compare the expression used by Sennacherib when describing his campaign against the Cilicians: ‘Like a wild goat I climbed to the high peaks against them’ (W. A. I., i. 39, 77).
Footnote 445:
The name is preserved in the modern Tell Zif.
Footnote 446:
Shunem was a fortified city, already mentioned in the Tel el-Amarna tablets, Aphek a mere village. Shunem had evidently been captured, and the Philistine camp subsequently formed outside its walls a little to the west.
Footnote 447:
See Exod. xxii. 18; Lev. xx. 27; Deut. xviii. 10, 11.
Footnote 448:
We are told in 1 Chron. xii. 19 that even while he was in the Philistine camp at Aphek, and again when he was on the march back to Ziklag, ‘some of Manasseh’ deserted to him.
Footnote 449:
The Negeb or ‘South’ was divided at the time into the Negeb of the Cherethites or Philistines, of the Jews, and of the Calebites (1 Sam. xxx. 14, 16.) Up to the end of Saul’s reign, therefore, Caleb and Judah had not been as yet amalgamated into a single tribe.
Footnote 450:
See above, p. 234.
Footnote 451:
Aroer had belonged to Reuben (Josh. xiii. 16), Hormah, Ziklag, Chor-ashan, and Ramoth of the south to Simeon (Josh. xix. 4-8.) It is curious that no mention should be made of Beth-lehem, and it is therefore possible that ‘Beth-lehem’ should be read in place of ‘Beth-el’ in 1 Sam. xxx. 27. The Septuagint has Baith-Sour.
Footnote 452:
Boaz, the grandfather of Jesse, is said to have been the son of Salmon or Salma, who, according to 1 Chron. ii. 50, 51, was the founder of Bethlehem, and the son of Caleb.
Footnote 453:
Criticism has seen in the story told by the Amalekite a second version of the death of Saul inconsistent with that which precedes it. The inconsistency certainly exists, but that is because the Amalekite’s story was a fabrication, the object of which was to gain a reward from David. There was this much truth in it, that Saul had been wounded and had desired death; the Amalekite could easily have learned this from those who had witnessed the last scene of Saul’s life. But the fact that he had robbed Saul’s corpse shows that he must have come to the ground after the flight of the Israelitish soldiers; he was, in fact, one of those Bedâwin thieves who, in Oriental warfare, still hang on the skirts of the battle in the hope of murdering the wounded and plundering the dead when it is over and the victors are pursuing the vanquished.
Footnote 454:
The translation is that of the Revised Version, with a slight change in the 21st verse. The contrast between the preservation of the text in this Song and in that of the Song of Deborah is great, no passage in it being corrupt, and points to the more archaic character of the latter, as well as to a confirmation of the fact that the Song of the Bow was learnt in the schools from the time of its composition.
Footnote 455:
Ish-Baal or Esh-Baal, ‘the man of Baal,’ is called Ishui in 1 Sam. xiv. 49 (where the name of Abinadab is omitted; see 1 Chron. viii. 33). Later writers changed Baal into Bosheth, ‘Shame,’ in accordance with the custom which grew up when the title of Baal came to signify the god of Phœnicia, rather than Yahveh of Israel.
Footnote 456:
That the reign of David ‘in Hebron’ continued for five years after the death of Esh-Baal seems the most probable way of explaining the statement in 2 Sam. ii. 10, that the reign of Saul’s son lasted only two years. It is certainly preferable to the usual supposition that ‘two’ is a mistake for ‘seven.’
Footnote 457:
The author of the books of Samuel did not know his age (2 Sam. ii. 10). In 1 Sam. xiv. 49 Ishui is named before Melchi-shua, but in 1 Chron. viii. 33 Esh-Baal is the youngest of Saul’s children. That Esh-Baal did not take part in the battle of Gilboa would suit equally well with either hypothesis. Abner, the son of Ner, the son of Abiel, was the great-uncle of Esh-Baal (1 Sam. xiv. 50, 51). As he was still in the prime of life when he was murdered, it is reasonable to suppose that his great-nephew was very young.
Footnote 458:
1 Chron. ii. 16.
Footnote 459:
If, as is probable, we should read ‘Geshurites’ for ‘Ashurites’ in 2 Sam. ii. 9, Esh-Baal would have claimed rule over Geshur, and consequently would have been as much involved in war with the king of that country as he was with David. We subsequently find the Aramæans in alliance with the Ammonites (2 Sam. x. 6, etc.), and the king of Ammon was the ally of David against Esh-Baal (2 Sam. xi. 2). It is probable that in 1 Sam. xiv. 47, ‘Aram’ must be read for ‘Edom,’ the geographical position of which was not between Ammon and Zobah (see above, p. 368); if so, Esh-Baal, in asserting his authority over Geshur, would only have succeeded to his father’s conquests.
Footnote 460:
Absalom, as the son of a princess, would claim precedence of his two elder brothers, who, although born after David’s coronation, were nevertheless not of royal descent on their mother’s side. The name of the eldest, the son of Ahinoam, was Amnon, that of the second, the son of Abigail, is given as Chileab in the Hebrew text of Samuel, Daniel in that of 1 Chron. iii. 1, the Septuagint reading Daluia (Dalbia) and Damniêl in the two passages. He seems to have died young. The fourth son of David was Adonijah, the son of Haggith, who, by the death of his three elder brothers, became the eldest son before his father’s death, while the fifth and sixth sons were Shephatiah, the son of Abital, and Ithream, the son of Eglah. All were born in Hebron.
Footnote 461:
2 Sam. iii. 17. This goes to show that Saul’s suspicions of David were founded on fact.
Footnote 462:
The name of the Babylonian god Rimmon or Ramman implies that the family of the murderers were idolaters. They are said to have been originally from Beeroth, the inhabitants of which had fled to Gittaim (2 Sam. iv. 3). If the flight had been due to Saul, the hostility of the sons of Rimmon to the son of Saul would be explained. Beeroth was one of the cities of the Gibeonites (Josh. ix. 17), and Saul, we learn from 2 Sam. xxi. 1, had slain the Gibeonites.
Footnote 463:
The name Merib-Baal, given by the Chronicler (1 Chron. viii. 34, ix. 40), is doubtless correct. In the books of Samuel Baal has, as usual, been changed into Bosheth, and Merib corrupted into the senseless Mephi.
Footnote 464:
See 1 Chron. xi. 2, and xii. 38-40, where it is added that the coronation-feast lasted for three days.
Footnote 465:
See 2 Sam. xiii. 13-17.
Footnote 466:
It is difficult to say whether the number of the _gibbôrîm_ or ‘heroes’ was actually restricted to thirty, or whether thirty was an ideal number which was elastic in practice. In 2 Sam. xxiii. thirty-seven ‘heroes’ are named, but some of these may have been appointed to supply the place of others who had died or fallen in war. To be included among the thirty was equivalent to receiving a Victoria Cross.
Footnote 467:
2 Sam. xxiii. 8, but the text is corrupt, and reads literally: ‘He that sitteth on the seat, a Takmonite, chief of the third (?); he is Adino the Eznite, over eight hundred slain at one time.’ The Septuagint has: ‘Yebosthe the Canaanite is chief of the third; Adino the Asônæan is he who drew his sword against eight hundred warriors at once’; while the Chronicler (1 Chron. xi. 11) omitted the name of Adino, and read: ‘Jashobeam, a Khakmonite, chief of the captains; he lifted up his spear against three hundred slain at one time.’ For Jashobeam the Septuagint gives Yesebada. Adino seems to be the Adnah of 1 Chron. xii. 20, a Manassite who deserted to David when he was at Ziklag. Jashobeam is the most probable form of the name, and there must be some confusion between Jashobeam, who brandished his spear over three hundred enemies, and an unknown Adino, who did the same over eight hundred enemies.
Footnote 468:
G. A. Smith, _The Historical Geography of the Holy Land_, p. 218.
Footnote 469:
See 2 Sam. xxi. 15-22, xxiii. 8-17.
Footnote 470:
If the name of Ishbi-benob, ‘my seat is in Nob,’ is correct, ‘Gob’ must be corrected into ‘Nob.’ But perhaps it is the name of the giant which needs correction.
Footnote 471:
See the map given by Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, p. 268, and my ‘Topography of Præ-exilic Jerusalem’ in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Oct. 1883, pp. 215 _sqq._
Footnote 472:
Bliss, ‘Excavations at Jerusalem’ in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Oct. 1896 and Jan. 1897.
Footnote 473:
_Antiq._ viii. 5, 3; _C. Ap._ i. 18.
Footnote 474:
It is, of course, possible that Abibal had been preceded by an earlier Hiram of whom we otherwise know nothing, and who is meant in 2 Sam. v. 11. It is also possible that the use of Hiram’s name in this passage is proleptic, derived from the fact that it was he who subsequently sent materials to David for the construction of the temple.
Footnote 475:
1 Chron. xxii. 8.
Footnote 476:
1 Kings v. 3.
Footnote 477:
2 Sam. vi. 3. In Josh. xviii. 18 ‘Gibeah of Kirjath’ is given as one of the cities of Benjamin. Like most of the Egyptian and Babylonian cities it had a second and sacred name, Baalê-Judah, the city of ‘Baal of Judah’ (2 Sam. vi. 2).
Footnote 478:
The name of Obed-Edom, ‘the servant of Edom,’ shows that Edom was the name of a deity as well as of a country, like Ammi, the patron-god of Ammon, and it is met with in the monuments of Egypt. A papyrus (_Pap. Leydens._ i. 343. 7) states that Atum or Edom was the wife of the Canaanitish fire-god Reshpu, and one of the places in Palestine captured by Thothmes III. was Shemesh-Edom (No. 51), ‘the Sun-god is Edom’ (_Records of the Past_, new ser., v. p. 47).
Footnote 479:
2 Chron. i. 3. See above, p. 353.
Footnote 480:
This must be the general signification of the Hebrew expression _Metheg-ammah_ in 2 Sam. viii. i., which the Septuagint translates τὴν ἀφωρισμένην, ‘the tribute.’ The Chronicler read Gath for Metheg (1 Chron. xviii. 1), and consequently understood _ammah_ in the sense of ‘mother-city.’ My own belief is that we have in the phrase a Hebrew transcription of a Babylonian expression which has been derived from a cuneiform document. The Babylonian _mêtêg ammati_ (for _mêtêq ammati_) would signify ‘the highroad of the mainland’ of Palestine, and would refer to the command of the highroad of trade which passed through Canaan from Asia to Egypt and Arabia. _Ammati_ is the Semitic equivalent of the Sumerian Sarsar (W. A. I. v. 18, 32 _c._), which was an early Babylonian name of the land of the Amorites or Syria (W. A. I. ii. 51, 19; see _Records of the Past_, new ser., v. p. 107); and _mêtêq_ is given as a rendering of _kharran_, ‘a highroad’ (W. A. I. ii. 38, 26).
Footnote 481:
2 Sam. xxiii. 20.
Footnote 482:
See my _Higher Criticism and the Verdict of the Monuments_, p. 367.
Footnote 483:
_Ibid._ pp. 349, 350.
Footnote 484:
The Septuagint has misread ‘Amalek’ for ‘Maacah.’
Footnote 485:
El-Hîba probably stands on the site of the Egyptian town of Hâ-Bennu, the Greek Hipponon, the capital of the eighteenth nome of Upper Egypt, and its fortifications were built by the high priest Men-kheper-Ra and his wife Isis-em-Kheb. The Tanite Pharaohs formed the twenty-first dynasty.
Footnote 486:
See Delitzsch, _Wo lag das Paradies_, pp. 279-280. Assur-bani-pal states that he sent his troops against the cities of Azar-el, the Khiratâqazians, Edom, Yabrudu, Bit-Ammani or Ammon, ‘the district of the city of the Haurân’ (_Khaurina_), Moab, Sakharri, Khargê, and ‘the district of the city of Tsubitê, or Zobah.’ Delitzsch identifies Yabrudu with the Yabruda of Ptolemy, the modern Yabrûd, north-east of Damascus. In the tribute-lists of the Second Assyrian Empire, Tsubitê or Tsubutu comes between Dûru (_Tantûra_) and Hamath, Samalla (_Sinjerli_) and Khatarikka or Hadrach (Zech. ix. 1.), and Zemar (_Sumra_), and the Quê on the coast of the Gulf of Antioch.
Footnote 487:
The fact that the Assyrian king Shalmaneser II. calls Baasha, the contemporary king of Ammon, ‘the son of Rukhubi’ or Rehob, just as he calls Jehu ‘the son of Omri,’ shows that Rehob was a personal name. The Biblical Beth-Rehob is parallel to Bit-Omri, a designation of Samaria in the Assyrian texts. Beth-Rehob is placed near Dan in Judg. xviii. 28. In 1 Chron. xix. 6, Aram-Naharaim is apparently substituted for Aram-Beth-Rehob, though, as the dominions of Hadad-ezer extended to the Euphrates, soldiers may have come to the help of the Ammonites from Mesopotamia, as well as from Beth-Rehob. The name of Hadad-ezer is incorrectly given as Hadar-ezer in 2 Sam. x. 16. It appears as Hadad-idri in the Assyrian inscriptions (with the Aramaic change of _z_ to _d_), where it is the name of the king of Damascus, called Ben-Hadad II. in the Old Testament.
Footnote 488:
So, according to the Septuagint and 1 Chron. xviii. 4. The Hebrew text of 2 Sam. viii. 4 has ‘700 horsemen.’ But it is possible that we ought to read ‘1700 horsemen.’
Footnote 489:
Nicolaus Damascenus, as quoted by Josephus, makes Hadad the king of Damascus, who thus vainly endeavoured to check the torrent of Israelitish success. Hadad, however, must be merely Hadad-ezer in an abbreviated form, Perhaps we may gather from 1 Kings xi. 23, that the ruling prince in Damascus at the time of David’s conquests was Rezon, the son of Eliadah.
Footnote 490:
1 Chron. xix. 18. In 2 Sam. x. 18, the numbers are 700 charioteers and 40,000 horsemen, which are clearly wrong.
Footnote 491:
The account of the war with Zobah given above is the most probable that can be gleaned from the scanty and fragmentary notices that have been preserved to us. But it must be remembered that it is probable only. It is not even certain that ‘the Syrians that were beyond the river’ (2 Sam. x. 16) were not the Aramæans of Damascus rather than those of Mesopotamia, since, as Professor Hommel has shown (_Ancient Hebrew Tradition as illustrated by the Monuments_, pp. 195 _sqq._) the term _Ebir Nâri_, ‘Beyond the river,’ is already used in an Assyrian poem (K. 3500, l. 9) of the age of David, in the Assyro-Babylonian sense of the country westward of the Euphrates. Indeed, Professor Hommel suggests that it already denoted the country westward of the Jordan. This, however, is inconsistent with 2 Sam. x. 17; and west of the Jordan, moreover, there were no Aramæan kingdoms.
Footnote 492:
The Chronicler (1 Chron. xviii. 8) has preserved the true form of the name of Tibhath, which has been corrupted into Betah in 2 Sam. viii. 8. It is the Tubikhi of the Tel el-Amarna tablets, the Dbkhu of the geographical list of Thothmes III. (No. 6). Instead of Berothai the Chronicler has Chun.
Footnote 493:
1 Chron. xviii. 8.
Footnote 494:
Hadoram, the older form of the name, is found only in 1 Chron. xviii. 10. The text of the books of Samuel has the Hebraised Joram.
Footnote 495:
Salamanu appears as Shalman in Hos. x. 14, as Sulmanu in Assyro-Babylonian. Sulmanu was the god of Peace, like Selamanês in a Greek inscription from Shêkh Barakât in northern Syria, whose name is also found in a Phœnician inscription from Sidon (Clermont-Ganneau, _Bibliothèque de l’École des Hautes Études_ CXIII., vol. ii. pp. 40, 48).
Footnote 496:
This is usually supposed to mean that they were tortured in various ways, but more probably it means only that they were made public slaves and compelled to cut and saw wood, harrow the ground, and make bricks. At all events, if tortures are referred to, no parallel to them can be found elsewhere. As the crown is said to have weighed ‘a talent’ it can hardly have been worn by an earthly king.
Footnote 497:
2 Sam. viii. 13. In 1 Chron. xviii. 12, however, the victory is ascribed to Abishai, the brother of Joab.
Footnote 498:
2 Sam. viii. 13, where the mention of ‘the valley of salt’ shows that we must read ‘Edom’ instead of ‘Aram,’ as indeed is done by the Chronicler as well as in the superscription of Ps. lx. and in the Septuagint. The ‘valley of salt’ was part of the Melukhkha or ‘Saltland’ of the cuneiform inscriptions.
Footnote 499:
2 Sam. xxiii. 37, 36, 34.
Footnote 500:
1 Kings xi. 21.
Footnote 501:
This was Ithra who ‘went in’ to Abigail, the daughter of Nahash, the sister of Zeruiah, Joab’s mother (2 Sam. xvii. 25). The form of expression may imply that Abigail was seduced. If so, the hostility of Joab would be easily accounted for.
Footnote 502:
It is probable that ‘Shobi the son of Nahash of Rabbah of the children of Ammon’ (2 Sam. xvii. 27) was a brother of the last king of Ammon, and it is even possible that he may have been the cause of the Ammonite war. If he had been a rival of his brother Khanun, and had received shelter and protection from David, we should have an explanation of the otherwise gratuitous insult offered by Khanun to the ambassadors of the Israelitish king.
Footnote 503:
That the forest was on the eastern bank of the Jordan is plain from Josh. xvii. 15-18 and 2 Sam. xix. 31.
Footnote 504:
It is called Abel-Maim, ‘Abel of the Waters,’ in 2 Chron. xvi. 4, compared with 1 Kings xv. 20. In 2 Sam. xx. 14, we should perhaps read, ‘And all the young warriors’ (_bakhûrîm_ for _bêrîm_) ‘were gathered together,’ as the Septuagint has ‘all in Kharri,’ and the Vulgate ‘viri electi.’
Footnote 505:
2 Sam. xxiv. 6, according to Lucian’s recension of the Greek translation (‘Khettieim Kadês’). See Field, _Origenis Hexaplorum quæ supersunt_, i. p. 587.
Footnote 506:
2 Sam. xix. 29. Ziba, the steward of Mephibosheth, who was lame, had accused his master of aiming at the kingdom, and David had accordingly given him all Mephibosheth’s property. David not only had believed the accusation, but in spite of Mephibosheth’s protests and excuses, must have continued to do so, since Ziba, so far from being punished, was allowed to retain half his master’s possessions. The Jewish historian evidently takes a different view from that of David, and regards the accusation as false. Mephibosheth is more correctly written Merib-Baal in 1 Chron. viii. 34; ix. 40.
Footnote 507:
‘Adriel, the son of Barzillai the Meholathite’ (2 Sam. xxi. 8), cannot be the same as Phaltiel or ‘Phalti the son of Laish of Gallim’ (1 Sam. xxv. 44), to whom Saul had given Michal after David’s flight, and from whom David afterwards took her (2 Sam. iii. 16). As Michal never seems to have subsequently left the harîm of David (2 Sam. vi. 23), it would appear that the name of Michal in 2 Sam. xxi. 8 must be a mistake for that of some other daughter of Saul.
Footnote 508:
See 2 Sam. xxiv. 23, where the Septuagint has ‘Orna(n) the king.’ The various spellings of the name Araunah, Araniah (2 Sam. xxiv. 18), and Ornan (1 Chron. xxi. 15) show that it was a foreign word, the pronunciation of which was not clear to the Israelites. Araniah is an assimilation to a Hebrew name.
Footnote 509:
2 Sam. xxiv. 6.
Footnote 510:
In 1 Kings v. 3, 4, the reason why David could not build the temple is given a little differently. It is there stated to have been because of the constant wars in which he was engaged which prevented him from securing the needful leisure for the work. This reason, however, does not apply to the latter part of David’s reign.
Footnote 511:
The Chronicler (1 Chron. xviii. 16) reads Shavsha, apparently through a confusion with the later Sheva (2 Sam. xx. 25). However, the Septuagint has Sasa in 2 Sam. viii. 17, and the two scribes of Solomon at the beginning of his reign were the sons of Shisha (1 Kings iv. 3).
Footnote 512:
The genealogy of the high priests is involved in a confusion which with our present materials it is hopeless to unravel. In 1 Sam. xiv. 3, Ahimelech is called Ahiah, and in 2 Sam. viii. 17, as well as in the document used in 1 Chron. xxiv. (verses 3, 6, and 31), he is made the son of Abiathar instead of his father. In 1 Chron. xviii. 16, the name is transformed into Abimelech, and in 1 Chron. xxiv. Ahimelech and Abiathar are stated to have been descended from Ithamar the son of Aaron, and not from his brother Eleazar. That the genealogy in 1 Chron. vi. 4 _sqq._ is corrupt is evident not only from the repetition of the triplet Amariah, Ahitub, and Zadok in verses 7, 8, and 11, 12, but also from the statement that Azariah four generations after Zadok ‘executed the priest’s office’ in Solomon’s temple. In 1 Chron. ix. 11; Neh. xi. 11, again, the order is ‘Zadok the son of Meraioth the son of Ahitub,’ whereas in 1 Chron. vi. 7, 8, and 52, 53, it is Zadok the son of Ahitub the son of Amariah the son of Meraioth.
Footnote 513:
Hadoram (2 Chron. x. 18) is written Adoram in 2 Sam. xx. 24, and Adoniram in 1 Kings iv. 6. Adoni-ram is a Hebraised form of the original name Addu-ramu, ‘Hadad is exalted.’ His father’s name, Abda, has an Aramaic termination. An early Babylonian seal-cylinder in the collection of M. de Clercq has upon it the name of Abdu-ramu.
Footnote 514:
See above, p. 92.
Footnote 515:
1 Chron. xxvii. 25-32.
Footnote 516:
The Jewish historian includes among those who refused to go with Adonijah the otherwise unknown Shimei and Rei (1 Kings i. 8). They are referred to as well-known personages, implying that the writer must have had before him a large collection of documents relating to the history of the time, most of which have now perished.
Footnote 517:
As Barzillai was already eighty years of age at the time of David’s flight (2 Sam. xix. 35), the death of David could not have happened very long after that event. That Joab and Abiathar were still vigorous implies the same thing. As for the authenticity of David’s dying instructions, there is no reason to question it. A later writer is not likely to have gratuitously credited them to David; and inconsistent though they may seem to us with David’s piety, they were in full keeping with his character as well as with that of other Israelites of his age. If they had been falsely ascribed to David by Solomon’s admirers after the murder of Joab and Shimei, Adonijah also would have been included among the victims.
Footnote 518:
_E.g._ Ps. lx.
Footnote 519:
_E.g._ Ps. cviii.
Footnote 520:
See my Hibbert Lectures on the _Religion of the Ancient Babylonians_, pp. 348-356. Thus we read:—
‘O lord, my sins are many, my transgressions are great! O my goddess, my sins are many, my transgressions are great!
The sin that I sinned I knew not. The transgression I committed I knew not. The cursed thing that I ate I knew not. The cursed thing that I trampled on I knew not. The lord in the wrath of his heart has regarded me; God in the fierceness of his heart has revealed himself to me.
I sought for help and none took my hand; I wept and none stood at my side; I cried aloud and there was none that heard me. I am in trouble and hiding; I dare not look up. To my god, the merciful one, I turn myself, I utter my prayer;
O my god, seven times seven are my transgressions; forgive my sins! O my goddess, seven times seven are my transgressions; forgive my sins!’
Footnote 521:
See above, p. 175.
Footnote 522:
_Cont. Ap._ i. 17, 18.
Footnote 523:
The single reigns are:—(1) Hiram for thirty-four years; (2) Baleazor for seven years according to the Armenian version of Eusebius and the Synkellos, seventeen years according to Niese’s text of Josephus; (3) Abdastartos nine years; (4) Methuastartos twelve years; (5) Astarymos nine years; (6) Phelles eight months; (7) Eithobalos or Eth-Baal thirty-two years (forty-eight years according to Theophilus _ad Autolyc._ III.); (8) Balezor six years (seven years according to Theoph., eight years according to Euseb. and the Synk.); (9) Matgenos twenty-nine years (twenty-five years according to the Arm. Vers. of Euseb.); (10) Pygmalion forty-seven years.
Footnote 524:
_I.e._ seventy-two years after the foundation of Rome; Trogus Pompeius _ap._ Justin. xviii. 7; Oros. iv. 6. Velleius Paterculus (i. 6) makes it seven years later.
Footnote 525:
See 1 Kings xii. 18. For the forced labour or _corvée_ see 1 Kings v. 13, 14.
Footnote 526:
The Vatican manuscript of the Septuagint has a wholly different list from that of the Hebrew text, Baasha the son of Ahithalam taking the place of Azariah as Vizier, Abi the son of Joab being commander-in-chief, and Ahira the son of Edrei tax-master, while Benaiah remains commander of the bodyguard as in David’s reign. The list is perhaps derived from a document that belonged to the early part of Solomon’s reign. The Syriac reads Zakkur for Zabud, the royal chaplain; but Zabud is supported by the Vatican Septuagint, which makes him the chief councillor. For the reading ‘army’ or ‘bodyguard’ instead of the senseless πατριᾶς in iv. 6, see Field, _Origenis Hexaplorum quæ supersunt_, i. p. 598.
Footnote 527:
See Hommel, _The Ancient Hebrew Tradition_, pp. 252 _sqq._
Footnote 528:
The papyrus in which the history of the expedition is recorded is preserved in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg, and has not yet been published. Mr. Golénischeff, its discoverer, however, has given me a verbal account of it.
Footnote 529:
There is no gold in Southern Arabia, and consequently Ophir must have been an emporium to which the gold was brought for transhipment from elsewhere. The mines were probably at Zimbabwe and the neighbourhood, where Mr. Theodore Bent made important excavations. For the site of Ophir, which may have been near Gerrha in the Persian Gulf, see Sayce in the _Proceedings_ of the Society of Biblical Archæology, June 1896, p. 174.
Footnote 530:
1 Kings v. 16. These taskmasters must be distinguished from the 550 (or 250 according to 2 Chron. viii. 10) who superintended the work in Jerusalem itself (ix. 23), on which no Israelites were employed, but only native Canaanites (ix. 21, 22). The Chronicler makes the overseers of the preparatory work 3600 in number (2 Chron. ii. 18), the _corvée_ itself consisting of 150,000 men.
Footnote 531:
See my article in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1883, pp. 215-223, where I have staked the justification of my views on the discovery of the ‘stairs’ near the spot where the rock-cut steps have been found by Dr. Bliss (_Ibid._ 1896-97). Dr. Guthe first noticed that a shallow valley once existed between the Temple-hill and the so-called ‘Ophel.’
Footnote 532:
The columns were 18 cubits high (1 Kings vii. 15), though the Chronicler (2 Chron. iii. 15) makes them 35 cubits or 52-1/2 feet. The _khammânîm_ or ‘Sun-pillars,’ dedicated to the Sun and associated with the worship of Asherah and Baal, are often referred to in the Old Testament (2 Chron. xxxiv. 4; Is. xvii. 8, etc.), and are mentioned in a Palmyrene inscription.
Footnote 533:
A translation of the hymn is given in my Hibbert Lectures on the _Religion of the Ancient Babylonians_, pp. 495, 496; see also p. 63.
Footnote 534:
Layard, _Monuments of Nineveh_, i. plate 7A.
Footnote 535:
See above, p. 196.
Footnote 536:
Herod. i. 181.
Footnote 537:
See Ball, _The India House Inscription of Nebuchadrezzar_ in the _Records of the Past_, new ser., iii. pp. 104-123.
Footnote 538:
1 Kings viii. 2. In vi. 38, however, it is said that the work was not completed until the eighth month of the year, the Phœnician Bul.
Footnote 539:
To these the Chronicler adds ‘Beth-horon the Upper’ (2 Chron. viii. 5). Possibly the two Beth-horons were fortified in connection with the reservoirs which Solomon is supposed to have constructed in order to supply Jerusalem with water. Baalath was, strictly speaking, in Dan (Josh. xix. 44). The Latin form Palmyra comes from Tadmor by assimilation to _palma_, ‘a palm.’ The change of _d_ to _l_ in Latin words is familiar to etymologists, and the initial _p_ for _t_ is paralleled by _pavo_, ‘a peacock,’ from the Greek ταὧς (Persian _tâwûs_). One of the Septuagint MSS. has Thermath for Tadmor, but in the ordinary text the whole passage is omitted.
Footnote 540:
Thus ‘Beth-horon the Upper’ is omitted in the verse, and the words ‘in the land’ (of Judah) have been transposed to the end of it, instead of coming as they should after ‘Baalath.’
Footnote 541:
_Records of the Past_, new ser., i. p. 115.
Footnote 542:
1 Kings iv. 33. That books are meant, and not lectures such as were given to his subjects by the Egyptian king Khu-n-Aten, seems evident from verse 32, compared with Prov. xxv. 1.
Footnote 543:
‘The enemies of Assur,’ says Assur-natsir-pal, he ‘has combated to their furthest bounds above and below’ (_Records of the Past_, new ser., ii. p. 136); ‘Countries, mountains, fortresses, and kinglets, the enemies of Assur, I have conquered,’ says Tiglath-pileser I. (_Records of the Past_, new ser., i. p. 94).
INDEX.
A
Aaron, 34, 134, 162, 165, 201, 215, 218, 221, 223, 245.
Abarim, 7, 226, 244.
Abdiel, 13, 38.
Abdon, 322.
Abel (city), 436.
Abel-mizraim, 98.
Abesukh (Abishua), 13.
Abi, 459.
Abiah, 355.
Abiathar, 348, 381, 388, 391, 431, 443, 444, 445, 447, 455.
Abibal, 410, 411, 437, 452, 453, 462.
Abiel, 399.
Abi-ezrites, 305, 307, 309, 311.
Abigail, 384, 401, 431.
Abimelech, 242, 306, 310, 316 _sq._
Abimelech of Gerar, 63.
Abinadab, 348, 352, 398.
Abinoam, 299, 303.
Abishag, 445, 455.
Abishai, 384, 408, 417, 426, 432, 436.
Abishar, 459.
Abital, 401.
Abner, 371, 374 _sq._, 436.
Abraham, etymology of, 33, 34. age of, 143.
Abram (Abi-ramu), 13, 38, 128.
_abrêk_, 87.
Absalom, 146, 401, 429 _sq._, 448.
Abulfarag, 95.
Achan, 251.
Achish, 378, 385, 389.
Achshaph, 259.
Adam (city), 248.
Adino, 406.
Adoni-bezek, 267.
Adonijah, 401, 445, 446, 447, 455.
Adoni-zedek, 254.
Adoram. _See_ Hadoram.
Adriel, 439.
Adullam, 379, 405.
Agag, 367.
Ahiah. _See_ Ahimelech.
Ahijah, 373, 376, 476.
Ahimaaz, 369, 431, 433, 459.
Ahimelech or Ahiah, 348, 363, 365, 378, 381, 443. the Hittite, 384.
Ahinoam, 369. wife of David, 384, 401.
Ahira, 459.
Ahitophel, 430, 432.
Ahitub, 348, 349, 353, 443.
Ahmes, 148. ‘Captain,’ 89, 92, 95.
Aholiab, 198.
Ai, 14, 247, 251, 254, 258, 269.
Aijalon, 257, 363. in Zebulon, 322.
Akiamos, 292, 293.
Aleppo, 421.
Alexander the Great, 185.
Allon-bachuth, 298.
_alûphîm_, 67, 224.
Amalek, city of, 367.
Amalekites, 43, 46, 186, 189, 215, 230, 234, 247, 289, 303, 307, 322, 367, 386, 391, 392, 395, 426.
Amasa, 431 _sq._
amber, 475.
Ameni, 175, 231.
Amenôphis, 173, 174.
Amenôphis, IV. or Khu-n-Aten, 155, 287.
Ammi, 13, 39, 413.
Ammi-satana (dhitana), 12.
Ammiya, 229.
Ammi-zadoq, 7, 13, 14, 39, 40.
Ammo, 40, 228.
Ammon, 13, 39, 44, 227, 289, 358, 401, 417 _sq._, 427, 457.
Ammonites, 322, 323, 398, 432.
Amnon, 401, 429.
Amon, 156, 158, 237.
Amorites, 2, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 38, 42 _sq._, 56, 57, 231, 252, 264, 285, 292, 353, 415.
Amram, 162.
Amraphel (_see_ Khammu-rabi), 12, 24, 117, 126, 128, 147, 149, 295.
Amu, 6.
Amurru (Amorites), 15, 30, 42.
Anab, 266.
Anakim, 41, 53, 294, 370.
Anath, 295.
Anathoth, 237, 455.
angels, Babylonian, 194.
Ansarîyeh, 37.
Anu, 295, 350.
Anuti, 3.
Aperu, 3.
Aphek, 261, 262, 346, 387, 391.
Apophis, 23, 85, 95, 99, 148.
Apuriu, 2, 173.
Ar, 44, 227.
Arad, 182, 217, 257, 263, 329.
Aram, 368, 401, 417, 473, 478.
Aramaic, 34 _sq._
Araunah, 441.
Arba, 53.
Argob, 227, 322.
_ariel_, 416.
Arioch (_see_ Eri-Aku), 11, 24, 26, 58, 128.
ark, 196 _sq._, 346 _sq._, 354, 413, 456, 468.
Arnon, 43, 222, 223, 226.
Aroer, 392, 393.
Arphaxad, 143.
Arrian, 185.
Arumah, 318.
Arvad, 231, 285, 461.
Asahel, 400.
Asenath, 84.
Ashdod, 292, 293, 349, 351.
Asher, 78, 248, 304, 311, 314.
Asherah (Asratu), 15, 241, 274, 307, 468.
Ashkelon, 56, 159, 292, 396.
Ashtaroth-Karnaim, 24, 41, 223, 227.
Ashurites, 401.
Asshurim, 7, 223, 231.
Assur-bil-kala, 231.
Assur-irbi, 231, 437.
Assur-natsir-pal, 359, 478.
Assyrians, 21, etc., 418, 451.
Astruc, 105.
_asyla_, 235, 236.
Aten-Ra, 156.
Atonement, day of, 134.
Aup, 229.
Avaris, 23, 173.
Avim, 294.
Azariah, 459.
Azekah, 369.
Azmaveth, 445.
B
Baal, 308.
Baalath of Judah, 471.
Baal-berith, 283, 310.
Baale-Judah, 413.
Baal-hanan, 356, 445.
Baal-Peor, 233, 244.
Baal-perazim, 407.
Baal-zephon, 181.
Baanah, 404.
Baasha, 459.
Baba, 93.
Babylon, 11, 12.
Babylonia, 2, etc. kings of, 12, 147.
Babylonian law, 57 _sq._ ritual, 204.
Bad-makh-dingirene, 26.
Baethgen, 306.
Balaam, 40, 132, 224, 228 _sq._, 234.
Balak, 228.
Balawât, 197, 202.
Barak, 296 _sq._, 311.
Baring-Gould, 195.
Barzillai, 439, 447.
Bashan, 24, 223, 227, 235, 322, 457.
Bastian, 31.
Bath-sheba, 263, 424, 429, 445, 446.
Baxter, 135.
Beer, 318.
Beeroth, 252, 404.
Beer-Sheba, 64, 353.
Bela, son of Beor (_see_ Balaam), 224.
Belbeis, 96, 154, 171.
Benaiah, 416, 443, 446, 462.
Ben-Hadad, 420, 451.
Beni-Yaakan, 221.
Benjamin, 76, 79, 253, 268, 275 _sq._, 303.
Ben-Oni, 79.
Bent, 463.
Berger, 34.
Berothai, 423.
Beth-Anoth, 285.
Beth-barah, 312, 317, 318, 319.
Beth-car, 352.
Beth-el, 69, 70, 81, 247, 253, 277, 298, 345, 353, 354, 363.
Beth-horon, 255, 471, 472.
Beth-lehem, 81, 264, 268, 275, 279, 338, 369, 371, 377.
Beth-lehem in Zebulon, 322.
Beth-On, 70, 79, 86, 253, 363.
Beth-Rehob, 420.
Beth-Shean, Beth-Shan, 247, 252, 296, 394
Beth-Shemesh, 351, 352.
Bethuel, 65.
Beybars I., Sultan, 249.
Bezek, 247, 267, 359.
Bint-Anat, 161.
Birch, 185.
Bissell, 110.
Bliss, 255, 256, 410, 466, 467, 475.
Boaz, 394.
Boaz, (a column), 467.
Boeckh, 453.
Briggs, 105.
Brinton, 42.
Browne, Sir Th., 201.
Brugsch, 3, 93, 149, 150, 179, 180.
Brünnow, 4.
Bubastis, 154.
Budde, 226, 290, 297.
Bul (month), 469.
Burna-buryas, 21.
C
Caleb, 246, 256, 263 _sq._, 269, 287, 392, 394, 397.
calendar changed, 178.
camels, 169.
Canaan, 2, 8, 11, 21, 34, 131, 159, 160, 217.
Canaanitish. _See_ Hebrew.
Caphtor, 291.
Carchemish, 19, 40, 55, 228, 285, 419, 472.
Carmel of Judah, 285, 383.
Carthage, 288, 453.
Casdim, 8.
census, 210, 440.
Chabas, 3.
Chærêmôn, 174.
Chedor-laomer, 11, 24, 26, 128.
Chemosh, 40, 44, 416, 478.
Chephirah, 252.
Cherethithes, 392.
Cheyne, 304, 305.
Chileab, 401.
Chinnereth, 259.
Chronicles, books of, 140.
chronology, 142 _sq._, 211, 451.
Chun, 423.
Chushan-rishathaim, 286, 287.
circumcision, 31, 165, 250.
Clercq, de, 202.
Clermont-Ganneau, 29, 52, 249, 252, 346.
copper, 474.
Cornill, 343.
Cornwall, 474.
Covenant, book of, 101, 136, 196.
cuneiform characters, use of in Israel, 244, 339.
Cushite wife of Moses, 215.
Cyprus, 230, 285, 474.
D
Dagon, 294, 349, 350.
Damascus, 25, 28, 368, 373, 421, 423, 438, 462, 477.
Dan, 76, 80, 248, 254, 263, 280, 294, 304, 320, 330. Camp of, 279, 280.
Dangin, Thureau-, 10.
Daressy, 14, 223.
David, 146, 369 _sq._ City of, 465, 466.
Day of Atonement, 208.
Debir (king), 254.
Debir (city), 265.
Deborah, 81, 295 _sq._ Song of, 273 _sq._
Dedan, 45.
Delitzsch, Friedrich, 148, 419.
Deluge—story, 122 _sq._
Derketô, 292.
Deuteronomy, 101, 219, 238 _sq._
Dhi-Zahab, 222.
Dibon, 79.
Diktynna, 294.
Dinhabah (Dunip), 37, 224.
Diodoros, 96, 97, 184.
Dodah, 416.
Doeg, 356, 381.
Dor (_Tantûra_), 247, 252, 259, 261, 294, 313, 387, 457.
Driver, 143.
Dungi, 60.
Dusratta, 287.
Dussaud, 37.
E
Ebal, 242, 243.
Ebed-Tob, 3, 28, 29, 128, 254, 266, 441.
Ebed-Asherah, 229.
Eben-ezer, 346, 352, 354.
Eber, 7, 231, 285.
Ebers, 86.
Ebir-nâri, 7, 8, 231, 423.
Ebronah, 7, 221.
Ecclesiasticus, book of, 137.
Edar, tower of, 82.
Edom, 39, 66 _sq._, 120, 132, 155, 182, 189, 190, 222, 224, 230, 288, 356, 368, 401, 426, 427, 442, 454, 463, 477.
Edom (god), 413.
Edrei, 227.
Egibi, 69.
Eglah, 401.
Eglon (king of Moab), 289 _sq._
Eglon (city), 254, 256.
Egypt, 2, etc., 418.
Egyptians in Israel, 288.
Ehud, 290.
Eisenlohr, 151.
Ekron, 351, 371.
El, 46.
Elah, 226, 369, 371, 374.
Elath, 66, 182, 187, 427, 464.
Elam, 5, 11, 12, 24, 26.
Eleazar, 221, 406, 443.
El-hanan, 356, 369, 372.
El-Hîba (in Egypt), 418.
Eli, 219, 340 _sq._, 381, 443, 455.
Eliab, 459.
Eliadah, 421.
Eliak, 459.
Elijah, 189.
Elim, 182, 187.
Elimelech, 4.
Elishah (Cyprus), 285.
El-Kab, 89, 92, 93.
Elkanah, 339.
Ellasar (Larsa), 25, 138.
Elon, 321.
El-Paran, 187, 226.
embalming, 96, 97.
Emim, 24, 41, 43.
Endor, witch of, 389.
En-gedi, 383.
En-hakkorê, 327, 328.
En-Mishpat (Kadesh-barnea), 191, 215, 220.
Enna (Egyptian writer), 83.
En-rogel (the Fuller’s Well), 446.
ephod, 72, 283, 316.
Ephraim, 76, 79, 253, 303, 313 _sq._, 322 _sq._, 325 _sq._, 334, 335, 338.
Ephrathite, 338.
eponyms, 451.
Erman, 89, 90, 91, 198, 212, 223.
Erech, 11, 12.
Eri-Aku (Arioch), 11, 12, 25, 27, 59.
Esar-haddon, 208, 225.
Esau, 66 _sq._, 74.
Esh-Baal, 368, 393, 398 _sq._, 417, 430, 444.
Eshcol, 216.
Eshtaol, 279, 326.
Eshtemoa, 264.
Etana, 328.
Etham, 180, 187.
Ethanim (month), 469.
eunuchs, 86.
Eurafrican race, 43.
Ewald, 305.
Ezion-geber, 182, 221, 427, 464.
Ezra, 132, 134.
Ezri, 445.
F
Feast of Trumpets, 208.
Fenkhu, 2, 6.
festivals, 194.
firstborn claimed by Baal, 206.
G
Gaal, 318.
Gad (tribe), 76, 80, 227, 232, 235.
Gad (prophet), 345, 380, 388, 440, 442.
Galilee, 467.
gardens, zoological and botanical, 473.
Gath, 266, 351, 378, 386, 408, 413, 414, 432.
Gaza, 180, 258, 292, 293, 294, 328.
Geba, 352.
Gebal, 94, 461.
Gedor, 265.
George Syncellus, 95.
Gerar, 63.
Gerizim, 243, 317.
Geshur, 227, 368, 401, 427, 457.
Gezer, 120, 159, 247, 252, 253, 256, 257, 408, 460, 462.
Gibeah, 275 _sq._, 352, 353, 357, 358, 361, 366, 369, 377, 380, 387, 412, 439.
Gibeon, 252, 254, 352, 353, 436.
Gibeonites, 253, 259, 404, 438, 475.
Gideon (Jerub-baal), 232, 305 _sq._
Gihon, 446, 466.
Gilboa, 387, 393, 396, 399, 404.
Gilead, 227, 235, 304, 312, 322 _sq._, 368, 432, 447, 457.
Gilgal, 250, 261, 290, 353, 357, 360, 361, 366, 367.
Gilgames, Epic of, 123.
Gimil-Sin, 10.
Girshin, 37.
Glaser, 7, 119, 459.
Gob, 408.
Goldziher, 226.
Golénischeff, 175, 291, 294, 313, 461.
Goliath, 353, 356, 369 _sq._, 375, 378, 408.
Gomer (Kimmerians), 131.
Goodwin, 181.
Goshen, 95, 150, 153, 158.
granaries, 92.
Gray, Buchanan, 198.
Greene, Baker, 187.
Gudea, 164, 207.
Gudgodah, 221.
Guthe, 409, 467.
H
Hachilah, 384.
Hadad (god), 15, 241.
Hadad (king), 146, 356, 427, 477.
Hadad, son of Bedad, 232.
Hadad-ezer, 368, 417, 418, 420, 421, 424.
Hadar, 427.
Hadashah, 286.
Hadoram (Adoram), 444, 452, 457, 458, 464. or Joram, 254, 423.
Hadrach, 419.
Haggith, 401.
Ham (Ammon), 25, 41.
Hamath, 254, 421, 423, 472, 478.
Hamor, 75.
Hannah, 339.
Har-el, 50.
Harosheth, 296, 299, 300.
Harran (Kharran), 8, 9, 15, 65, 71, 350.
Hashmonah, 221.
Hathor, 88.
Haurân, 368, 419.
Havilah, 190, 367.
Havoth-Jair, 227.
Hayman, 243.
Hazeroth, 214.
Hazor, 248, 258, 259 _sq._, 296 _sq._
Heber, 299, 304.
Hebrew language, 35 _sq._
Hebrews, 1, etc., 362.
Hebron, 4, 23, 53, 81, 149, 236, 254, 264, 265, 285, 289, 373, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403, 405, 429.
Helam (Aleppo), 422.
Heliopolis (On), 85, 99, 154, 171.
Hepher, 261, 262.
Herodotos, 14, 31, 96, 468.
Heshbon, 43.
Hesy (_see_ Lachish), 255.
Hexateuch, 100.
Hezekiah, 225.
high-priests, 219, 315.
Hilprecht, 10.
Hinnom, valley of sons of, 409, 466.
Hiram, 410, 452, 453, 462, 463, 464, 465, 480.
Hir-Hor, 461.
Hittites, 14, 21, 22, 29, 40, 54 _sq._, 94, 159, 160, 262, 274, 284, 285, 300, 418, 420, 437, 471, 472, 473, 474.
Hitzig, 300, 378.
Hivites, 262, 274.
Hobab, 213.
Hoffmann, 37.
Hoham, 254.
Hommel, 5, 7, 26, 29, 34, 45, 80, 119, 148, 151, 164, 198, 231, 291, 321, 423, 459.
Hophni, 340.
Hor, 182, 221.
Horam, 256.
Horeb, 164, 189.
Hormah (or Zephath), 215, 217, 258, 392.
hornet, the, 286, 293.
Horites, 2, 24, 66, 74, 159.
horse, the, 90.
Huldah, 297.
Hûleh (Lake Merom), 259, 261.
Hushai, 430, 432, 458.
Hyksos, 6, 22, 69, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 99, 148, 154, 174, 212.
I
Ibleam, 252.
Ibzan, 322.
I-chabod, 348.
Iddo, 345.
Inê-Sin, 10, 11.
Ira, 444.
Ir-Shemesh, 285.
Isaac, 46, 62 _sq._ age of, 143.
Ishbi-benob, 408.
Ishmael, 34, 38, 66, 76.
Ishmaelites, 46.
Ishui, 398, 399.
Israel, etymology of, 73.
‘Israelites’ in Egyptian, 159, 172.
Issachar, 80, 252, 296, 297, 303, 313, 314, 321.
Istar (Ashtoreth), 161, 188.
Ithamar, 340, 443.
Ithream, 401.
Ittai, 432.
Iye-ha-Abarim, 225.
J
Jaazer, 227.
Jabesh-gilead, 277, 278, 358, 394.
Jabez, 263.
Jabin, 259 _sq._, 296, 300.
Jachin (column), 467.
Jacob, 67 _sq._
Jacob-el, 13, 38, 68 _sq._, 128.
Jacob’s Well, 75.
Jael, 301, 302, 304.
Jaffa. _See_ Joppa.
Jair, 227, 322.
Jarmuth, 254, 255.
Jasher (Jashar), book of, 136, 257, 396.
Jashobeam, 406.
Jaziz, 445.
Jebus, 268.
Jebusites, 247, 264, 267, 409, 414, 441, 465.
Jedidiah (Solomon), 306, 425.
Jehdeiah, 445.
Jehoshaphat, 443, 458.
Jephthah, 322 _sq._, 335.
Jephthah-el, 326.
Jerahmeel, 263, 320, 386, 392, 393.
Jericho, 177, 248, 250, 258, 263, 289.
Jeroboam, 456, 476.
Jerub-baal (Gideon), 305 _sq._
Jerusalem, 3, 25, 28, 174, 246, 254, 257, 264, 268, 269, 275, 284, 286, 407, 408 _sq._, 441, 464, 470, 471, 480.
Jeshurun, 73, 191, 242, 244.
Jesse, 369, 371.
Jethro, 163, 186, 190.
Jezreel, 262, 384.
Joab, 399 _sq._
Joash, 305 _sq._, 445.
Jobaal, 318.
Jobab, 259.
Joel, 355.
Johanan, 261, 431, 447, 459.
Jonathan, son of Saul, 358, 360 _sq._
Jonathan, son of Moses, 281.
Jonathan, brother of Joab, 408.
Jonathan, son of Uzziah, 445.
Joppa (Jaffa), 294, 311, 410, 412.
Joram, 254.
Jordan, dried up, 249.
Joseph, 79, 82 _sq._
Joseph-el, 13, 38, 68, 128.
Josephus, 410, 421, 422, 452.
Joshebbashebeth, 406.
Joshua, 246 _sq._, 265, 270, 271, 287.
Jotham, 317.
Judah, 37, 76, 80, 258, 263, 264, 267 _sq._, 320 _sq._, 328.
judge (_shophêt_), 190, 288.
Justin, 30.
K
Kabzeel, 416.
Kadesh on the Orontes, 55, 80, 300, 419, 437, 442, 473.
Kadesh in Galilee, 236, 259, 261, 296, 298, 299.
Kadesh-barnea, 187, 189, 191, 215, 220, 221, 258, 267.
Kadmonites (_see_ Kedem), 162, 307.
Kainan, 143.
_kalbu_, 265.
Kallisthenes, 184.
Karians, 415.
Kastor, 293.
Kedem or Qedem (Kadmonites), 163, 306.
Keft, 378.
Keilah, 264, 382.
Kelt, 43.
Kenaz, 80, 263.
Kenites, or ‘Smiths,’ 214, 230, 263, 267, 288, 299, 320, 336, 386, 392.
Kenizzites, 264, 267, 286, 287, 289, 320.
Kennicott, 281.
Keturah, 45.
Kibroth-hattaavah, 214.
Kidron, 409.
king, law about the, 241.
Kirjath-jearim, 252, 279, 348, 352, 354, 412.
Kirjath-Sannah, 265.
Kirjath-Sepher, 265, 287, 330.
Kish, 356.
Kishon, 261, 297, 300, 303, 304, 310, 356.
Kittel, 306.
Kohath, 338.
Korkha, 286.
Kretans, 415, 428, 443.
Krete, 293, 294, 320.
Kudur-Laghghamar. _See_ Chedor-laomer.
Kudur-Nankhundi, 12.
Kush, 161.
Khabirâ, 5.
Khabiri, 3, 4, 254, 266, 284, 286.
Khalaman, 422.
Khammu-rabi (Amraphel), 11, 12, 13, 25, 27, 45, 59, 68, 71.
Khanun, 417, 432.
Khar (Horites), 2, 159, 160, 192.
Kharran. _See_ Harran.
Khetem (Etham), 180, 181, 187.
Khubur, 5.
Khu-n-Aten (Amenôphis IV.), 156, 157.
L
Laban, 36, 71 _sq._
Laban (god), 18.
Lachish, 20, 120, 248, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 267, 475.
Laish, 248, 259, 280 _sq._
Lakhmu, 81.
Lapidoth, 297.
Larsa (Ellasar), 11, 12, 25, 27, 28, 117, 138.
lawgiver, the, 121.
Leah, 71.
Lebanon, 11.
Lehmann, 60.
Lemuel, 13.
Lenormant, Fr., 473.
Lepsius, 454.
Levi, 76, 80, 134, 201.
Levite, story of the, 275 _sq._
Levite of Ephraim, 279 _sq._
Levites, 218 _sq._, 234, 239, 243, 378, 413. cities of, 235 _sq._, 282.
Libnah, 255.
Libyans, 20, 42, 159, 171, 172, 175, 212.
Lihyanian, 35.
Lindl, 25.
Lot, 39, 44.
Lotan, 2.
Luz, 81.
Lycians, 415.
Lydians, 292, 293.
M
Maachah, 227, 417, 436.
Maachah wife of David, 429.
Maachah or Maoch of Gath, 378, 379.
Machir, 76, 121, 144, 227, 303, 313.
Machpelah, 53, 97.
Madai, 131.
Madon, 259.
Mafkat (Sinaitic Peninsula), 163, 182, 186.
Mahanaim, 73, 398, 400, 432, 457.
Mahler, 151.
Makkedah, 255, 257, 304.
Malcham or Milcom, 426.
Malik (Moloch), 11.
Mamre, 23, 216.
Mâ’n. _See_ Minæans.
Manasseh, 76, 77, 281, 311, 391, 406. kingdom of, 306.
maneh or mina, 60, 252.
Manetho, 149, 151, 173, 212, 330.
Maoch. _See_ Maachah.
Maon, 383.
Maonites (Minæans), 321.
Maqrîzî, 93, 129.
Marah, 187.
Mariette, 148.
_marna_, 294.
marriage by capture, 277.
Martu (Moreh), 20, 21, 42, 44.
Maspero, 23, 85, 93, 95, 129, 151, 160, 163.
Massah, 214.
Max Müller, W., 22, 266, 378.
Maxyes, 362.
Megiddo, 247, 252, 259, 296, 304, 310, 387.
Meholah, 439.
Meissner, 8, 60.
Melchi-shua, 399.
Melchizedek, 25, 28, 128.
Melkarth, 315, 463, 467.
Melukhkha, 163, 190, 367, 427.
Memphis, 14.
Menander, 185, 410, 452, 480.
Meneptah, son of Ramses II., 22, 64, 94, 96, 149, 150, 154, 155, 159, 160, 170 _sq._, 175, 178, 185, 212, 291, 361, 374.
Men-kheper-Ra, 418.
Mephibosheth (Merib-Baal), 404, 438.
Merab, 374.
Mer’ash, 10.
Meribah, 214, 220.
Merib-Baal (Mephibosheth), 307, 404, 438.
Merom, 259, 262.
Meroz, 274, 304.
Mesopotamia, 284.
Messianic psalms, 450.
_messu_, 161.
Messui or Messu, 161, 215.
_metheg-ammah_, 414.
mice, 351.
Micah, 278.
Michal, 374, 384, 413, 439.
Michmash, 349, 353, 361, 362, 366.
Midian, 32, 45, 163, 190, 213, 232 _sq._, 263, 306 _sq._
Migdol, 180, 181, 184.
Millo, 319, 466, 476.
Minæans (Mâ’n), 7, 34, 45, 119, 198, 459, 460.
Minos, 293.
Miriam, 162, 214, 223.
Mitanni, 17, 18, 284 _sq._, 300, 419, 462.
Mizpah, 36, 245, 262, 324, 345, 352, 353, 358.
Moab, 223, 226, 232, 289, 368, 381, 415, 457.
Moabite Stone, 146, 416.
Mopsos, 292.
Moreh, 21, 44.
Moriah, 49, 51, 465.
Moseley, H. N., 31.
Moseroth or Mosera, 220.
Moses, 161 _sq._, 281. songs of, 243. death of, 244.
Mount of the Lord, 50.
Müller, D. H., 35, 231.
Muzri, 183.
N
Nabal, 383.
Nabatheans, 40, 419.
Nabonassar, 12.
Nabonidos, 16.
Nadab and Abihu, 207.
Naharaim (Mesopotamia), 17, 40, 284 _sq._
Nahash (of Ammon), 358, 417, 432.
Nahash (aunt of Joab), 431.
Nahor, 18, 19.
Nahshon, 145.
Naioth (‘the monastery’), 342, 344, 376.
name changed, 32.
Naphtali, 80, 311, 457.
Naram-Sin, 24, 188.
Nathan, 345, 412, 425, 442, 445, 446, 456, 458.
‘Nations’ (Goyyim), 26.
Naville, 95, 129, 149, 153, 154, 183.
Nebat, 476.
Nebo, 245, 343, 416.
Nebuchadrezzar, 196, 197, 288, 418, 468, 469.
Negeb, the, 246, 254, 257, 269, 329, 392.
Ner, 398, 399.
Nethinim, the, 354, 475.
Neubauer, 37, 162, 224, 302, 476.
Nile, 88, 93, 94.
Nin-ip, 29, 441.
Nin-Marki, 15.
Nin-Martu, 59.
Noah, 123, 124, 126.
Noam, 299.
Nob, 237, 349, 353, 369, 372, 378, 380, 408, 438, 444.
Nobah, 227.
O
Obed-Edom, 413.
Obil, 445.
Oboth, 225.
Og, 43, 224, 227.
On (Heliopolis), 85, 86, 154, 174.
Ophel, 466, 467.
Ophir, 463.
Ophrah, 283, 305, 307 _sq._, 338.
Oppert, 148.
Oreb, 312.
Oros, 173.
Osarsiph, 174.
Osiris, 223.
Othniel, 256, 263, 266, 287 _sq._
P
Padan (-Aram), 16, 17, 69.
Pa-ebpasa, 179.
palace of David, 452.
palace of Solomon, 465.
Palestine, name of, 398.
Palmyra (Tadmor), 471, 472, 473.
Paran, 186, 213, 383. mount of, 189.
Passover, the, 176 _sq._
peacocks, 474.
Peiser, 8, 59, 60, 71, 148.
Pella, 259.
Peniel, or Penuel, 73, 312.
Perizzites, or ‘fellahin,’ 228.
Pethor, 40, 228.
Petra, 188, 214, 233.
Petrie, Flinders, 20, 21, 56, 60, 151, 159, 170, 255.
Phaltiel, 384, 439.
Pharaoh, etymology of, 97.
Phichol, 64.
Philistines, 64, 180, 257, 291 _sq._, 320, 326 _sq._, 335, 437.
Philo Byblius, 46.
Phinehas, 145, 215, 233, 275, 443.
Phineas son of Eli, 340, 348.
Phœnician alphabet, 119.
Phœnicians, 2, 30, 35, 94, 454, 467.
Phœnician sacrificial tariffs, 204, 205, 206.
Pi-hahiroth, 181.
Pinches, 12, 13, 26, 60, 68, 70, 295.
Pinon. _See_ Punon.
Piram, 255, 256.
Pirathon, 322.
Pithom (Pi-Tum), 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 166.
plagues, the ten, 167 _sq._
Pliny, 97.
Plutarch, 184.
polygamy, 316, 428.
Porphyry, 306.
Potiphar’s wife, 83.
Potipherah (Potiphar), 84, 86.
Priestly Code, the, 101, 103, 106.
prophet, the, 341 _sq._
Ptah-hotep, 98, 118.
Puah, 321.
Punon or Pinon, 225, 226.
Pur-Sin, 20.
Q
Qarantel, mount, 250.
Qedem. _See_ Kedem.
Qos, 356.
Qosem (Goshen), 95, 153, 154.
Quê, 419, 473.
R
Raamses (Rameses or Ramses), 150.
Rabbah, 44, 227, 228.
Rabbath-Ammon (Rabbah), 417, 424, 426, 432.
Rab-saris, the, 86.
Rab-shakeh, the, 459.
Rachel, 71, 81, 82.
ram in sacrifice, 52.
Ramah, 298, 344, 346, 349, 352, 357, 367, 376.
Ramathaim-zophim, 338, 352.
Ramath-lehi, 327, 328.
Rameses or Raamses, city of, 179.
Ramoth of the South, 392.
Ramoth-Gilead, 457.
Ramsay, W. M., 237.
Ramses or Rameses I., 150, 153, 158.
Ramses II., 4, 55, 64, 78, 148, 149, 150, 154, 180, 223, 266, 379, 415, 464.
Ramses III., 3, 4, 67, 150, 171, 222, 224, 285, 291, 292.
Ramses IV., 3, 212.
Ramses VI., 186.
Rassam, Hormuzd, 197.
Rechab, 404.
‘Red Sea,’ the, 182.
refuge, cities of, 235.
Rehob, 420.
Rehoboam, 452.
Rei, 446.
Reisner, 15.
Rekem, 233.
Rephaim, 24, 41, 227. plain of, 407.
Rephidim, 189.
Reshpu, 413.
resurrection, 210.
Reuben, 77, 80, 227, 232, 235, 289, 303, 392.
Reuel, 63.
Rezon, 147, 421, 437, 452, 462, 477.
Rib-Hadad, 94, 284, 306.
Rimmon (god), 15, 30, 299.
Rimmon (Benjamite), 404. rock of, 277.
Rizpah, 402, 439.
Rowlands, J., 215.
Ruth, 263, 394.
S
Saba or Sheba, 119, 163, 219.
Sabæans, in Babylonia, 13.
Sabbath, Babylonian etymology of, 193, 208.
Sachau, 19.
sacrifices, 197 _sq._ Babylonian, 197. human, 46 _sq._, 324.
Saft-el-Henna (Goshen), 96, 153, 154.
Sakea, Babylonian feast of, 209.
Salem or Jerusalem, 28, 268.
Salimmu, god of peace, 28.
Salma or Salmon, 394.
Samâla or Samalla, 36, 231.
Samaritans, 100, 103.
Samson, 327 _sq._
Samsu-iluna, 45.
Samuel, 242, 245, 335 _sq._, 365 _sq._, 389.
sanctuary, central, 240.
Saph, 459.
Sardinians, 293.
Sargon of Akkad, 10, 20, 161.
Sarid, 303.
Saul, 146, 190, 356 _sq._
Saxon conquest of Britain, 252, 269, 271.
scapegoat, the, 48.
Scheil, 12, 27.
Schliemann, 475.
Schumacher, 223.
scribes, 121.
‘sea’ in the temple, 468.
Sebaita (Zephath), 215.
seer. _See_ prophet.
Seir, 24, 66, 67, 74, 162, 171, 188, 222.
Seirath, 290.
Selamanês, 425.
Sennacherib, 137, 152, 257, 260, 359, 383.
Septuagint, 136, 154.
Seraiah, 443, 444.
seraph, 225.
serpents, bronze, in Babylonia, 225, 353.
Set, 165.
Sethos (Ramses), 174.
Seti I., 2, 158, 216.
Seti II., 83, 98, 151, 178, 180, 185.
Set-Nubti, 148.
Shalman, 425.
Shamgar, 295, 301, 320.
Shamir, 321.
Shammah, 406.
Shapher, 221.
Shasu, 67, 171, 217, 222.
Sharon, 261.
Shavsha, 443.
Sheba (Benjamite), 435, 436, 440.
Sheba or Saba, 45, 119, 163, 321, 459, 460.
Shechem, 22, 75, 76, 262, 269, 270, 283, 309, 316 _sq._
shekel, 60.
Shelomith, 207.
Shem (Babylonian Sumu), 13.
Shemesh-Edom, 413.
Shephatiah, 401.
shepherd, 90.
Sheth, 230.
Sheva, 443, 444.
shewbread, 197, 468.
_shibboleth_, 325.
Shiloh, 269, 270, 275, 277, 281, 283, 320, 333, 334, 337, 339, 344 _sq._, 352, 353, 378, 444, 476.
Shimei (Benjamite), 430, 438, 439, 447, 455.
Shimei (official of David), 445, 446.
Shimron, 259.
Shimron-meron, 260.
Shinar, 11, 25.
Shisha, 443, 444, 458.
Shishak, 84, 252, 263, 453, 476, 477.
Shobach or Shophach, 418, 421.
Shobi, 432.
Shunem, 387, 445.
Shur, 181, 183, 187, 190.
Siddim, 24, 30.
Sidon, 259, 262, 274, 280, 321.
Sihon, 43, 224, 226.
Siloam, pool of, 466.
Simeon, 76, 80, 263, 320, 329, 392.
Sin (moon-god), 9, 16, 188. desert of, 188, 189.
Sinai, 164, 188, 302. mount, 188, 191 _sq._
Sinaitic Peninsula, 163, 182, 186, 187.
Sin-idinnam, 12, 27.
Sinjerli, 19, 36, 138.
Sinuhit, 162.
Sippara (Sepharvaim), 14, 57.
Sisera, 261, 296 _sq._
slave, penalty for murder of, 194.
Smith, G. A., 36.
Socho or Socoh, 265, 369.
Sodom, 25, 30.
Solomon, 146, 306, 425, 445, 447, 452 _sq._ proverbs of, 138.
sphinx, 88.
Spinoza, 105.
Stade, 103, 278, 409.
Stone of Job, 223.
Strabo, 185.
Strassmaier, 59, 197.
strikes, 166.
Subarti, 5, 16.
Succoth, 150, 155, 179, 180, 181, 312.
Suez Canal, 212.
Sumu-abi, 13.
Suphah, 222.
Suru (Syria), 16.
Sutekh, 22, 23, 85, 148.
Sutu or Sutê, 230, 289.
Suweinît, Wâdi, 362.
T
Taanach, 247, 252, 261, 296, 304.
Taberah, 214.
tabernacle, the, 196 _sq._, 353, 414.
tables of the law, 202.
Tabor, 299, 309, 310.
Tadmor, 471, 472.
Tahtim-hodshi, 300.
Takmonite, 406.
tale of the two brothers, 83.
Talmai, 401, 429.
Tamar (wife of Judah), 82.
Tamar (daughter of David), 429.
Tamar (city of), 471.
Tappuah, 261, 262.
Tarkhu, 19.
tartan, the, 374, 443.
Tatian, 105.
Tatnai, 8.
tattooing, 200, 241.
Teie, 155, 158.
Tel el-Amarna, 2, etc. tablets of, 113 _sq._
Tel el-Maskhûta, 149, 154, 166.
Tema, 45, 459.
Teman, 189.
temple, when built, 145, 412. of Solomon, 464, 467 _sq._
Terah, 18, 19.
teraphim, 72, 80, 279.
Thapsacus (Tiphsakh), 472.
Thebes in Egypt, 461.
Thebez, 319.
Themistokles, 237.
Thothmes III., 20, 41, 50, 55, 68, 80, 84, 98, 175, 217, 237, 259 _sq._, 280, 300, 311, 323, 413, 423, 473.
Thothmes IV., 88.
Thukut (Succoth), 149, 155, 179, 180, 181.
Tiamat, 125.
Tibhath, 423.
Tid’al, 12, 24, 26, 128.
Tiglath-pileser I., 231, 419, 461, 474, 478.
Tiglath-pileser III., 138, 230, 281, 424, 425, 451, 459, 460.
Tiglath-Ninip, 418.
Timnath-heres, 271.
tin, 474.
Tirzah, 261.
tithe, 29.
Tob, 323, 417.
Toi or Tou, 423.
Tola, 321.
Tomkins, H. G., 20, 80, 81, 84, 259, 300.
Travels of the Mohar, 266, 416.
tribes, the twelve, 77.
Trumbull, Clay, 176, 215, 350.
Tubikhi (Tibhath), 423.
Tudghula. _See_ Tid’al.
Tumilât, Wâdi (Goshen), 95, 153, 154, 155.
Tunip (_see_ Dinhabah), 65.
Tyre, 274, 288, 315, 410, 457, 462, 463, 465, 467, 480.
Tyropœon valley, 466.
U
Ubi (Aup), 229.
Umman-Manda, 26.
Unger, 454.
Ur of the Chaldees, 8, 9, 11, 16, 60, 127, 209.
Uriah, 424, 425.
Urim and Thummim, 72, 198, 388.
Usous, 66.
Uzzah, 413.
V
Virey, 92, 99.
von Luschan, 36.
W
Warburton, Bishop, 210.
Ward, J., 23.
wedges of gold, 252.
Wellhausen, 103, 145, 297, 300.
Welsh laws, 288.
Wessely, 175.
Wiedemann, 194, 239.
Wilbour, 93.
Wilcken, 175.
Winckler, 148, 183, 266.
Wolf, 104, 121.
Wright, Bateson, 104.
X
Xanthos, 293.
Y
Yabniel, 256.
Ya’di, 37, 80, 231.
Yahveh, 34, 47, 164.
Yahveh-Shalom, 308, 310.
Yahveh-yireh, 49.
Yaphia, 255.
Yâm Sûph (_see_ Suphah), 180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 427.
Yaudâ or Yaudû, 37, 80.
Year of Jubilee, 208.
Yeud, 46.
Z
Zabdi, 445.
Zabsali (Zamzummim), 11, 41.
Zadok, 145, 431, 443, 444, 446, 455, 459.
Zahi, 2.
Zakkal. _See_ Zaqqal.
Zalmon, 319.
Zalmonah, 225.
Zalmunna, 312.
Zambesi, 474.
Zamzummim, 11, 25, 41, 43, 138.
Zanoah, 264.
Zaphnath-paaneah, 89, 174.
Zaqqal or Zakkal, 5, 291, 293, 294, 313, 387, 388, 412, 457.
Zared, 226.
Zaretan, 248.
Zaru, 179, 181.
Zebah, 312, 368, 401.
Zebud, 459.
Zebul, 318, 319.
Zebulon, 121, 303, 311, 321.
Zeeb, 312.
Zelah, 358, 439.
Zelophehad, 144, 207.
Zephath (Hormah), 217, 246, 257, 258, 329, 392.
Zeruiah, 400, 431.
Ziba, 438.
Ziklag, 386, 389, 391, 392.
Zimrida, 256.
Zin, 220.
Zion, 410, 466.
Ziph, 382, 384.
Zippor, 228.
Zipporah, 163, 165, 215.
Zoan (Tanis), 23, 53, 90, 148, 149, 150, 460.
Zobah, 417, 419, 422, 427, 442, 454, 472, 477.
Zoheleth, 446.
Zorah, 279, 320, 326.
Zuph or Ziph, 338.
Zuzim, 11, 24, 25, 41, 138.
● Transcriber’s Notes: ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). ○ Footnotes have been moved to follow the sections in which they are referenced.