PART II.--APPLICATIONS.
SECTION I.--LETTERING, BORDERING, AND NORTH POINTS.
Lettering 66 Borders 69 North Points 69
SECTION II.--SCALES.
Scales of Distances 70 Scales of Construction 74
SECTION III.--PLOTTING.
Reference Lines and Points 78 Plotted Points 78 To Plot Reference Lines and Points 78 To Plot Traverse Reference Lines 84 To Plot Detail 89 To Plot Contours 90 To Plot Sounded Points in Submerged Districts 90 Errors and Error-sheets 91 To Plot Vertical Sections 92 To lay down Gradients 95 To Plot a Section from a Contour Map 96
SECTION IV.--CIVIL ENGINEERS’ AND SURVEYORS’ PLANS.
Standing Orders of Parliament 98 „ „ „ Documents required 99 „ „ „ Plans 100 „ „ „ Book of Reference 101 „ „ „ Sections 101 Working Sections 103
_Regulations of Local Government Board_:-- Boundary Maps 104 Maps for Division into Wards 104 Plans of Proposed Works 105 General Plan 105 Detailed Plan 106 Mining Plans 106 Estate and Town Plans 107
SECTION V.--MAP DRAWING.
Single Stroke Streams 109 Double Line Streams and Rivers 110 Colouring Streams or Rivers 110 Islands and Sand-banks, Sandy and Pebbly Beds of Rivers 110 Roads and Pathways 111 Mountain Passes 111 Fords and Ferries, Toll-gates 111 Telegraph Lines and Stations 112 Railways, Stations, and Termini 112 Size of Cities, Towns, and Villages 112 Sketching, Shading, and Copying Hills 113 Field Sketching 114 Examination of Maps in the Field 118
SECTION VI.--MECHANICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS. 121
SECTION VII.--COPYING AND REDUCING.
Drawing from Copy 127 Copying by Tracing 128 Copying by Transfer 129 Reducing and Enlarging 130 The Pantograph 131 The Eidograph 136 Drawings for Lithographers and Engravers 141
TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULÆ 142
INCLINED MEASURE 143
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION 143
INDEX 144
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
--------------------------------------+-------------+--------------- | Page. | Plate. +-------------+--------------- ALPHABETS, examples of | .. | 4, 5, 6 Angle, to bisect | 16 | .. Angles, to construct | 16, 17 | .. Arch, equilateral | 23 | .. ----, horse-shoe | 24 | .. ----, lancet | 24 | .. ----, obtuse | 24 | .. ----, ogee | 25 | .. ----, semi-elliptical | 23 | .. ----, Tudor | 24 | .. Architectural drawings, colouring of. | .. | 24 | | BORDERS | .. | 1, 3, 8, 9, 13 Boundaries, parish, &c. | .. | 3, 15 | | CANAL LOCKS | .. | 1, 11 Chart, example of | .. | 18 Cinquefoil, Gothic | 26 | .. Circle, to describe through | 17 | .. given points. | | ----, to find the centre of | 18 | .. Cliffs | .. | 1, 11, 14 Colouring architectural drawings. | .. | 24 ---- maps and plans | .. | 1, 3, 13, | | 17, 28, 33 ---- mechanical drawings | .. | 22, 23, 27 Copse | .. | 1, 10 Corners | .. | 1, 3, 8, 9, 13 Cylinders shaded | 51, 52 | .. Cyma recta | 25 | .. ---- reversa | 25 | .. | | DOCKS | .. | 1, 11 Drawings, architectural, colouring of.| .. | 24 ----, isometrical | .. | 27 ----, mechanical, colouring of. | .. | 22, 23, 27 | | EIDOGRAPH | .. | 26 Ellipse, to draw | 22 | .. Equilateral triangle, to construct. | 16 | .. | | FLOURISHES | .. | 25 Fortifications, plans | .. | 32 ----, sections | .. | 31 | | GEOLOGICAL MAPS | .. | 28 ---- sections, coloured | .. | 20, 21 Grass | 34 | 1, 17 Gravel | 35 | 1 | | HARBOURS | .. | 11 Hexagon, to describe | 21 | .. Hill shading | 53, 55, 56, | .. | 58, 61, 62, | | 63 | Hills | .. | 1, 12, 14, 17 ---- in colour | .. | 12, 14 | | ISOMETRICAL DRAWINGS | .. | 27 | | LAKES | .. | 1, 3, 11, 17 Land, cultivated | 32 | 1, 13 ----, uncultivated | 37 | .. Lettering, examples of | .. | 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, | | 25 Line, to divide into equal parts. | 15 | .. Lines, broken | 30 | .. ----, contour | 37 | .. ----, dotted | 31 | .. ----, section | 29 | .. ----, shade | 49 | .. ----, to bisect | 15 | .. | | MAPS, geological | .. | 28 ----, Ordnance, example of. | .. | 18 ---- and plans, colouring of. | .. | 1, 3, 13, | | 17, 28, 33 Marsh | 35 | 1, 10, 11 Mechanical drawings, colouring of. | .. | 22, 23, 27 Mining plans | .. | 33 | | NORTH POINTS | .. | 9 | | OVAL, to construct | 18 | .. | | PANTOGRAPH | .. | 26 Parabola, to draw | 21 | .. Pentagon, to describe | 20 | .. Perpendicular, to erect | 15 | .. Plans, estate | .. | 3, 17 ----, fortifications | .. | 32 ----, mining | .. | 33 ----, office | .. | 2 ----, parliamentary | .. | 13, 19 ----, reducing or enlarging | .. | 26 ----, town improvements | .. | 13 ---- and maps, colouring of. | .. | 1, 3, 13, 17, | | 28, 33 Plotting, examples of | 82, 85, 86, | .. | 88, 93 | | | QUARRIES | .. | 1 Quatrefoil, Gothic | 26 | .. | | RADII OF CIRCLE, to draw | 18 | .. Railways | .. | 1, 3 Rectangles, similar, to construct | 20 | .. Rivers | .. | 1, 11, 12, 17 ----, outlines of | 30 | .. Roads | .. | 1, 3, 12, 17 Rocks | .. | 1, 11 Roofs | 30 | .. | | SAND | 35 | 1 ---- banks | .. | 1, 11 Scales | 71, 75, 76 | 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 Section plotting, example of | 93 | .. Sections, fortifications | .. | 31 ----, parliamentary | .. | 19, 21 ---- of strata, examples of colouring.| .. | 20, 21 Shade, scales of, for hills | 53, 58 | .. Signs, various, used in Indian and | .. | 29, 30 Colonial maps. | | ----, ----, used in maps, plans, &c. | .. | 15, 16 ----, ----, used in military maps and | .. | 31, 32 fortifications. | | Soundings | .. | 11, 18 Square, to construct | 19 | .. ----, multiple of, to construct. | 19 | .. Squares, proportional, to construct. | 19, 20 | .. Swamps and marshy ground. | 35 | 1, 10 | | TANGENT, to draw | 18 | .. Titles, examples of | .. | 3, 7, 8 Towns | .. | 1, 3, 11, 13 Traverse plotting, example of. | 85, 86, 88 | .. Trees | 36 | 1, 3, 10, 13, | | 17 Trefoil, Gothic | 25 | .. Triangles, to construct | 16, 17 | .. | | VILLAGES | .. | 1 | | WATER, flowing | 33 | 11 ----, standing | 29 | 1, 11 ---- in section | 30 | .. Wood-graining | 32 | .. Wood in section | 32 | .. Woods | 36 | 1, 3, 10, 17 --------------------------------------+-------------+---------------
PLAN AND MAP DRAWING.