Chapter 24

Rivers, Mississippi, 86, 89; Hoang-ho, Ganges, Thames, 87; alterations made by, 87.

Rocks, crystalline or plutonic: sedimentary, 85; eruptive, 88; new, 59; of Grand Cañon, 90; testimony of, establishes evolution, 100.

Salamanders, 45, 46.

Salts, of sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, 24.

Samoan Islands, 103.

Sandstone, 90.

Science, what is it? 5, 6; physiological, 14.

Sea anemones, 68.

Sea elephant, 38.

Seals, 38, 39, 40, 209.

Selection, natural, doctrine of, 116, 117, 118; struggle for existence, 124, 125; simply trial and error, 131, 136, artificial, 136, 137, 138; laws of, in mental phenomena, 203.

Sequence, physiological, in training animals, 209; 210.

Series, sedimentary, 84, 90, 92; crystalline or plutonic, 85; Azoic or Archæan, age of, 92.

Shale, 89.

Shark, common, most fundamental form, 46; embryo of, hammerhead; embryos of, 66.

Sheep, 157.

Simiidæ, 160, 163.

Skate, embryos of, 66.

Snails, 45; shells of, 95; land snails, 103; Hawaiian and Polynesian, 104.

Society Islands, 103.

Solar system, origin of, 84.

Solomon Islands, 103.

Species, origin of human, 153.

Spencer, Herbert, 8.

Squirrels, evolved from terrestrial rodents, 14; 41; flying, true rodents, 41.

Starch, 24.

Stephenson, 10.

Strata, 88, 89; arranged according to ages, 89; 90; time of formation, 92.

Struggle for existence, 124; intra-specific, 125; three divisions of, 126-129; 139, 174, 175.

Substances, inorganic, 29.

Sugar, 23, 24.

Survival of the fittest, 129.

Systems, respiratory, excretory, circulatory, 17; organic, reproductive, 18; nervous, 256, 257; blood-vascular, respiratory and excretory, 257; ethical, 286; religious, 288.

Tadpole, 58, 59, 60; larvæ, 64.

Tapeworm, a relative of simple worms, 50; 123.

Tapir, 41; Moeritherium, 97.

Thorndike, 209; heredity of mental qualities, 232.

Tidal waves, 85.

Tigers, 101.

Tirawa, 301.

Tissue-cells, 28.

Torga, 183.

Tortoise, soft shelled, of the Mississippi, 45.

Tower, 148.

Transformation, natural, 170.

Tribes, 32.

Tuberculosis, bacillus of, 127.

Turtles, evolution of, 45.

Ungulates, 65.

Uniformitarianism, Lyell's doctrine, 80.

Urea, 29.

Ussher, Archbishop, 178.

Variation, 110; causes of, 111; among individuals, 112, 113; fact of difference, phenomenon of, 114; 115, 118, 119, 121, 129; congenital, 138; human, 174; racial, 177; laws of, in mental phenomena, 203; 232.

Vertebrata, 43.

Vertebrates, backboned animals, fishes the lowest order of, 46; principles of relationship, families, tribes, 47; 53-59; great classes originate together, 64; more complicated, 68; skeleton remains of, succeed invertebrates, 92; testimony of the rocks, 93; largest, 94; appearance of great classes of, 94; 95; classes that make up, 156; lower, arrangement of organs, 201; nervous system of, 256, 257.

Volcanoes, 88.

Volvox, 252, 254, 259, 265.

Von Baer, law of recapitulation, 71.

Vorticella, 251, 252, 265.

Wagner, 100.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 117, 100.

Walruses, 38.

Wasps, ground, 207; organizations, of digger, 260; 261.

Weismann, 71, 72; proved nuclei of egg contains, essential factors, 71, 145, 148.

Weisner, 143.

Whales, 40.

Wilson, 146.

Woehler, 29.

Wolf, Tasmanian, a true marsupial, 42.

Wolff, 70.

Wolves, 140.

Wombat, 42.

Wood-frog, 71.

Woods, heredity of mental qualities, 232.

Worms, blindworm of England, 45; 48, 50, 53, 81; nervous mechanism of, 205, 206; nervous system of, 256, 257.

Zebras, 96, 97, 112.

Zoölogy, 34, 75, 78; geographical distribution, 100.

"Zoönomia," 135.

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