The discovery and decipherment of the trilingual cuneiform inscriptions
part ii. p. 233.
[557] Report, June 1847, _J. R. A. S._ x. p. vii.
[558] _Ib._ p. xvi.
[559] _J. R. A. S._ x. 18.
[560] _Ib._ x. 2.
[561] Lassen’s first letter to Rawlinson is dated August 19, 1838. See _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 316.
[562] _J. R. A. S._ x. 8, 9, 10, _notes_.
[563] _J. R. A. S._ x. 10, _note_.
[564] See _ib._ p. 8, _note_.
[565] Spiegel, p. 154.
[566] Rawlinson wrote, early in 1846: ‘The cause of the affinity of the vowel i for the characters _j_, _t_, _m_ and _v_ can neither be explained, nor can we perceive any uniform effect which the coalition produces upon the phonetic power of the consonant. I can only illustrate the formation of the different groups by adverting to the law which still prevails in the Tartarian dialects, requiring the juxtaposition of certain vowels with consonants in order to render the latter articulable; and by observing that, as a similar rule appears to hold good in the so-called Median alphabet, which has every indication of a Scythic origin, it is not improbable that the Persian writing may have been indebted to that source for so remarkable a deviation from the true principles of Arian orthography.’ _J. R. A. S._ x. 65.
[567] _J. R. A. S._ x. 176.
[568] _J. R. A. S._ x. 185.
[569] Holtzmann, _Beiträge_, p. 152.
[570] _J. R. A. S._ x. 177.
[571] _Ib._ x. 175.
[572] _Athenæum_, December 19, 1846, p. 1302. Cf. _ib._ November 22, 1884.
[573] _J. R. A. S._ x. 195, _note_.
[574] _Ib._ x. 56, 60, 65, 69.
[575] _Ib._ xi. 15, 20, 47, 72. _Cf._ Spiegel, pp. 180, 204, 208, 210.
[576] _Ib._ xi. 27, 176. _Cf._ Spiegel, p. 209, 222.
[577] _J. R. A. S._ x. 83.
[578] _Ib._ p. 40.
[579] _Ib._ p. 50.
[580] _J. R. A. S._ xi. 51.
[581] _Die Persischen Keilinschriften_, Leipzig, 1847.
[582] In the Persepolitan texts there are not more than four hundred words; the Behistun comprises ten times as many as all the rest put together. Darmesteter, quoted by Perrot, _History of Art in Persia_, p. 33, _note_.
[583] _J. R. A. S._ x. p. xlvi.
[584] Spiegel, p. 23.
[585] _J. R. A. S._ x. p. lvii.
[586] Benfey, _Die Persischen Keilinschriften_ (Leipzig, 1847), p. 9.
[587] _Records of the Past_, O.S. i. 112. Spiegel, pp. 7, 86.
[588] _Records_, loc. cit. p. 112.
[589] _J. R. A. S._ x. 206.
[590] Spiegel, p. 89. Spiegel translates (1881): ‘Die Plätze der Anbetung, welche Gaumâta der Mager zerstört hatte, bewahrte ich dem Volke, die Weideplätze (?), die Heerden, die Wohnungen je nach Clanen, was Gaumâta der Mager ihnen weggenommen hatte’ (p. 9). Weissbach (1898): ‘Die Tempel, welche Gaumâta, der Mager, zerstört hatte, stellte ich wieder her, für das Volk die Hilfsmittel, die Herden und das Wohnen in den Häusern (?) welche Gaumâta, der Mager, geraubt hatte’ (p. 15).
[591] _Records_, O.S. i. 128.
[592] _Ib._ ix, 68, 69. _Cf._ Spiegel, pp. 41, 109; Menant, _Les Achéménides_, p. 122; Weissbach, _Altpersischen Keilinschriften_. p. 31.
[593] _Records_, O.S. ix. 77; Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 311; Spiegel, p. 121. M. Benfey attempted to restore this inscription, but in 1852 Oppert declared that the labour was a simple loss of time. It is perhaps to be regretted that he did not adhere to his first impression. _Journal Asiatique_, xix. 172 (March 1852).
[594] Vol. xii. p. xix, xv. p. 432; Spiegel, p. 59; Oppert, _Rec._ O.S. ix. 78.
[595] Spiegel, pp. 59, 122.
[596] _Die Grabschrift des Darius_, Zürich, 1847.
[597] Vapereau, _Dictionnaire des Contemporains_.
[598] Published at Berlin, 1847.
[599] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 403.
[600] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 165.
[601] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 324.
[602] _Ib._ p. 33.
[603] _Mémoire sur les Inscriptions des Achéménides_, Paris, 1852, 8vo. _Journ. Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), vols. xvii.-xix.
[604] _Journal Asiatique_, xviii. 560.
[605] _Rec._ O.S. i. 107.
[606] _Ib._ ix. 67.
[607] _Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften_, von Fr. Spiegel, second edition, Leipzig, 1881.
[608] _Les Achéménides et les Inscriptions de la Perse_, par Joachim Menant, Paris, 1872.
[609] _Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften_, von F. H. Weissbach und W. Bang, Leipzig, 1893. _Die Achämenideninschriften zweiter Art_, von F. H. Weisbach, Leipzig, 1890.
[610] _Die Achäm. Ins. des Babylonischen Textes_, von Dr. Carl Bezold, Leipzig, 1882.
[611] This opinion is attributed to Niebuhr by M. Oppert (_Expédition en Mésopotamie_, 1859, ii. 2); in the passage referred to Niebuhr merely says there are three alphabets, but says nothing about their being in the same language (Niebuhr, ii. 113).
[612] Heeren, _Historical Researches_ (Eng. ed.), ii. 324. Durow, _Die Assyrische Keilschriften erläutert_ (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 38.
[613] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 24.
[614] Heeren, _ib._ pp. 329-30.
[615] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 39.
[616] Copenhagen, 1844.
[617] Bonn, 1845. Westergaard wrote a later essay on the same subject in Danish, which we have not been able to consult (Kjöbenhavn, 1856).
[618] Copenhagen edition, pp. 330, 338.
[619] _Ib._ pp. 340, 364. The E inscription from the seventeenth line may be seen at page 347. _Cf._ with Weisbach, _Die Inschriften Zweiter Art_, p. 82.
[620] _Cf._ Copenhagen edition, p. 419; Bonn ed. p. 113.
[621] Copenhagen edition, p. 323. _Cf._ this with the declination of the same word by De Saulcy (_Journal Asiatique_, 1849, xiv. 179), where the accusative singular is ‘Keiounay,’ and the genitive plural ‘Keiouyna’ or ‘Keioulara’!
[622] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 42.
[623] No. 24 of Weisbach.
[624] Nos. 9, 10, 18, 65. Appendix C.
[625] No. 12 in Weisbach’s list: the others are 63 and 65 in the same list.
[626] Copenhagen edition, p. 278. This statement is softened in the Bonn edition (p. 6), where he merely says that neither of the two determinatives he had recognised preceded these words. _Cf. ib._ p. 124.
[627] He thought possibly the vowels might be limited to the long and short sounds of _a_, _i_ and _u_, and in that case he was disposed to change his _e_ into _i_, which would have been correct (p. 118).
[628] Bonn edition, pp. 118-119. See Appendix C.
[629] Burnouf, _Mémoire sur Deux Inscriptions_ (1836), p. 2.
[630] Westergaard (Bonn edition), pp. 4, 123. _Cf._ Copenhagen edition, 272.
[631] _J. R. A. S._ x. 228.
[632] _Ib._ xv. 115.
[633] _J. R. A. S._ x. 20, _note_.
[634] Westergaard was also struck by the similarity of the Georgian plural affix ‘bi.’ Copenhagen edition, pp. 300, 305.
[635] _J. R. A. S._ x. 37.
[636] _Ib._ vol. ix. Report, 1846, and Report, May 1848.
[637] In his last paper he made several corrections in the values of the letters (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 241) which Menant has not taken into account in his Table. _Les Ecritures cunéiformes_ (second ed. 1864), p. 138.
[638] _J. R. A. S._ vol. ix. Report, 1846, p. xvii.
[639] _Transactions_, ib. pp. 125-28.
[640] _Transactions_, ib. p. 129. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 483.
[641] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), vols. xiv. xv. August 1849, May 1850.
[642] De Saulcy was distinguished for his success in reading the Egyptian demotic character, which Mohl regarded as the greatest achievement since Champollion (_Rapports Annuels à la Société Asiatique_, 1844, p. 36).
[643] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 47.
[644] _Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes_ (1879), p. 41.
[645] _Journal Asiatique_, xiv. 103, xv. 527.
[646] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 47. Oppert, Nos. 52, 77, 88.
[647] _Journal Asiatique_, xiv. 212: ‘Que certains signes de l’écriture médique avaient une assez grande ressemblance avec les signes Persans de même valeur, mais que la plupart d’entre eux étaient identiques avec des signes de l’écriture Assyrienne.’ Hincks had already pointed out, in 1845, that there were many characters common to both (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131); and in June 1849 he added that a ‘very large proportion of the Median characters can be identified with Assyrio-Babylonian characters, having nearly the same phonetic values’ (xxii. 4). Westergaard thought the writing originated in Babylon, ‘whence it spread in two branches, eastward to Susiana and northward to the Assyrian Empire, from whence it passed to Media, and last to ancient Persis’ (p. 273, Copenhagen edition). He thought the Median bore most resemblance to Assyrian writing, and Persian to Babylonian writing (_ib._ p. 272; _cf._ Bonn edition, p. 4).
[648] Copenhagen ed. p. 271.
[649] Weisbach, p. 7; Mohl, _Vingt-sept ans d’Etudes_, i. 419; _Athenæum_, July 6 and September 7, 1850. _Cf._ above, p. 194.
[650] Holtzman’s essays appeared in the _Zeitschrift D.M.G._ between 1851 and 1854. They are reported by Weisbach and Mohl, _loc. cit._
[651] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), xvii. 541. Cf. _Les Mèdes_, p. 2.
[652] Norris, No. 97; Weisbach, No. 108.
[653] _J. R. A. S._ xv. 5.
[654]
_m_ Norris, No. 58 Weisbach, No. 57 _r_ ” ” 78 ” ” 61 _s_ ” ” 90 ” ” 45 _s_ ” ” 94 ” Determinative _t_ ” ” 38 ” No. 50 _t_ ” ” 43 ” ” 42 _at_
[655] He attributes this observation to Holtzmann, who wrote in 1851; but Hincks’s opinion was published three years previously in the _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1848. Norris had heard of De Saulcy, but did not read him; see _J. R. A. S._ xv. 153, _note_.
[656] We have counted 47, _ib._ pp. 7-46.
[657] See also Nos. 67, 74 (Norris’s list).
[658] For example, Nos. 17, 35, 58.
[659] Oppert takes the credit of this to himself: ‘Depuis 1851, j’avais entrevu l’origine touranienne de l’écriture cunéiforme’ (_Les Mèdes_, p. 5), but he acknowledges that Norris had suggested it.
[660] M. Oppert claims to have suggested in 1847 that Median belongs to the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ race (_Expédition_, p. 82). He has not given any reference, and we know of no writing of his of that date except the tract already reviewed: and this opinion does not appear to be stated there.
[661] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xv. 63; _cf._ Weisbach, p. 49.
[662] _Cf._ Westergaard, Bonn edition, p. 113; _Journal Asiatique_, xv. 426.
[663] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xv. 149; _Les Mèdes_, p. 197; Weisbach, p. 77.
[664] Mohl, _op. cit._ vol. ii. Report, June 1855; Weisbach, p. 7.
[665] _Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie_ (1851-4), par Jules Oppert, vol. ii. Paris, 1859.
[666] M. Oppert cannot always be taken seriously where his own claims are concerned. Writing in 1859, he says of the Median: ‘Tous nos devanciers, y compris M. Norris, l’ont prise pour une écriture distincte de celle des Assyriens’ (p. 71). Leaving out of account Norris’s identification of 47 of the characters, De Saulcy had pronounced them to be ‘identical’ in 1848. Oppert now compares 97 Median signs and 8 ideograms with both Babylonian and Assyrian groups.
[667] ‘Deux caractères n’expriment jamais le même son,’ p. 35. ‘Les mêmes sons syllabiques sont toujours attachés au même signe,’ p. 77.
[668] Bonomy, _Nineveh and its Palaces_ (1889), p. 479; _J. R. A. S._ xii. 482.
[669] _J. R. A. S._ (1855), xv. 97; _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 174.
[670] Layard (Sir H.), _Early Adventures_ (1894), pp. 168, 220. _Cf._ Professor Sayce in _Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch._ iii, 472.
[671] _J. R. A. S._ x. 28; _ib._ xii. 483.
[672] ‘Development of Cuneiform Syllabary’ (1887), _J. R. A. S._ vol. xix. They appeared to Mr. Vaux in 1851 ‘to contain a considerable number of new characters, for which no conjectural equivalent can be found either in the Babylonian or the Assyrian alphabet’ (_Nineveh and Persepolis_, p. 431).
[673] _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. iii. (1874), p. 479; _Records of the Past_, O.S. vol. vii. (1876), p. 81.
[674] _Trans. S. B. A._ loc. cit. p. 472.
[675] The word ‘Assyrian’ is often used as interchangeable with ‘Babylonian,’ especially by French writers. Professor Sayce, although he here lapses into this habit, is careful to explain that ‘the form of the character proves that the syllabary was derived from Babylonian, and not from Assyrian as the Armenian.’ _Trans. S. B. A._ (1874), iii, 471.
[676] Menant, _Les Ecritures_, p. 137.
[677] Weisbach, _Die Achaemenideninschriften Zweiter Art_, pp. 25-27.
[678] _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. iii, article by Prof. Sayce ‘On the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Elam and Media,’ p. 465.
[679] _Cf._ Oppert, _Les Mèdes_, p. 41; Weisbach, p. 33. With regard to the other two, he now omits No. 21, to which he had formerly assigned ‘kam’—the ‘zis’ of Weisbach (No. 25). The other, 71ᵇ, he changes from ‘tu’ to ‘kin,’ the ‘en’ of Weisbach (No. 109).
[680] These are: 16, ‘ni’ to ‘ne’; 34, ‘ta’ to ‘te’; 75, ‘ha’ to ‘a’; 77, ‘nu’ to ‘ni.’
[681] 16ᵃ, ‘çi’; 39ᶜ, ‘mak’; 60ᵃ, ‘tin.’
[682]
No. 5 appears as Nos. 9 and 56. No. 28 ” Nos. 18 ” 69. No. 25 ” Nos. 29 ” 76. No. 16ᵃ ” Nos. 60 ” 94. No. 26 ” Nos. 80 ” 81. No. 68 ” Nos. 91 ” 101.
[683] These are:
Oppert No. 35, ‘mu’ = Weisbach No. 5. ” No. 66, ‘iz’ = ” No. 33. ” No. 107, ‘race’ = ” No. 82. ” No. 49, ‘la’ Not in Weisbach. ” No. 109, ‘paz’ (animal) Not in Weisbach.
[684] Namely, No. 21, which Weisbach values as ‘zis’ No. 25. No. 20 Oppert includes among his signs, but cannot find its value. In Norris it is ‘kwe.’ In the list given in Sayce’s article it is ‘khub.’ Weisbach gives ‘kup (?)’ No. 29.
[685] Weisbach fails to find a value for 71ᵃ, to which Oppert gives ‘nu’ (No. 41).
[686] No. 35 Oppert ‘git,’ Weisbach ‘am’; 39ᶠ Oppert ‘mun,’ Weisbach ‘tum’; 71ᵇ Oppert ‘kin’; Weisbach ‘en’; 76 Oppert _o_, Weisbach _u_.
[687] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 33.
[688] Oppert, _op. cit._ p. 30.
[689] Oppert, pp. 77, 81-4. Weisbach, pp. 51, 53.
[690] Oppert, p. 62. Weisbach, p. 50.
[691] Oppert, p. 196. Weisbach, p. 77.
[692] Oppert, p. 215. Weisbach, p. 79.
[693] Norris in _J. R. A. S._ xv. 145; Oppert, _Records of the Past_, vii. 109. Cf. _Les Mèdes_, p. 155; Weisbach, p. 77. See also the surprising expansion into ‘the future life,’ Col. IV. par. 7 (_Les Mèdes_, p. 149), which, however, he softens in the English version to ‘May I die as a Mazdean’ (_Records_, loc. cit. p. 106). _Cf._ Weisbach, p. 73. par. 46, line 99.
[694] ‘Nous ne connaissons pas un seul nom propre de Mède qui ne soit Aryan—ceux de Déjocès et d’Ecbatane sont du perse le plus pur.’—1852, _Les Mèdes_, p. 2.
[695] Sayce seems to be the only noteworthy exception. See _Early Israel_, p. 242.
[696] _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, Bruxelles, 1883.
[697] _Trans. S. B. A._ iii. 468.
[698] Hommel (Dr. Fritz), _Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens_ (Berlin, 1885), p. 101.
[699] Gobineau, _Lectures des Textes cunéiformes_. He afterwards wrote _Traités des Ecritures cunéiformes_, 2 vols. 1864. Mohl, _op. cit._ Report 1859, ii, 257.
[700] Major Conder also, _J. R. A. S._ (1892), xxiv. 734. He thinks Akkadian is also nearest to Turkish, though Akkadian words survive unchanged to the present day in Finnic-Hungarian and Ugric (_ib._).
[701] _Op. cit._ p. 46.
[702] Weisbach, _op. cit._ pp. 13, 45. He has since given in his adhesion to the orthodox view. See _Zur Lösung der Sumerischen Frage_ (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 16, 36.
[703] _Trans. S. B. A._ iii. 466.
[704] Rawlinson was the first to show that the Alarodians of Herodotus (iii. 94, vii. 79) were probably the Uradhians or people of Ararat of the Assyrian texts. See Sayce on Van, _J. R. A. S._ 1882, vol. xiv.
[705] The knowledge of Kassite is limited to about fifty words found in a lexicon list (Hommel, p. 47, _note_ 3). Delitzsch denies their relationship to Susian.
[706] Of Hittite it could still be said in 1893, ‘So far we know nothing whatever about the Hittite language’ (_J. R. A. S._ 1893, p. 404). _Cf._ Conder’s notes in the same volume, p. 823.
[707] Mr. Sayce succeeded in deciphering the Vannic in 1893 and 1894 (_J. R. A. S._ 1894, p. 699).
[708] Conder on Lycian, _J. R. A. S._ 1891, p. 614.
[709] _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 60.
[710] Rich, _Babylon and Persepolis_, p. 185, _note_.
[711] The third system is seen in Rich, Pl. IX. No. 4. _Cf._ Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 24.
[712] _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 7.
[713] See Table, _ib._ p. 65.
[714] See Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.
[715] _Beiträge_, p. 33. See Table, p. 72.
[716] Ker Porter, Pl. 78, vol. ii. East India House Inscription, Col. III. lines 15-65. Ap. Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 144.
[717] Nov. 1846; _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 243-5.
[718] In _Koordistan_, ii. 130, he gives a facsimile of writing from Nimrud. See also _Babylon and Persepolis_, Pl. IX. No. 5. Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 27.
[719] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 257.
[720] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 170.
[721] In July 1849, 88 plates were out, but not the descriptive text. The work was finally in five volumes folio, and contained 220 inscriptions. The inscriptions were sold separately for 60 francs.
[722] See the drawing of it in Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 168. It is published by Layard, Pl. 53-6, and translated by Rawlinson, 1850, and by Hincks, 1854.
[723] Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi, 253.
[724] _Neue Beiträge_ (1837), p. 41.
[725] Menant, _Les Langues perdues: Assyrie_ (Paris, 1886), p. 135.
[726] _Essai de Déchiffrement_ (1845), p. 11. Cf. _Exposé des Eléments constitutifs_ (1847), p. 11.
[727] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1846, xxi. 131.
[728] _Exposé_, p. 14, _note_.
[729] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série, 1847-8), vols. ix-xi, _Mémoire sur l’Ecriture Assyrienne_, Paris, 1848.
[730] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 248 ff.
[731] _Ib._ 1847, ix. 376.
[732] _Ib._ xi. 249.
[733] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 95, _note_.
[734] _J. R. A. S._ 1847, x. 28.
[735] _J. R. A. S._ x. 22 ff. Rawlinson’s classification of the writing is as follows (1847):
{ Bricks and cylinders { (Lapidary) { Babylonian proper { East India House { { Inscription {1. Babylonian { { { { { Cursive { { { { Third Persepolitan { Practically the same as { { Column { the Cursive Babylonian Cuneiform { Signs { { Lapidary { { Assyrian proper { {2. Assyrian { { Cursive { { { { Van { {3. Elymaean (found by Layard at Malamir)
[736] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 407. Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_ (1849), ii. 171.
[737] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.
[738] Westergaard, Copenhagen edition, p. 271.
[739] Bertin in _Trans. S. B. A._ 1885, vol. viii. _Cf._ his article on the Syllabary in _J. R. A. S._ 1887, vol. xix.
[740] Sayce, _Hibbert Lectures_, 1887, p. 13.
[741] _Athenæum_, Sept. 20, 1884.
[742] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.
[743] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 377, xi. 266-71.
[744] _J. R. A. S._ 1848, ix. 414.
[745] The Armenian inscription Schulz, No. 8, was the one De Saulcy attempted (Mohl, _Vingt-sept ans d’histoire_, i. 350). Nos. 9, 10, and 11 are the trilingual of Xerxes.
[746] _J. R. A. S._ 1850, x. 410.
[747] Boscawen, _The Bible and the Monuments_, p. 18; Pinches, _S. B. A._, 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’ _Cf._ Sayce, _The Science of Language_ (3rd ed. 1890), ii. 168.
[748] _Beiträge_, 1887, pp. 24, 37, 39; 1840, p. 65, Plate. _Cf._ above, pp. 184, 299.
[749] See these stated by Löwenstern, _Essai de Déchiffrement_, 1845, p. 12.
[750] Löwenstern, _op. cit._ p. 13.
[751] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.
[752] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ p. 249-52.
[753] _Exposé_, p. 44.
[754] _Ib._ p. 38; Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 224.
[755] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 247; Menant, p. 216; _Journal Asiatique_, x. 146.
[756] _Journal Asiatique_, xi. 272.
[757] Sept. 14 and Nov. 27.
[758] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 95.
[759] ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 71.
[760] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 410-16.
[761] _Ib._ p. 414. Prof. Haupt in _J. R. A. S._ 1878, x. 244-6.
[762] King (L. W.), _First Steps in Assyrian_, 1898, Introduction, p. xvii. See Sayce, _J. R. A. S._ 1877, ix. 23. Cf. _Science of Language_, ii. 167.
[763] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’
[764] _The Bible and the Monuments_, p. 30.
[765] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 224.
[766] Mohl, _op. cit._ i. 419.
[767] Evans (George), _Essay on Assyriology_, p. 1.
[768] Evetts, _New Lights_, p. 123.
[769] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 245; _Langues Sémitiques_, 1863, p. 63.
[770] _J. R. A. S._ vol. i. N. S. Report, May 1865, p. x.
[771] _Beiträge_, 1837, Pl. I.; _cf._ Menant, _Manuel de la Langue Assyrienne_, 1880, p. 282. _Beiträge_, Pl. III.; Menant, p. 278.
[772] _Beiträge_, 1840, Plate, p. 65.
[773] _Ib._ p. 65.
[774] _Ib._ 1837, Pl. IV.
[775] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.
[776] _Beiträge_, 1840, pp. 56-7, and Plate. _Cf._ Menant, _Manuel_, p. 305.
[777] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 377.
[778] _Cf._ Grotefend, _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 65. Löwenstern’s _r_ is only the first portion of Grotefend’s sign.
[779] ‘Lettre de Longpérier,’ Sept. 1847, in _Revue Archéologique_, 1848, p. 503.
[780] Postscript, written June 1846, to paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.
[781] ‘On the Three Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ read Nov. and Dec. 1846: _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.
[782] _Transactions_, ib. p. 249.
[783] _J. R. A. S._ ix. 432.
[784] ‘Lettre a Löwenstern,’ Sept. 1847, in _Revue Archéologique_, 1848.
[785] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 247.
[786] _J. R. A. S._ 1847, x. 24.
[787] _Exposé_, p. 10, _note_.
[788] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 98.
[789] Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_, ii. 173.
[790] _J. R. A. S._ x. 29.
[791] _Exposé_, p. 44.
[792] _Ib._ p. 73.
[793] _Exposé_, p. 58.
[794] _Ib._ pp. 56, 73.
[795] See No. 21 of Hincks, where it is unnoticed. Cf. _Exposé_, p. 28.
[796] _Exposé_, pp. 27, 85-6. Cf. _Transactions_, xxi. 247.
[797] He instances the word for ‘earth,’ p. 86.
[798] ‘Lettre à Löwenstern,’ _loc. cit._ p. 506.
[799] Rawlinson thus describes Botta’s labours. He has been employed in ‘constructing a complete table of variants, the frequent repetition of the same word with orthographical variations furnishing him with a key to the equivalent signs: and by these means he has succeeded, he informs me, in reducing the Assyrian alphabet to some manageable compass.’—_J. R. A. S._ 1846, x. 29.
[800] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, March, xi. 245.
[801] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 378; ‘Lettre à Letronne,’ _Revue Archéologique_, 1848, p. 466.
[802] Cf. _Rev. Archéol._ 1848, p. 504.
[803] _Rev. Archéol._ ib. p. 503. See Oppert, _Expédition_, p. 123.
[804] _J. R. A. S._ Dec. 1847, ix. 439.
[805] _Athenæum_, Aug. 23, 1851.
[806] _J. R. A. S._ 1848, vol. ix.
[807] ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 12.
[808] _Transactions_, xxi. 241, 247.
[809] _Ib._ xxii. 328; _Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850, p. 1000.
[810] ‘It will appear,’ he says later on, ‘that I consider the syllabary to be of Indo-European origin.’ In 1852 he adds: ‘The characters all represent syllables, and were originally intended to represent a non-Semitic language.’ _Transactions_, xxii. 57; _ib._ p. 295.
[811] _Transactions_, xxii. 25. In this case, however, it is so. Hincks afterwards instanced _an_, which, followed by _ac_, he reads, not ‘anac,’ but ‘nabu.’ _Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850.
[812] He explained this matter with great clearness in 1850, when he showed that the sign for _an_ is used (1) as a simple phonograph in some words, as in ‘zarangu’; (2) elsewhere it occurs alone as an independent ideograph for ‘god,’ and forms the plural ‘gods’ by the mere addition of the plural sign. (3) Again, it is found before the proper names of gods, as before Aurmuzd. Here the name is phonetically complete without it, and it is therefore simply a non-phonetic determinative. (4) Elsewhere it forms part of a compound ideograph, and may entirely change its phonetic value; and (5) it may be used ideographically for ‘god’ in Semitic proper names, where its value is not _an_ but _ilu_, or sometimes _Assur_.—_Transactions_, ib. pp. 27-30; _Athenæum_, _ib._
[813] He admits in Sept. 1850 that he had not yet seen Longpérier’s paper (_Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850).
[814] He explained, however, that his short a corresponds to the Greek epsilon (_Transactions_, p. 10). In his list the consonants followed by _ā_ are really those followed by _a_, and those followed by _a_ correspond to the consonants followed by _i_. His view of the four vowels dates from the paper on Van, Dec. 1847 (_J. R. A. S._ 1848, vol. ix.).
[815] _Athenæum_, Aug. 24, 1850, p. 908.
[816] _Essai de Déchiffrement_, p. 11; cf. _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 246.
[817] Thus Löwenstern, writing in 1847, before the third column was taken, says: ‘Rawlinson a, durant nombre d’années, interdit au public savant la vue des trésors dont il s’était réservé de faire un usage si utile à sa gloire.’—_Exposé_, p. 10.
[818] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 404.
[819] Mr. King has given a list of 329 signs (_First Steps in Assyrian_, p. cxxxii.). Conder reckons about 550 in all (‘On Hittite Writing,’ _J. R. A. S._ 1893, p. 829).
[820] Menant, in 1864, reports 6,000 words, _Ecritures_, p. 256.
[821] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 70.
[822] He refers to the British Museum series recently edited by Layard and Birch.
[823] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 430 ff. The greater part, if not the whole of the Obelisk inscription was translated before the publication of Layard’s book in 1849. Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_ (1849), ii. 192, _note_.
[824] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 482-3; _Records of the Past_, N.S. 1890, iv. 39-40. The translator is Father Scheil, who has not thought it worth while to mention the name of his great predecessor. From what he says the reader might suppose the inscription was first translated by Oppert (p. 37).
[825] He thought the dynasty of Nimrud flourished B.C. 1300-1200, and the later dynasty of Khorsabad from B.C. 1100-1000. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 471.
[826] ‘The cuneiform text accompanied by a transcript in Roman characters and an interlineary Latin translation was printed’ before May; see Report, May 1851, _J. R. A. S._ xiii. p. vi. The complete volume appeared in January 1852 (_ib._ p. 199). Rawlinson returned to Bagdad in the autumn of 1851 (_Memoir_, p. 171).
[827] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 56.
[828] The report of his lecture, given in the _Athenæum_, leaves no doubt on this point. It says: ‘Major Rawlinson could not admit that the phonetic system was entirely syllabic, as had been sometimes stated. There was no doubt an extensive syllabarium, and the literal characters, moreover, required a vowel-sound either to precede or follow the consonant: _but such vowel sound was rarely uniform_. He preferred, therefore, distinguishing the literal signs as sonant and complemental, _and leaving the vowels to be supplied according to the requirements of the language_’ (_Athenæum_, March 2, 1850). And in August of the same year he vindicated the use of _bona fide_ letters, in opposition to Hincks, who maintained that ‘the characters had all definite syllabic values’ (_Athenæum_, Aug. 24, 1850).
[829] For example, he describes the signs for _ut_ and _ti_ as _t_; for _bu_ and _bil_ as _b_; for _la_ and _li_ as _l_; _su_ as _s_, and _ku_ as _k_ (_J. R. A. S._ xii. 405, 406, 424, 433). Hincks already knew that the signs indicated _ti_, _bu_, _la_, _li_ and _ku_.
[830] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 413, xiv. p. xi.
[831] Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1852, xxii. 306, _note_. _Cf._ Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ xii. 406.
[832] _J. R. A. S._ xiv. 4.
[833] Dr. Hommel has, however, come to a somewhat different conclusion, _Geschichte_, p. 99.
[834] Menant estimates ‘the necessary simple syllables’ at eighty-two, though this number is slightly modified in practice (_Manuel_, p. 6).
[835] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 70.
[836] See those marked H 1849 or 1850 in ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1852, xxii. 293, ff).
[837] _J. R. A. S._ xiv. 3.
[838] For Rawlinson see _J. R. A. S._ vol. xiv. Plate 1; for De Saulcy, _Journal Asiatique_, 1854, iii. 95; for Bezold, _Die Achämenideninschriften_, p. 24.
[839] The sign for ‘king’ was written ‘melik,’ after the Hebrew, till it was seen that the Assyrians pronounced it ‘sarru’ (Menant, _Manuel_, p. 265). In Rawlinson’s analysis he points out that one of the terms for ‘king’ was certainly ‘sarru,’ as in the Window inscription of Darius at Persepolis and also at Khorsabad. ‘This discovery,’ he adds, ‘of course tends to discredit the reading of “melik,” and to suggest the uniform adoption of “sarru”’ (_J. R. A. S._ xiv. p. iii, _note_). The discovery was made by Longpérier in 1847, and he gives the Hebrew equivalent (_Revue Archéologique_, 1848, Longpérier to Löwenstern, Sept. 1847, p. 503). Oppert assigns the credit to De Saulcy (_Journal Asiatique_, 1857, ix. 142), who mentions it in 1849. Hincks seems to have been the first to suggest ‘melik’ or ‘malek’ (1849). ‘On Khorsabad,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 39.
[840] Singularly enough, Hincks had just independently deciphered in the Obelisk inscription the names of Menahem and Jehu the son of Omri. Prof. Wilson, Jan. 1852, _J. R. A. S._ xiii. 198. See also George Smith, _Assyrian Discoveries_, 1883, p. 10. Hincks did not at first recognise Rawlinson’s identification of Samaria (see _Athenæum_, Sept. 13, 1851).
[841] _J. R. A. S._ 1851, xiv. p. iii.
[842] _Athenæum_, Aug. 23, 1851, p. 902.
[843] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 293-363.
[844] _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 162.
[845] These figures may be arranged thus:
100 signs valued by Hincks up to 1850. } In these Hincks and 77 signs taken from Rawlinson. } Rawlinson agree. 49 signs, decipherer not mentioned; values disputed. 118 signs newly valued. --- 344 discussed in present paper.
[846] See Menant, _Manuel_, p. 10.
[847] Although the British Museum contains a multitude of tracts by De Saulcy on numismatics and other subjects, those on Assyrian do not appear to be among the number, and we have advertised for them in Paris without result.
[848] _Les Langues perdues: Assyrie_, p. 139. De Saulcy’s early contributions were letters to Burnouf, June 20 and 30, 1847.
[849] _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 165.
[850] Menant, _op. cit._ pp. 141-5.
[851] _Revue Orientale_, loc. cit. p. 167.
[852] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, Aug. 1848.
[853] Menant, _op. cit._ p. 149.
[854] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 159.
[855] Menant, p. 151.
[856] _Ib._ p. 146. For an even more enthusiastic appreciation of his services see p. 148.
[857] _Sur les Inscriptions de Ninive_ (Paris, 1850); _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 168. _Cf._ Menant, _Les Ecritures_, p. 225; _Langues perdues_, p. 150.
[858] _Athenæum_, Jan. 26, 1850, p. 105.
[859] _Journal Asiatique_, 1854, iii. 93.
[860] _Revue Orientale_, loc. cit.
[861] _Langues perdues_, p. 146.
[862] _Memoir_, p. 172.
[863] _Ib._ p. 181.
[864] _J. R. A. S._ Report, 1853, xv. p. xvii.
[865] _Ib._ Report, 1854, vol. xvi.
[866] _Ib._ Report, 1854, xvi. p. xiv.
[867] _Ib._ xii. 477.
[868] See Rassam’s account in _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. vii. _Cf._ Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 86.
[869] Bertin acknowledges in 1887 that Rawlinson was the first to discover the existence of the Akkadian language (_J. R. A. S._ 1887, N.S. xix. 644).
[870] _J. R. A. S._ 1855, xv. 221, _note_.
[871] _Ib._ Report, 1856, xvi. p. vii.
[872] Talbot in _J. R. A. S._ 1862, xix. 196.
[873] Talbot, _ib._ 1867, N.S. iii. 7. _Cf._ _ib._ 1873, vi. p. xxix.
[874] _On Akkadian_, 1855.
[875] _J. R. A. S._ Report, June 1866, N.S. ii.
[876] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. Dr. Birch’s interest in the subject dates from 1846, when he wrote on the discovery of the name of Babylon, in _Proceedings of the Society of Literature_.
[877] See _Athenæum_, Sept. and Oct. 1851; _J. R. A. S._ 1854-5, and many others.
[878] _Athenæum_, March and April, 1854.
[879] Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, 1882, p. xlvii.
[880] _J. R. A. S._, N.S. Report, 1867, iii.
[881] _Ib._ Report, 1856, xvi.
[882] _Ib._ N.S. 1866, ii. The first instalment of the separate publication appeared in 1868 (_J. R. A. S._ Report, May 1868, iii. p. xv).
[883] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, June 1859.
[884] Second edition in 1864.
[885] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 239; _Langues perdues_, p. 165.
[886] _J. R. A. S._ 1852, xiii. p. 196.
[887] Mohl, _op. cit._ i. 418, Report, 1851.
[888] _J. R. A. S._ 1861, xviii.
[889] See Menant, _Langues perdues_, p. 177. He refers to _Athenæum_, May 1857, p. 663.
[890] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, June 1869, ii. 257.
[891] _Ib._ June 1864, ii. 565.
[892] Mohl, _op. cit._ June 1861, ii. 364.
[893] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. _Cf._ Report, May 1862, _J. R. A. S._ 1862, xix.
[894] Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, new ed. p. xxxviii, _note_.
[895] _J. R. A. S._ 1860, xvii. Report, 1859. _Memoirs_, p. 241.
[896] For a list of these see _Memoir_, p. 170.
[897] He received the Conyngham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1848 (_Athenæum_, May 1850). Layard has well said: ‘In any other country but England a man of such attainments and so eminently calculated to confer honour upon the nation to which he belonged, would have received some reward, or would have been placed in a position of independence to enable him to pursue his studies. But in spite of numerous representations to Government and of the European reputation he had established, he was allowed to remain without any public recognition of his literary and scientific acquirements.’—_Nineveh and Babylon_, new ed. p. xlvi, _note_.
[898] Aug. 24, 1850.
[899] The signs are reproduced from M. Oppert, _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, 1879.
[900] The values in this column assumed to be correct are taken from Weisbach, _Die Achämenideninschriften_, Zweiter Art., 1890, p. 33.
[901] _Keilinschriften_, Bonn, 1845. _Mémoire des Antiquaires_, Copenhagen, 1844. The values in brackets [*] in this column are from the Copenhagen Edition.
[902] _Transactions R. I. Acad._ xxi., 241.
[903] _Journal Asiatique_, 4ᵉ série, xv., 526. The vowels in brackets in this column are those supposed to follow the consonant.
[904] _Journal Royal Asiatic Society_, 1855, vol. xv.
[905] _Expédition en Mésopotamie_, 1859, ii., 71.
[906] _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, 1879, p. 41.
[907] Ideogram recognised by Grotefend.
INDEX
Abbas, Shah of Persia (1587-1628): encourages merchants and travellers; Persian antiquities and inscriptions first became known to Europe in his reign by the voyages of Gouvea and others, 12; his relations with Robert Shirley, 32; he adorned his palace at Ispahan with marbles from Persepolis, 69
Abbas II., Shah, 57
Aberdeen, Lord: his Persian specimens given to British Museum, 86_n._
Achaemenes, 245
Achaemenian inscriptions: first mentioned by Gouvea, 1609, 15; described by Don Garcia, 19; five letters copied by Della Valle, 28; Herbert, 46; found at Behistun, Elvend, Persepolis, Susa, Van, written in three languages: _see_ Babylonian, Persian, Susian (Median)
Akkadian language first discovered by Rawlinson, 410. _See_ Sumerian
Akkadians, their first appearance in modern history, 385
‘Alarodian’ family of languages, 336
Alarodians or Uradhians, 336_n._
Alexander (of Macedon), 2, 18, 75
Amanus, 385
Amardians, the, of Strabo, 325
Anahita, 136
Andreas, Dr., expedition to Persia (1874), 128
Angel, M., Dutch artist, 57
Anquetil de Perron, on Zend and the Zendavesta, 173, 176, 182, 204, 256_n._
Apadana of Susa, 136, 139, 143
Arabia, 219, 235
Ararat, Mount, 108
Araxes, river, 18, 25
Aria, 219_n._
Ariaramnes, 245
Aristobulus, 85
Armenia, 210, 219, 229
Arran (on Caspian Sea), 219_n._
Arrian, on the tomb of Cyrus, 9
Arsaces, seal cylinder of, 148
Arsames, 245, 262
Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus): his defaced inscription at Persepolis, 6_n._, 136, 262; Venice Vase attributed to him, 292
Artaxerxes II, (Mnemon): his inscription at Susa, 136; rebuilds the Apadana, _ib._; invokes Mithra and Anahita, _ib._, 262, 406
Artaxerxes III. (Ochus): palace and inscriptions at Persepolis, 6, 51; inscription copied by Rich, 99, 100; by Flandin, 123; shows decay of language, 262; Venice vase also assigned to him, 292
Arundel (Lord), 38
Aryans, the, in Media, 333 _sq._
Asdod or Ashdod, 355, 365, 394
‘Aspathines,’ 293 _sq._
Assuerus, 14, 52
Assyria, 219
Assyrian inscriptions: their discovery, 340-2; identification of writing and language with Babylonian, 343-48; their Semitic affinity established, 349-52; first steps in decipherment by Grotefend (1840), Löwenstern (1845), 342, 353-56; Hincks (1846), 343, 357, 369, 375; Botta (1847), 343, 362; Longpérier (1848), 368; Rawlinson (1847), 363, (1850), 379; language found to be syllabic: Botta, 367; Hincks, 374; Rawlinson, 380, 387; and ideographic, 370-72, 383; its homophones, 362-64; Longpérier’s suggestion, 366, 367, 374; its polyphones, 365, 370, 395; determinatives, 371; first translations made by Rawlinson, 382, 390; De Saulcy’s claims, 397; Assyrian opens a new literature and history, 341, 382, 409; later works on, 412
Assur-adan-pal, or Assur-natsir-pal (Nineveh), 383
Astyages, 47
Atropatena (= modern Maiana), 54
Aturia (= Assyria), 210, 219
Augustinian Friars, 11, 47
Babylon: the site of, 24, 163
Babylonian: language of third column; similarity of writing and language to the unilingual inscriptions of Babylonia, 185, 338, 343-45, 357; name fully justified, 186, 358; first deciphered by help of Persian column, 338, 348, 353, 362; two styles, Cursive and Lapidary, compared, 186, 337-39; Michaux stone and East India House inscriptions, 337; substantial identity with Assyrian, 344-49; large number of signs, 342, 362; their classification, 343. _See_ Assyrian inscriptions
Bactria, 15, 208, 219
Bagdad, 24
Bahrein, island, 11, 31
Bakhtiyari (a Persian tribe), 125_n._
Bambyce, 394
Barbaro, Giosafat: Venetian ambassador to Persia (1472): gives the first account of Persepolis and Pasargadae, 10
Bardius, 289
Barthélemy, Abbé, 162
Bassora, 54
Bavian inscription, the, 412
Beauchamp, Abbé, 162
Beer, E. F. F. (1805-41): his contributions to the ‘Hallische Allgemeine Zeitung,’ 238; he finds correct values for two Persian signs, _ib._, 244
Behistun, the rock of, 102; earliest descriptions of it, 105; copied by Rawlinson, 106, 108, 110, 112, 245, 272; the failure of Flandin, 119; its mutilated condition, 286
Belikh, river, 385
Bellino, M., German secretary to C. J. Rich, 95; his correspondence with Grotefend, 96, 186, 195
Bellino cylinder, inscription, 189
Benfey, Theodore: criticises (1847) Rawlinson’s edition of the Persian column of the Behistun inscriptions, 272, 286, 288; his edition of the Persian inscriptions, 294
Beroea, 394
Bertin, M., 323, 347, 410_n._
Bezold, Dr. Carl, 7_n._, 297, 390 _sqq._, 407
Birch, Dr. Samuel, 411 and _n._
Black Obelisk (Nineveh), 341, 383, 396, 401 _sq._
‘Black Stone’ of Susa, 133
Bode, Baron de: journey to Susa, 125; adventure with the Bakhtiyari, 125_n._
Bondamiro (Portuguese form), Bandimico (French), Bindamyr (Barbaro), 9, 14; Bradamir (Figueroa), 18
Bonomi, Joseph, 407
Bopp, Professor, 221, 257
Borsippa, 385
Bosanquet, Mr., 411
Boscawen, W. St. Chad, 351
Botta, Paul E. (French consul at Mosul): his excavations at Khorsabad described in letters to Mohl (1843-45), 340; his ‘Ecriture Assyrienne’ (1848), and ‘Monument de Ninive’ (1849), _ib._, 366; his minute study of the Assyrian signs and their classification, 343; he compares them with the Babylonian, 344; shows the ‘identity’ of the two languages, 348; doubtful as to their Semitic relationship, 350; indicates the existence of homophones (1845), 362, 367; his list of variants, 366; his services to decipherment, 343, 367-68
Bouchier, George, brought original text of the Vendidad to England, 204
Bricks, Babylonian: the first brought to Europe, 24, 162; Hager’s conjecture as to the legend on them, 165
Buckingham, J. S., 74_n._
Budge, E. A. Wallis, 348
Bunder Abbas, 31, 33, 53 _sq._
Burnouf, Eugène (1801-52): his ‘Mémoire’ on the inscriptions at Elvend and Van (1836), 96, 206; his great reputation as a Zend scholar, 204; he contributes two correct values to the Persian alphabet, 208; identifies ‘Ormuzd’ and other proper names and words, 209; his alphabet compared with Grotefend and St. Martin, 211; his skill as a translator, 216; his identification of the provinces of Darius, 218; contributions to grammar, 219; his translations compared with Lassen’s, 234; correspondence with Rawlinson, 247
Bushire, 76, 108
Cabul, 111
Cai Caius, 1
Caillou Michaux, the, 166; a Kudurru, or landmark, 168_n._; its translation only recently accomplished, _ib._; style of writing, 337
Caleh, city, 385
Camara (‘Comerum’), 9
Cambyses, 289
Candahar, 111
‘Çapardia’ (‘Çprd,’ Lassen’s cuneiform for the Sapeires of Herodotus), 227 _sq._
Cappadocia, 209, 219
Capuchins at Ispahan, 47
Carchemish, 394
Carmelites, 16; at Ispahan, 47
Cartwright, John (1601), 13, 18
Catholic missions in Persia, 48
Caylus, Count: his ‘Recueil d’Antiquités,’ 162
Caylus Vase, quadrilingual inscription upon, 146, 156, 166, 170_n._, 175
Central Edifice, 50, 56, 62, 72
Champollion, M., 175
Chardin, Sir John (1643-1713): with Thévenot and Tavernier at Persepolis, 54; knighted by Charles II., 61; his Travels published (1711): the drawings convey the first adequate impression of the ruins, 61; his confused description, 64; built by Jamshid, 65; designed for a temple, 66; the cuneiform signs were gilt, 67; he thinks the wedges can be turned in any direction, _ib._; he makes the first complete copy of an inscription, 68; he gives the first account of the Tomb Inscriptions at Naksh-i-Rustam, _ib._
Charpentier, M., 61
Chehel Minar, or Forty Minarets [variant spellings: ‘Cilminar’ (Barbaro), ‘Chelminira’ (Gouvea)]: first mentioned by Barbaro, 9; traditionally ‘the Old Town’ of Shiraz, 14; identified with Persepolis by Figueroa, 18; speculations as to its origin, 2, 40, 57. _See_ Persepolis
Chinzirus, the, of Ptolemy, 373
Choaspes, river, 134
Citadel Hill (Susa), 133, 137; De Morgan’s mines into its side, 145
Clarendon, Lord, 417
Columnar Edifice, the, 20, 26, 28, 50 _sq._, 62, 65 _sq._, 78, 117, 136
Columnar origin of writing, 164 _sq._
Conder, Major: on the relationship of Akkadian to other languages, 335; on Lycian, 336_n._; on the number of Assyrian signs, 379_n._
Coste, Pascal, and Flandin, Eugène: travels in Persia, 118; Coste surveys and plans the principal ruins, 122
Cotton, Sir Dormer: his mission from England to Persia (1626), 33, 38
Crystal cylinders with inscriptions, 147
Cufic: Lichtenstein on, 167
Cuneiform signs compared to Chinese, 60, 70, 156, 165; to Cufic, 167; some think they were gilt, 67, 70, 139; doubts as to whether writing or ornamentation, ix, 60, 154; first called cuneiform by Kaempfer (1712), 70
Cursive writing distinguished from Lapidary by Hincks, 339
Curzon, Lord, 131
Cyaxares, 314
Cylinder seal inscriptions, 354
Cyropolis, 17
Cyrus: inscription, 9; found by Morier at Murgab, 83, 89; deciphered by Grotefend, 178; tomb at Murgab described by Arrian, 9; and Barbaro, 10; drawn by Mandelslo, 40, 59; identified by Morier, 85; the discussion raised concerning it, 87; his tomb was thought by Gouvea to be at Persepolis, 14; by Figueroa at Shiraz, 17
Cyrus, river, 25
Dadarses, 290
Damascus, 394
Daniel, architect of Persepolis, 47; his tomb at Susa, 133, 140
D’Anville, M.: on Della Valle’s Babylonian bricks, 162
Darius I. (Hystaspes): built Terrace and Palace at Persepolis, 2, 4. _See_ Persepolis. Bas-relief and effigy of, at Behistun, 104; built Apadana at Susa, afterwards burnt, 136, 144; tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam, 8, 102; inscription on South Terrace, Persepolis: copied by Kaempfer, 71; Niebuhr, 80; on Palace: copied by Le Bruyn, 73; Niebuhr, 79; on Window, 6: copied by Chardin, 68; Kaempfer, 71; Le Bruyn, 73; inscription at Behistun, 102; copied and translated by Rawlinson, 102, 244; at Elvend, copied by Schulz, 95; translated by Lassen, 206; at Naksh-i-Rustam, 8; copied by Westergaard, 102; at Suez, 146; Kermanshah, 147; on a seal cylinder, _ib._
Darius II. (Nothus), 262
Daulier Deslandes: ‘Beautés de la Perse’ (1673), gives improved drawing of Persepolis, 50, 60; he estimates number of bas-reliefs at 2,000, 52; he shows a short inscription over an arch, 60
Davies, John, translator of Mandelslo’s ‘Travels,’ 42
Dejoces, dynasty of, 333
Delattre, Père A., S.J.: calls language of second column ‘Anzanisch,’ 334
Delitzsch, M., 336_n._
Democritus, 165
D’Hancarville, M., 92_n._
Dieulafoy, Marcel: his first visit to Persia (1881), 131; his excavations at Susa (1885), 138; discovery of enamelled tiles: frieze of the lions, 139; frieze of the archers, 141; his restorations of the Acropolis, 142
Dieulafoy, Mme. Jane: her book on Persia, 131; describes the excavations at Susa, 139
Dizful, 109, 132 _sq._
Dorow, M., 192, 195
Duperron, M., on Zend, 256
Dutch in Indian Seas (1595), 13
East India Company, Dutch: resident agents in Persia, 48, 54
East India Company, English: opens trade with Persia (1614), 13; has a resident agent in Persia, 48, 54; collection of Babylonian bricks in their museum, 163; Hager’s discussion of them, 164
East India Company: efforts of French to found one, 48, 54
East India House Inscription, 166, 194_n._, 337, 339, 357, 412
Ecbatana. _See_ Hamadan
Egypt, inscriptions found in, 147
Elamites: spoke a Scythic language, 137, 325, 336; antiquity of their remains at Susa, 146
Ellenborough, Lord, 111
Ellis, Mr.: applies photography to Persian antiquities, 128
Elvend, Mount: inscription, 94 _sq._, 206
Elymaean writing, 23, 346
Emanuel, Père, 162
Erech, city, 409
Eridu, city, 409
Erythean group (of languages), 411
Esarhaddon, 356, 361, 385, 393
Eulaeus, river, 134
Ewald, Dr.: doubts (1858) Semitic character of the Assyrian grammar, 352
Fasa, 120, 125, 128
Fergusson, Sir James, 94, 116, 117, 122, 126, 136, 407
Ferhouer, the, 161
Ferrari’s ‘Geographical Epitome,’ 25
Figueroa, Don Garcia de Silva: his embassy from Spain to Persia (1614), 17; identifies Chehel Minar with Persepolis, 18; his description of the ruins and inscriptions published in ‘Purchas’ Pilgrims’ (1625), and in the ‘Embassy of Don Garcia’ (1667), 19; his drawings and copies were not reproduced, 23, 59
Fisher, Mr., 390
Flandin, Eugène, 64; he admits Porter’s talent in drawing, 93_n._; his travels in Persia in 1840, 115, 117; he fails to reach the inscription at Behistun, 119; he visits Murgab and Naksh-i-Rustam, 120; his admirable drawings of Persepolis, 121; his contributions to our knowledge, 123; he fails to reach Susa, 125; he returns to the East to sketch the monuments at Khorsabad (1843), 126; his ‘Voyage en Perse’ not published till 1851, 126
Flower, S., 58, 59
Fotheringham, Mr., 133
Frederick, Capt., R.N. (1808), 192
Frederic V. (of Denmark): his expedition (1761) for exploring Arabia, 76
Fresnal, M.: his exploration (1852-1854) of the ruins of Babylon, 409
Fryer, J.: his travels (1698), 66
Gabal, city, 385
Gardanne, General: his embassy from Napoleon to Persia, 83
Gaumates (or Gomates), the Magian, 104, 290
Georgian Christians, 48
Giacchetti, Abbé, 148
Goa, College of (Portuguese), 13
Gobineau, Count de, 335, 415
Golconda, the mines of, 49
Gombrun (Bunder Abbas), 11, 23, 31
Gordon, Mr.: his visit to Susa, 84, 89_n._, 134
Gouvea, Antoine de: his mission to Ispahan (1602), 13; visits Chehel Minar, which he considers to be the tomb of Assuerus and built on the site of the ancient Shiraz, 14; describes the double staircase, porch, and tombs, _ib._; he is the first to mention the bas-reliefs and inscriptions, 15; second visit to Persia, 17
Government grant in aid of publishing third column of Behistun inscription, 386; and to the Bagdad excavations (1851), 408
Grant, Mr., visit to Susa, 133
Great Mogul, the Court of, 49
Grélot, M.: drawings of Persepolis made by him for Chardin, 61 _sqq._
Gromex: fifty-eight alphabets borrowed from, by Purchas, 47
Grote, George: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414
Grotefend, George F. (1775-1853): educated at Göttingen—rector of the Lyceum at Hanover, 168; his paper on Cuneiform read September 4, 1802: communicated to ‘Göttingen Literary Gazette,’ September 18, 169; he deciphers Hystaspes, Darius and Xerxes, 173; he thus obtains eight correct values, 175; his total contribution being twelve, 179; identifies ideogram for ‘king,’ 177; reads Cyrus, 178; his translations from Old Persian, 179; compared with Burnouf, 217; his work on the other columns, 183, 189, 338; he shows that the different kinds of Babylonian writing were only varieties of the same, 186, 193, 338; calls the third Persepolitan ‘the Babylonian column,’ 186; directs attention to the geographical names in the I inscription, 187, 207, 223; he denies that language of the third column is Semitic, 188; recognises ‘Artaxerxes,’ 189; criticises Burnouf and Lassen, 188, 237; publishes Bellino’s cylinder, 189; thought languages of the three columns were closely related, 299; his study of the East India House inscription, 339; his division of the Babylonian column of the Elvend inscription (1837), 353; his attempted translation of a Babylonian brick, 355; mistakes the name and titles of Nebuchadnezzar for a form of prayer, _ib._, 359
Guebres (or Parsees) of Guzerat, 203_n._
Hager, Joseph (1757-1819): his ‘Dissertation on the Babylonian Inscriptions,’ 1801, 163; suggests that the legend on the bricks records the name of the founder, 165; he derives the Persepolitan writing from the Babylonian, and traces the latter to the Chaldæans, _ib._, 354; the origin of horizontal writing, 168
Halévy, J.: disputes the existence of Sumerian, xvi, 336; would substitute ‘Amardian’ for ‘Median’ for the second language, 334
Hall of the Hundred Columns, the, 22, 28, 36, 45 _sq._, 50 _sq._, 56, 77 _sqq._, 121, 129, 132
Hamadan (Ecbatana), 1, 7, 94, 102, 108, 206
Hamath, 385, 394
Hamitian language, 410
Haridu, city of, 384
Haroyu (Parsi), or Sarayu (Indian), 219_n._
Hateni or Adini, 284
Haug, M., 319
Haupt, Prof.: on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, 351
Hazael of Damascus, 385
Heeren, A. H. L.: controversy with Herder on origin of ruins of Persepolis, 82, 155; introduced Porter’s Travels to German readers, 93 _sq._; published Grotefend’s paper in his ‘Historical Researches,’ 170_n._, 176
Herbelot, M. d’, 53
Herbert, Sir Thomas: early editions of his Travels (1634-1638), 34; his grotesque engraving of the ruins of Persepolis, 36; his account derived chiefly from Figueroa and Della Valle, 37, 46; later editions of the Travels (1663), with Holler’s engraving, 43; singular description of the Hall of the Hundred Columns, 45
Hercules, Mr.: assistance rendered to Niebuhr by, 76; enters the tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam, 82, 84
Herder, J. G.: controversy with Heeren on origin of ruins of Persepolis, 82, 155
Herodotus: his veracity and accuracy confirmed, 114, 136, 223 _sq._, 334, 407
Hester, Mr., 111
Heyne, Professor, 168; first called attention to Greek inscription on Rosetta Stone, 169
Hezekiah, 394
Hieratic writing, in Babylon, 194_n._
Hieroglyphics, Egyptian: beginning of our knowledge of, 169
Hillah, the mounds near, 24, 162, 192
Hincks, Rev. Edward (1792-1866; rector of Killyleagh, co. Down): suggests that Ormuzd is represented by the winged figure in the Persian bas-reliefs, 104; is an early student of Assyrian, 113; depreciates Lassen’s talent as a decipherer, 258; his own contributions devoted chiefly to the Susian and Babylonian columns, 266; he reads the names of Babylon, Nineveh (1846), _ib._, 357, and Nebuchadnezzar, 267, 359, 363, 373; his paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing’ (1846), 268; he anticipates Rawlinson’s supplementary note, _ib._; his alphabet compared with Lassen’s, 270; he reviews Rawlinson’s Memoirs (1846), 272; his three papers on Susian (Median), 1846-47, 308; showed (1845) that many Susian signs were found in the Assyrian, 312_n._; he compares the East India House inscription with a fragment written in the cursive character, 339; his table comparing ‘certain cursive and lapidary characters,’ _ib._; comparison with the third Persepolitan, 343, 347; the languages also agree, 348, 357; they are Semitic, 350; his method and its results, 358; his paper of January 1847, 360; on the Khorsabad inscription, 369; Assyrian signs are wholly syllabic or ideographic, 370; of Indo-European origin and originally designed to represent a non-Semitic language, 371 and _n._; the appendix of January 1850 explains the principle of Assyrian writing, 374; influence of this essay upon the study, 375; his paper ‘On the Language and Mode of Writing of Assyria’ (August 1850), 376; his compound syllables, 389; deciphers ‘Menahem’ and ‘Jehu son of Omri,’ 393_n._; paper on the ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (1852), 394; his contributions compared with those of Rawlinson, 396; his genius as a decipherer, 405; suggests the name ‘Akkadian,’ 411; his translations in Layard’s ‘Nineveh and Babylon,’ _ib._; works on Assyrian mythology and grammar, and on Akkadian, 412; his translation for Fox Talbot’s test inscription, 414; his great services ill rewarded, 417
Hittite language, 336_n._
Hitzig, Dr. Ferdinand: on the Persian text of the Tomb inscription of Darius (1847), 294; he denies that Assyrian is Semitic, 352
Holler’s engraving of Persepolis for Sir T. Herbert’s work, 43, 50, 60
Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of: sends a trading mission to Persia, 39
Holtzmann, Adolf: his charge of plagiarism against Lassen, 222; his contributions to the decipherment of the Persian column (1845), 262, 271; he suggests that the language of second column was spoken at Susa, perhaps mother of Pehlevi, 313; he attempts to refute the Finnic-Tartar hypothesis, 319; he considers Assyrian a Persian dialect mingled with Semitic elements, 352
Hommel, Dr. Fritz: calls second column language ‘Susian-Median’ and ‘Susian,’ 334; relation of Median with Akkadian, 335; his fifty words of Kassite, 336_n._
Humboldt, G. von: his appreciation of Jacquet’s work, 239
Husseinabad, 121
Hyde, Dr. Thomas, 59 _sq._
Hystaspes, 136; name deciphered, 178, 245, 262
India, 229
Inscriptions. _See_ Achaemenian
Ionia, 210, 219
Iskander (= Alexander), 41
Ispahan, 12; British Resident established at (1614), 13
Istakhr: seat of a Viceroy of the Khalifs, 2, 69
Jacquet, Eugène (1811-38): his remarkable precocity, 239; his essay on Cuneiform Decipherment (1838), 241; his correspondence with Lassen, 240, 243; adds six correct values to the Persian alphabet, 244; his admiration for Lassen’s diphthongs, 255; his results arrived at independently, 275
Jamshid, the legendary builder of Persepolis, 2, 30; the fourth king of Persia, 65, 75; his claims supported by Herder and opposed by Heeren, 82, 155; possibly identical with Shem, 93; Grotefend reads his name into the inscriptions, 180
Jask (on Persian Gulf), 32
Jaubert: his embassy from France to Persia (1805), 83
Jehu the son of Omri, 385, 393_n._, 407
Jenkinson, Antonie: visit to Persia (1561), 13
Jerusalem, 394
Jesuits, the: mission at Tauriz, 48
Jones, Captain, R.N., 111; his drawings of the figures at Behistun published in Rawlinson’s Memoir (1846), 272
Jones, Sir Harford: his embassy to Persia, 83; presented the celebrated inscription to India House, 166
Jones, Sir William: on Anquetil’s Zend-Avesta, 205
Kaempfer, Engelbert (1651-1716): his ground plan of Persepolis, 70, 77; confers the name of ‘cuneiform’ upon the inscriptions, _ib._; he copies a twenty-four line inscription, 71; gives the earliest description of the Central Edifice, 72
Kaleh Sherghat, the Tiglath Peleser inscription from, 413
Kassite language, 336_n._
‘Katpatuk’ (Burnouf and Lassen’s reading for ‘Cappadocia’), 229
Kermanshah, 102, 108, 110, 119
Kesem (island in Persian Gulf), 11, 31
Khaneh-i-Dara (Mansion of Darius), Persepolis, 2
‘Khapirti’ (in Median text = Amardians of Strabo), 325
Khorassan (or Bactria), 15
Khorsabad, date of the dynasty of, 385_n._
King, Mr. L. W.: on Semitic affinities of Babylonian, 351; his list of 329 Assyrian signs, 379_n._
Kinneir, Sir J. Macdonald: on inscription at Mount Elvend, 94; on figures at Behistun, 105; description of Susa (1810), 133; visits Hillah and Mosul (1808), 192; his ‘Geographical Memoir,’ _ib._
Kish, obelisk of a King of, found at Susa, 145
Klaproth, M., his ‘Aperçu de l’Origine des diverses Ecritures,’ 196; contains the latest development of St. Martin’s alphabet, 196, 200
Kossaean language, 336
Kouyunjik, 189, 341
Kur, river (= the ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), 25
Kurdistan, 108
Lapidary characters compared with their equivalents in the cursive style, 339
Larsa, city, 409 _sq._
Lassen, Christian (1800-76), 189, 204; his fame as a Sanscrit scholar, 231; his essay on cuneiform accidentally synchronous with that of Burnouf (1836), 222; Holtzmann’s unfounded charge of plagiarism, _ib._: Lassen’s account of his study of Inscr. I, 223; he deciphers correctly six to ten additional signs, 224; analysis of his alphabet, 225; his identification of words and proper names, 229; his translation compared with Burnouf, 233; on the provinces of Darius, 235; influence on Jacquet, 240, 243; on Rawlinson, 247; his second Memoir (1845), 253; his amended alphabet, _ib._; his achievements disparaged by Rawlinson and Hincks, 258; his complete translation of all the Persian inscriptions then known to him, 259; comparison with Rawlinson, 261
Laval, M., 412
Layard, Sir A. H.: entered the Tomb of Daniel at Susa, 134; copied two inscriptions and made drawings of bas-relief at Malamir, 185, 323; his excavations at Nimrud and Kouyunjik (1845), 341; discovery of the black obelisk at Nimrud, with first purely Assyrian inscription ever deciphered, _ib._; published ‘Nineveh and its Remains,’ and ‘Monuments of Nineveh’ (1849), 342; his excavations at Nineveh (1849-50), 408; popularity of his book, _ib._; his eulogy of Dr. Hincks, 417_n._
Le Bruyn, Corneille: visited Persepolis 1704: he copies five inscriptions, 73; his criticism and measurements, 74; he rejects Chardin’s theory of the Jamshid origin of the ruins, 73
Lenormant, François: his ‘Lettres Assyriennes’ (1871), and ‘Choix de Textes’ (1873), 323; shows the resemblance of the Old Susian and Old Babylonian scripts, _ib._; the writing of Malamir an earlier form of Susian (Median), _ib._; both belong to the Scythic family, 324; he adheres to name of ‘Median,’ 325; opinion as to the Alarodian languages, 336
Lepsius, Professor, 349
Lewis, Sir George Cornewall: contended that neither Egyptian nor Assyrian could be restored, 416
Library of Assurbanipal, the, xii
Lichtenstein, M.: considers Babylonian bricks date from seventh century A.D.: that the writing resembles Cufic and the language Arabic, 167
Löwenstern, Isidore, 313; his ‘Essai de Déchiffrement’ (1845), 343; points out the resemblance of Assyrian writing to the third Persepolitan, _ib._; maintained that it is a Semitic speech, 349; his attempt to decipher a Khorsabad inscription, 355; only twenty proper names then available, 362; he treats the signs as simple consonants, 364, 377; the variants as homophones, 364; he was among the first to observe polyphones, 365; his theory of the mechanical union of consonant and vowel, 376.
Loftus, W. Kennett: on a drawing by Porter, 93_n._; his excavations at Susa (1851-2), 125, 135; discovered the Apadana of Artaxerxes Mnemon with his inscription, 136; translated by Norris, 318; found some Old Susian inscriptions which Rawlinson attempted to decipher, 322; Loftus’s explorations of South Babylonia, 409; found a tablet at Larsa from which Rawlinson inferred the existence of the Akkadian language, 410
Longpérier, Adrian de: made known the Venice Vase, 148, 292; criticism of Löwenstern’s identification of Esarhaddon, 357; treatment of Assyrian homophones, 366; identifies Sargon and Assur, 368, 393; his aptitude for cuneiform studies, 367, 368, 405
Luristan, 109, 125
Luzzato, M.: showed (1850) that twenty-four of the Median signs corresponded to the Babylonian, 314; maintained that Assyrian was an Indo-European language, 352
Macaulay, Lord: disbelieved in cuneiform interpretation, 416
Machad, capital of Khorassan, 15
McNeill, Sir J., 110
Madagascar: French effort to found a trading colony in (1643), 48
Maiana (ancient Atropatena), 54, 137
Malamir: inscription found by Layard at (1841), 135, 137. _See_ Susian (Old)
Malcolm, Sir John, 83, 107, 110, 133, 166
Mandelslo, J. A.: visits Murgab (1638); gives the earliest known view of the Tomb of Cyrus, 40; thought cuneiform signs were inlaid with gold, 41; his engraving of Persepolis, _ib._; his book translated into English (1662), 42
Mans, Père Raphael du (Superior of the Capuchins at Ispahan, 1644-96), 47, 52 _sq._
Median language. _See_ Susian (Median)
Medo-Assyrian (Vannic) writing, 346
Medus, river (of Strabo), 25
Menant, Joachim: on the Venice Vase, 292; his edition of the Persian inscriptions, 297; his table of Susian (Median) signs, 308_n._, 328, 442; on the only Assyrian word correctly read in 1847, 351; estimate of ‘the necessary simple syllables’ in Assyrian, 388_n._; on De Saulcy’s contribution to cuneiform decipherment, 398; his work on the ‘Ecritures Cunéiformes’ (1860), 413
Mervdasht, plain of, 2
‘Meshed i Mader i Suliman,’ 98
Mesopotamia, 24
Messeth Suleimen, 10
Michaux, M., 166
Mildenhall, John (1601), 13
Millin, M., 183
Milman, Dean: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414
Mina (on Persian Gulf), 31
Mithra, 136, 262
Mohl, M. (Secretary to French Asiatic Society): his visit to Grotefend, 190; sent the Yaçna to Rawlinson, 247; protested against the Scythic hypothesis about Median, 335; introduced Hincks’s writings to Continental students (1848), 361; decries a language which puzzles translators by polyphones and ideographs, 416
Monteith, Captain: visited Susa (1810), 133
Morales, Father Symon de (Augustinian Friar): his mission to Persia by Philip II. (1583), 12
Mordtmann, M.: his papers (1862, 1870) on the second column, 322; his reasons for calling the language Susian, _ib._; his endeavours to prove the ‘identity’ of the Median and Babylonian characters, 323; he shows that both the newly discovered languages belonged to the Scythic family, 324
Morgan, J. de: excavations at Susa (1898), 143; great discovery of bricks with old Susian inscriptions, 144; his investigations into the antiquity of the mounds, 145
Morier, James: identifies the tomb of Cyrus, 9, 85, 88; his comparison of the drawings of Le Bruyn, Chardin and Niebuhr with the original sculptures, 77_n._, 78_n._; publication of his Travels (1812 and 1818), 86; his copy of the Cyrus inscription, 89_n._, 93; its influence on Grotefend, 178
‘Moro, the constellation of’ (Grotefend), 179, 216, 257, 354
Mosul, 192, 340
Mudray, name for Egypt, 212, 235; deciphered by Rawlinson, 249
Müller, Max, 295
Münter, F. C. (Bishop of Seeland): his paper on the Cuneiform Inscriptions (1800), 155; proves that they belong to the Achaemenian dynasty, _ib._, 170; shows the use of the diagonal wedge in Old Persian, 157; deciphers two signs correctly, 159; his opinion as to meaning of the legend on Babylonian bricks, 165; on the writing of the second and third columns, 156, 299; compares the latter to Old Babylonian, 337
Murgab, 1, 59, 83, 85 _sqq._
Museo Kircheriano: some of Della Valle’s collection of antiquities there, 24, 74
Nakharmi, 384
Naksh-i-Rejeb, 82, 91
Naksh-i-Rustam, inscriptions found at, 1; Sassanian bas-reliefs and Achaemenian tombs there, 7 _sq._; inscriptions described, 8; referred to, 19, 29, 57, 67 _sq._, 91
Naram Sin, 145
Nebuchadnezzar, 47, 359, 363, 373; ‘Standard Inscription’ of, 166
Niebuhr, Carsten (1733-1815): his ‘Voyage en Arabie’ (1780), 77; his valuable copies of the inscriptions at Persepolis, 79, 149; he is the first to observe that each column is written in a different character, 80, 299; he is the first to make an alphabet of Old Persian, 81, 149; he shows the direction in which the writing is to be read, _ib._; he admits eight defective signs into his alphabet, 150, 183; the general accuracy of his results, 150; he makes one unfortunate mistake, 160
Nimrod, 66
Nimrud: Layard’s excavations at, 341
Nimrud: date of the dynasty of, 385_n._
Nineveh, 384
Ninni, city of, 384
Nippur, city, 409
Noeldeke, Theodor: on the results of the photographic process applied to inscriptions, 129
Norris, Edwin: Secretary of Royal Asiatic Society, 269; saw Rawlinson’s Memoir (1846) through the press, 273; undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column of the Behistun inscription, 307; reads a paper on the results of his study (1852: published 1855), 314; thinks the syllabarium originally devised to express a Scythic tongue, 317; its nearest modern relationship is to Volga-Finnish, _ib._; his translation of a unilingual inscription, 319; translation of a defective inscription at Behistun, 330; his work on Assyrian weights, 412; author of the first Assyrian dictionary, _ib._
Ochus. _See_ Artaxerxes III.
Odoricus, Friar: his visit to Persia (1325), 9_n._
Olearus (Oelschloeger): account of his mission to Persia (1637), 39; his edition of the Travels of Mandelslo (a member of the mission), 40, 42
Olivier, M.: on Behistun, 105
Oppert, Jules: on the Behistun inscription, 104; his translations of Old Susian inscriptions (1873, 1876), 137, 324; on death of Cambyses, 289; on the Venice Vase, 292; his restorations of mutilated texts, 292, 331; his ‘Lautsystem des Altpersischen’ (1847), 295; his tribute to Rawlinson, 296; his edition of the Achaemenian inscriptions (1852, 1877), 296, 406; claims to have suggested the Turanian origin of cuneiform writing, 317_n._; and the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ origin of Median (1847), 318_n._; his translation of the Susian (Median) unilingual inscriptions (1879), 319; his ‘Expédition scientifique’ (1859), 320; his Susian (Median) syllabarium: the comparison with Babylonian signs, _ib._; his ‘Peuple des Mèdes’ (1879), 326; completes the knowledge of language of second column, _ib._; comparison with Weisbach, 328; his treatment of the grammar, 330; different views as to the people who spoke the language and the name it should bear: Scythic, 314, 318_n._; Medo-Scythic, 321, 332; Median, 333; transcribes cuneiform into Hebrew characters, 407; his ‘Etudes Assyriennes’ (1857), 412; his translation for Fox Talbot’s test, 414; receives the prize from the Institut (1860), 415
Ormuz (island in Persian Gulf): its importance in 16th century, 11, 18, 24; taken by Persians from Portuguese (1621), 31
Ormuzd (Auramazda), 5, 7 _sq._, 104, 136, 182, 219
Orontes, the, 94
Otiara, 317
Otter, M. (French traveller): first to call attention to Behistun, 105
Ouseley, Sir Gore: his embassy from England to Persia (1810), 84; ‘specimens’ of ruins in his possession, afterwards given to British Museum, 86
Ouseley, Sir William: his estimate of Jean Struys, 58; his copies of the inscriptions, 73; he visits Fasa, then thought to be the site of Pasargadae, 84; he opposes Morier’s claim on behalf of Murgab, 87; his visit to Persepolis, _ib._; his views of Murgab, 88; his copy of the Cyrus inscription came to the notice of Grotefend, 89, 178; his collection of Persian antiquities, 156
Pacifique, Father, 47
Parthia, 210, 219
Pasargadae (the city of Cyrus), Achaemenian ruins at, 8; referred to, 120, 125, 130, 178
Pehlevi (language), 82
Persepolis, supposed to be Shiraz, 14, 18, 25; identified with ruins at Chehel Minar by Figueroa, 18, 92; various opinions as to their origin, 1, 2, 14, 34, 40, 41, 52, 65; and design: a tomb, 13; temple, 26, 47, 52, 57, 66, 78, 92; palace, 18, 34, 75; importance of question to decipherment, 82, 155; details of ruins, 2-7; described by Gouvea, 14; Figueroa, 18; Della Valle, 25; Herbert, 34; Mandelslo, 41; Herbert’s second account, 43; Daulier, 50; Thévenot, 55; Chardin, 60; earliest engravings: by Herbert, 36; Mandelslo, 41; Herbert, second view, 43; later views by Daulier, 50, 59; Chardin, 61; Kaempfer, 69; Niebuhr, 77; Texier, 115; Flandin, 121; Stolze, 128; ground plan by Chardin, 63; Kaempfer, 70; inscriptions found of Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes I. and Artaxerxes III., 6
Persia: its relations with Europe in 15th and 16th centuries, 9, 11; missions to, 12 _sq._; European commerce with, 13; suspension of diplomatic relations with European countries, 83; English officers sent to train the Shah’s army (1833), 108; withdrawal of the British Mission (1838), 110; recent concessions to France to carry on archæological excavations throughout Persia, 143
Persian (Old), language of first column: the earliest alphabet of signs formed by Niebuhr, 149; their decipherment first attempted by Tychsen (1798), 151; and Münter (1800), 155; Grotefend deciphers names of the Achaemenian kings (1802), 173; the contributions made by St. Martin (1823), 195; and Rask (1826), 202; the task accomplished by Burnouf (1836), 206; and Lassen (1836), 221, and (1844), 259; contributions of Jacquet and Beer, 238; Rawlinson, 245, 272, 295; Holtzmann, 262; Hincks, 266; the criticisms of Benfey, 288; it afforded the key to decipher the other columns, xi; conjectures as to its linguistic affinities, x, 152, 156, 167, 184, 204, 220, 257.—See Appendix A and B.
Peters, Dr.: results of his excavations at Nippur, xv
Pharnuches, unilingual seal cylinder of, 148
Philip II. (of Spain and Portugal): his embassy to Persia (1583), 12; another mission (1601), 13
Pictorial representations of cuneiform inscriptions, summary of, to end of 17th century, 59
Pinches, Theo. G.: on differences between Assyrian and Semitic languages, 351; on the publication of Layard’s inscriptions, 411_n._
Place, M. (1851-54), 409
Platform, the, 56 _sq._
Polvar, river, 2, 7, 25
Polyhistor, 394
Porch, the, 20, 50 _sq._, 55, 65, 71, 78, 122, 124, 130
Porter, Sir Robert Ker: his drawings of Persepolis, 64, 78_n._; his visit to Murgab and Persepolis, (1818), 90; importance of his drawings, _ib._; suggests that the tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam was that of Darius, 92; he was long ‘the oracle of the archæologists,’ 93_n._; his visit to Mount Elvend, 95; he sketches the figures at Behistun, 105
Portugal: desire of trade with Persia, 23; contest with Persia (1620), 30; result, 31; finally driven from Persian Gulf, 32
Postellus, the alphabets in, 47
Proto-Chaldean (later called Akkadian), 410
Prinsep, Mr. James (Secretary of Asiatic Society of Calcutta): in correspondence with Jacquet, 240
Puli Neu (New Bridge) over the ‘Kur’ (= ‘Cyrus’ of the ancients), 25
Purchas: alphabets borrowed from Gromex, 47
‘Purchas, his Pilgrims,’ letters of Figueroa in, 18_n._, 19
Rask, R. (1782-1832), 183, 200; an early founder of Comparative Philology, 202; suggests correct termination of genitive plural in Old Persian, which adds two correct values to the alphabet, 203; he leads to the decipherment of ‘Achaemenian,’ _ib._
Rassam, Mr. Hormuzd: had practical direction of excavations at Bagdad (1851), 408; discovered the inscription of Tiglath Peleser, _ib._
Rawlinson, Canon: his Memoir of his brother, Sir Henry, 106_n._, 295
Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke (1810-95): on the Behistun inscription, 106; officer in Indian army, 107; sent to Persia on military duty (1833), 108; copies inscriptions at Mount Elvend and Behistun (1835-7), _ib._; ordered to Candahar (1840), 111; appointed Political Agent at Bagdad (1844), _ib._; resumes work at Behistun, _ib._; Memoir on Persian Column (1846), 112, 272; Second Memoir on Babylonian Column (1849), 114, 386; visited Susa (1836), 134
Rawlinson: Sir Henry, decipherment of Persian Column: identifies eighteen cuneiform characters, 245; independently of Grotefend, 246; completes alphabet, having borrowed only two letters, 248; deciphers two signs wrongly valued, 249; chief merit in translation, 249; compared with Lassen, 261; the Supplementary Note (1846), 268; claims to originality of discovery examined, 275; his alphabet in 1846, 279; notes on the grammar, 284; his conjectural restorations, 286; complete translation of all the inscriptions in Old Persian, 291-3; revises the Behistun inscription for George Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus’ (1858), and again for ‘Records of the Past’ (1873), 297
Rawlinson, Sir Henry: on the Susian (Median) Column: first scholar to make a long translation from it, 287, 306; recognises its Scythic affinities, 306; abandoned its further study and presented his notes to Mr. Norris, 307
Rawlinson, Sir Henry: decipherment of the Babylonian Column: on the varieties of writing, 345, 349; he definitely settles its Semitic affinity, 351; his progress down to 1847, 363; recognises ‘Nebuchadnezzar,’ 363; his difficulty with proper names, 369, 383; his delay in publication wrongly censured, 377; his papers on the ‘Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylon’ (January and February 1850), 379; results compared with Hincks, 380, 387, 396; Black Obelisk inscription, 383; large numbers of historical names brought to light, 385, 393, 407; publication of the Behistun inscription (1851), 386; treatment of syllables, 380, 387_n._; his translations compared with De Saulcy and Bezold, 390; he and Hincks share between them the honour of accomplishing the task of deciphering the Babylonian signs, 397; their exceptional genius, 405
Rawlinson, Sir H.: subsequent career: returned to Bagdad to supervise excavations (1851), 408; detected the existence of Sumerian or Akkadian (1855), 410; Director of E. India Company, member of Parliament, British envoy to Persia, 416; undertook supervision of ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia’ (1859-84), _ib._; at the India Office (1868), 417; his death (1895), _ib._; overwhelmed with honours from learned Societies, _ib._; K.C.B. in 1856: subsequent honours due to political services, _ib._
Rémusat, Abel (French Orientalist), 239
Renan, Ernest, xvi, 352
Rennell, Major: identified Susa with Shus, 132
Resident agents of Dutch and English East India Companies settled in Persia, 48, 54
Rhages, 317
Rich, Claudius J., British Resident at Bagdad (1808-21): visits Murgab and Persepolis (1821), 98; copies the inscriptions, 99; he collects examples of Assyrian writing, 187, 195, 340; visits Babylon, and makes a collection of antiquities, now in the British Museum, 193; his Memoir on Babylonian inscriptions (1817), _ib._; suggests that the second Persepolitan was the language of Susa, 194; he accepts Grotefend’s conclusions, 195; his correspondence with him, _ib._; publication of his book delayed until 1839, 251, 338, 340
Rochette, Raoul, 240
Roe, Sir Thomas, 43
Rosetta Stone, the, 169
Ross, Dr., 109
Russell, Lord John: suggested Government grant (1851) in aid of Rawlinson’s work, 386; personal gift towards the Bagdad excavations, 408
Rustam, bas-relief of, 10, 29
Sacy, Silvestre de, his suggestion to Münter, 161; confutation of Lichtenstein’s theories, 167; his account of Grotefend’s discovery (1803), 169, 173, 175, 179; his reading of the Pehlevi inscription at Naksh-i-Rustam, 171; his suggestion with regard to Ormuzd, 181; on the varieties of cuneiform character, 183; he doubts the validity of Grotefend’s discovery, 191
St. Martin, M., 96, 109; his paper on the inscriptions (1823), 196; criticises Grotefend’s method, 197; his successful treatment of ‘Goshtasp,’ 199; he introduces Grotefend to France, 202; example of his transliteration, 208_n._
Salbancke, Joseph (1609), 13
Salmaneser (or Shalmaneser) II. (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s ‘Temenbar II.’), 383, 394
Samaria, capture of, by Sargon, 393
Samson, alleged figure of, at Chehel Minar, 9 _sq._
Sapeires, the (of Herodotus): Lassen’s supposed identification of, 227 _sq._
Sarangia, 219
Sarayu (or Haroyu), 219_n._
Sarcey, Count de: his political and exploring mission from France to Persia, 117 _sqq._
Sargon, 356, 361, 365, 369, 373, 385, 393
Sar-i-Pul-i-Zohab, 119
Sarzec, M. de: his inscriptions from Tello, xiv
Sassanian period, bas-reliefs of, at Naksh-i-Rustam, 7, 10
Saulcy, F. de: an early student of Assyrian, 113, 302, 342; essays on Susian (Median) in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1849-50), 309; his erroneous treatment of the syllabary, 311; his useful indication of the resemblance of the signs to the Persian, 312; its Scythic origin confirmed by his studies, 314; his treatment of a Vannic inscription, 349; his essays on Assyrian (1847), 362; his insistance on the Semitic mode of writing, 377; his transliterations and translations compared with Rawlinson, 390; his criticisms of Hincks’s syllabarium, 395; examination of his claims as a decipherer, 397; he afforded no assistance to Rawlinson, 400; his work on the Khorsabad Bull inscription (1850), 401; his essay in ‘Journal Asiatique’ (1854), 402; his comparative failure as a decipherer, 403
Sayce, A. H., 81_n._; his translation of Old Susian inscriptions, 137, 324; relation of the language of Malamir to Susian (Median), _ib._; prefers to call the latter ‘Elamite’ or else ‘Amardian,’ 325; his ‘revised list of the syllabarium,’ _ib._; its linguistic relationship to Akkadian, 335; his decipherment of Vannic (1893-94), 336_n._; on the Semitic ‘affinities’ of Babylonian, 351
Scheil, Father, 146, 384
Schlegel, Professor, 203_n._, 221
Schulz, Professor: copies inscriptions at Van and Mount Elvend, 95-96; his papers published by Burnouf, 96, 340
Scythic of ancient Elamites and that of Southern Babylonia: relation not yet determined, 137
Seal cylinders, 148
Sefy, Shah, 39
Semiramis and the rock of Behistun, 102
Sennacherib: inscription of, on a cylinder at Kouyunjik, translated by Fox Talbot, 189; Grotefend’s copperplate of it, _ib._; referred to, 361, 369, 373, 385, 393; Annals of, at Kouyunjik, 394
Serlio, Sebastiano (Bolognese architect, 1534): incorrectly supposed to have drawn the Chehel Minar, 10
Shapoor, 108
Shiraz, 2; believed by Gouvea to be the ancient Persepolis, 14; by Figueroa, to be Cyropolis, 17; by Ferrari, to be Persepolis, 25; English merchants at, 76
Shirley, Robert: his relations with Gouvea, and conversion to the Catholic faith, 15, 32; employed by Shah Abbas as Envoy to European Courts, 32; mission from England to Persia to test validity of his credentials, 33 _sqq._; result of mission: death of Shirley, 38
Shuster, 109, 134
Sidon, 385
Sippara, 145
Skinner, Mr., 43
Smith, George: his mission to the East by the ‘Daily Telegraph,’ 394; resumed Rawlinson’s excavations in 1873, 411; his working assistant on the ‘Inscriptions of Western Asia,’ 416; Smith’s intimate knowledge of Assyrian, _ib._
Sogdiana, 219
Solomon, supposed Palace of, at Persepolis, 1; tomb of his Mother (so-called) at Pasargadae, 8, 10; bridge said to have been built by him, 9
Southern Babylonia, exploration of, by Mr. Loftus, 409
Spiegel, M.: his transliteration and translation of Le Bruyn No. 131, 233; his translation of the Gomates passage in Behistun inscription, 291 and _n._; on Venice Vase, 292; his edition (1862) of all the Persian inscriptions, 297
Staircase, the, 51, 55, 62 _sq._, 72 _sq._, 130; differing accounts of the number of its steps, 60
Standard Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar (also called East India House Inscription), 166
Stern, M. (of Göttingen), 413
Stewart, Mr.: obtains copies of Mount Elvend inscriptions, 95, 206
Stolze, Herr: his photographs of Persian antiquities, 128; his photogrammetric plan of Persepolis, _ib._; general estimate of the plates, 130
Struys, Jean (‘the lying traveller’): his ‘Tomb of Persepolis,’ 58
Subterraneous passages at Chehel Minar and Naksh-i-Rustam, 67 _sq._
Suez Stone inscription, a quadrilingual found in 1800, 146, 166
Sumerian, the ancient Scythic language of Irak, xiv; the inscriptions found at Susa, 144; importance of the discovery, 324, 335; called Akkadian by Hincks, 410
Sumerians, the founders of civilisation in Western Asia, xiii, 410
Susa, discovery of Achaemenian ruins and inscriptions at, 109, 125, 132-45; described by Loftus (1850), 135; Dieulafoy (1885), 138; De Morgan (1899), 143; cuneiform name of, 235
Susian [Median] language of second column: the decipherment accomplished by Westergaard (1844-5), 300; Hincks (1846-7), 308; De Saulcy (1850), 309; Norris (1852-5), 307, 314; Oppert (1859), 320; Sayce (1874), 325; Oppert (1879), 326; number of signs, 302, 321, 328; their resemblance to Persian and Assyrian, 312, 316, 320, 321, 323; language syllabic, 299, 300, 302, 327; the ideograms, 328; the determinatives, 298, 303; supposed to be Aryan, 299, 309; Semitic, 313; half Semitic, half Aryan, 339; shown to belong to the Altaic branch of Turanian, 305, 314, 317, 319, 321, 335; variously called Median, 304, 325, 333; Scythic, 307, 314; Medo-Scythic, 321, 333; Susian, 306, 322, 334; Elamite or Amardian, 325, 334; ‘Anzanisch,’ 334; Susian-Median, 334; New Susian, 334; supposed to be language of Susa, 313; of pastoral tribes of Persia, 317; of northern Media, 321; of the Scythic hordes, 314; of the lower classes of Persia, or Medians, 325; of Median dynasty of Dejoces, 333. See Appendix C.
Susian [Old]: long inscription discovered by Rawlinson (1836), 134, 137, 322; others by Dieulafoy (1885), 139; and De Morgan (1899), 144; a dialect of it found at Malamir, 135; their relations to Susian (Median) and Sumerian, 137, 323; translated by Oppert and Sayce, _ib._
‘Susra Inscription,’ the, 134_n._
Sutherland, Captain, 84
Tabriz, 108
Tak Kasra (near Bagdad), stone found at (the Caillou Michaux), 166
Takht-i-Bostan, Sassanian inscriptions at, copied by Flandin, 119
Takht-i-Cai Khusrau (Throne of Cyrus), Persepolis, 2
Takht-i-Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid), Persepolis, 2
Talbot, H. Fox: he translates the Annals of Sennacherib, 189; and other important inscriptions, 412; he proposes to subject the knowledge of Assyrian to a test translation, 413; names of the translators, _ib._; verdict of the jury of examiners, 414
Tasker, Mr. (English traveller): his three inscriptions from Naksh-i-Rustam tomb, 293
Tauris, 54
Tavernier, J. B. (1605-89): his travels, 49; in Persia with Daulier Deslandes and Thévenot, _ib._; at Persepolis: finds nothing worth admiring in the ruins, 57
Taylor, Colonel (British Resident at Bagdad), 109, 111; his prism from Nineveh (1830), 340; assisted Mr. Loftus in the exploration of Southern Babylonia, 409
Teispes, 245
Tello, xiv
‘Temenbar II.’ (Nineveh: Rawlinson’s reading for Salmaneser II.), 383
Texier, Charles F. M., 94: his travels in Persia (1840), 115; he excels in measurements, but his work superseded by that of Flandin, 117
Thévenot, J. de (1633-67): his Oriental travels suggested by d’Herbelot, 53; joins Daulier Deslandes and Chardin at Persepolis, 54; his description of the ruins: he gives first adequate account of the bas-reliefs, 56; describes the interior of a tomb, 57
Thimar, 9
Tiglath Peleser, 408, 412 _sq._
Tombs: at Chehel Minar, 22, 51, 56, 68; of Naksh-i-Rustam, 2; ‘Tomb of the Mother of Solomon’ at Pasargadae, 8, 10; ‘Tomb of Daniel’ (Susa), 133 _sq._
Townley, Mr., his private collection of antiquities, 156
Trilingual inscriptions. _See_ Achaemenian inscriptions
Turanian origin of the cuneiform writing, 220
Two Headlands, Port of the (Persian Gulf), 31
Tychsen, O. G., of Rostock: makes the earliest attempt to decipher the inscriptions (1798), 151
Tyre, 385
Unilingual inscriptions, 148
Upper Karun, valley of the, 135
Ur, city, 409
Uradhians (people of Ararat), 336_n._
Urmia, 126
Valle, Pietro della: visits Persia (1617): identifies the mounds at Hillah with site of Babylon, 24; made the first collection of Babylonian bricks brought to Europe, 24, 162; his description of Persepolis, 26; copies five cuneiform signs, 28, 32; considers the ruins the remains of a temple, 29; gives the earliest account of the tombs of Naksh-i-Rustam, 29; his letters not published till 1658, 32
Van, inscriptions found at, 1, 206
Vannic language, 336_n._; writing, 346
Variants: Assyrian scribes made use of Tables of, 348
Vases, ‘holy’: import of inscriptions on, 354
Vases with identical inscriptions, 148
Vasti, Queen (wife of Artaxerxes), 14
Vaux, W. S. W.: his work on ‘Nineveh and Persepolis,’ 94; endeavours to popularise cuneiform study, 407
Vendidad, original text of, brought to England, 204; Anquetil’s work on it, 204 _sq._
‘Venice Vase,’ the, 148
Vidal, M. (dragoman at Aleppo): sends Prof. Schulz copies of Mount Elvend inscriptions, 95
Weisbach, F. H.: on the inscriptions of the second column (1890), 297; treatment of vowels in his syllabary, 312; translation of the unilingual inscription at Persepolis, 319; his results compared with Oppert, 326-32; calls the language New Susian, 334
Weissbach, F. H., and W. Bang: on the old Persian inscriptions (1893), 297
Westergaard, N. L.: copies the inscriptions in the Porch at Persepolis, and on Tomb of Darius at Naksh-i-Rustam (1843), 102, 121, 123, 130; his exceptional qualifications, 252; he undertakes the translation of the Susian (Median) column, 253, 255, 301; found a farther list of proper names on tomb inscriptions, 300; summary of his results, 302; establishes the affinity of the Susian (Median) with the Scythic family of languages, 305
Whewell, Professor: one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414
Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 148; one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414
Williams, Sir W. F., 135
Wilson, Professor (President of Royal Asiatic Society, 1852): regarded the Assyrian inscriptions as still ‘merely dumb memorials of antiquity,’ 413; one of the jury on Fox Talbot’s test translation, 414
Witte, of Rostock, 162
Yaçna, Burnouf’s Commentary on the, 206, 247
Yehuda (Judah), in a Khorsabad inscription, 385, 394
Xerxes: buildings at Persepolis, 2, 6, 28, 50, 55, 62; drawn by Niebuhr, 77, 117; by Flandin, 121, 124; photographed by Stolze, 129; his bricks found at Susa, 136; name deciphered by Grotefend, 173; inscriptions at Persepolis on Porch, 6, 100, 102; on stairs and palaces, 6, 73, 79, 99; at Van and Elvend, 95, 206; on Caylus Vase, 146, 148
Zend-Avesta, the, 173, 203_n._, 204 _sq._, 256_n._
Zohab, 134
Zoroaster, 203
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