Chapter 4

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the affair of the mediation has made no progress; and that it is very probable, that the mediators will not be soon enabled to begin the negotiation. That the admission of an American Plenipotentiary presents the greatest difficulties. That the Count, however, will take every measure in his power to have this admission decided in favor of the United States, before the regular opening of the mediation. The Count urges the Chevalier de la Luzerne to observe to Congress, that the best manner of removing these obstacles would be a _decisive victory_, gained by the United States in the present campaign.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--Count de Vergennes observes on an opinion, which prevailed in America, respecting the friendly disposition of the powers of Europe towards the United States, that as yet, not one Court had taken the least step, which manifests their disposition towards the United States. That the Courts of Vienna and Petersburg, having assumed the character of mediators, cannot be too reserved. For by a different conduct they would become obnoxious to one or other of the belligerent powers, and lose the important and glorious part, with which they are intrusted. That it results from these observations, that the United States ought to look upon themselves as being still separated from all other powers; and that they have but one professed friend, which is France; and that the United States ought to rely principally upon their own resources.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that he has talked circumstantially with Mr Adams on these subjects, who appeared to be satisfied with what had been done in favor of his country. That he had communicated to Mr Adams the preliminary overtures made by the two Imperial Courts, as well as the intended answer of his Most Christian Majesty. That the great or only difficulty concerns America. That France will do all in her power to remove that obstacle, upon which depends the activity of the mediation. That as soon as it shall be removed, or proved to be insurmountable, proper instructions will be forwarded to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, concerning the conduct, which the state of affairs will require from Congress. That the Court of France had received, with great satisfaction, information, that Congress were disposed to trust their interest to the two mediating powers. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform Congress, that no use shall be made of this disposition, in the present state of affairs; and that it shall be communicated only when it can be done consistently with the dignity of the United States.

_From a letter of the 19th of April._--That Mr Dana has communicated to Count de Vergennes his appointment, and requested his advice concerning the conduct, which circumstances demanded on his part. That it gave the Count great pleasure to observe this proof of the confidence, which Congress and their Ministers reposed in the friendship and advice of his Court. That the Count informed Mr Dana, that he would run the risk of exposing his person, and the dignity of the United States, if he assumed any character whatsoever in Russia, while the Empress had not acknowledged the independence of the United States, and expected to act the part of a mediatrix, which demanded the most perfect impartiality. That Mr Dana felt the propriety of the observation; and proposed to the Count, that he should appear in Russia in the character of a common traveller, keep his commission a secret, and avoid with the greatest care to speak of business, unless requested so to do by the Russian Ministry. That the Count fully approved of this prudent scheme; and apprized Mr Dana of all the difficulties he would meet with. He had him recommended to the Marquis de Verac, Envoy Extraordinary at the Court of Petersburg; and the Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to assure Congress, that the Marquis de Verac would do all in his power for Mr Dana's best reception, and with pleasure assist him with his counsels, as often as he should have recourse to them. That the Marquis de Verac had communicated to the Russian Ministry the resolution of Congress, concerning the principle of the declaration made by the Empress of Russia to the belligerent powers. That this Envoy informs the Count de Vergennes, that the contents of this resolution had afforded great satisfaction to Count Panin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, who intended to submit it without delay to the perusal of the Empress. That the Marquis de Verac did not doubt, but that she would be pleased with the readiness of Congress to adopt that principle; and that correspondent resolutions will have been taken respecting the navigation of the neutrals.

_From a letter of the 29th of June._--That the accession of the State of Maryland to the general confederation, in the opinion of the Court of France, presents very great advantages; among which is this, that Congress having at last acquired that power, which the act of confederation has assigned them, it is to be expected, that their orders will be fully and exactly executed, and that they will take advantage of the resources of their country, to give to American patriotism new energy. The Minister is directed to inform Congress of the satisfaction the King has received on that account, and to tell them at the same time, that there is the most pressing necessity to take more effectual measures than heretofore to drive the British out of this continent. It is thought needless to enter into details about the circumstances, which render this measure necessary. The King entreats the United States, as his friends, not to lose a moment in acting as vigorously as possible against the common enemy. That Congress cannot be particularly acquainted with the different burdens, which France has upon her hands. She wishes to be in a situation to continue as effectual assistance to the United States as at this moment; but future events may happen in a manner different from what we may expect, though nothing can change her unalterable resolution to support the independence of her ally. The Count de Vergennes observes, that he shall not speak any more of the non arrival of the second division, having reason to believe from orders given to Count de Grasse, that the delay will be judged of greater utility to the United States, than if the announced reinforcement had been sent in the time expected. He adds, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne had been already informed of the causes, which had prevented a compliance with the expectation, which he had been authorised to give.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That the Count de Vergennes had been informed by the Duc de la Vauguyon, Ambassador to the United Provinces, of the intention of Mr Adams to display his character as a Minister of the United States in Holland. That the Duke gave him no assistance on that occasion, knowing the application would have no favorable issue. The Chevalier de la Luzerne is directed to inform confidentially a committee, or Congress themselves, of these circumstances, in order, that they may transmit to their said Minister Plenipotentiary such instructions as they may think proper. France is too much interested in the fate of the United States not to give them such counsels as would have for a principal object their advantage and their dignity.

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At a second conference, on the 24th of September, the following additional communications were made by the French Minister to the committee.

_From a letter of the 19th of April, 1781._--That Count de Vergennes remarks, that on the application of Chevalier de la Luzerne, and his representation of the distresses of the United States, measures had been taken for our aid when Colonel Laurens arrived. That it being impossible for the King to comply with all Colonel Laurens's demands, he took the resolution to offer his guarantee for ten millions of livres tournois, to be borrowed in Holland, for account of the United States. That the King was sensible of the wants and distresses of Congress, and wished to relieve them; but that it ought to be considered, that the French squadron and troops are in America for our immediate assistance. That Count de Grasse's expedition to America will occasion great expense; and that all those things collected together, would go far beyond even the expectation of Congress. That the most essential manner of showing the gratitude of the United States would be, by making all the exertions in their power, to co-operate in a glorious and effectual manner with the King's forces for their own speedy deliverance.

The Count de Vergennes observes, that a part of the six millions of livres would be employed in purchasing the different articles, contained in a list delivered by Mr Laurens. That three millions would be given by instalments to Dr Franklin, for the payment of bills of exchange drawn by Congress. That a fourth million would be reserved for unforeseen emergencies, and particularly to pay for the supplies embarked in the ship Lafayette. That Count de Vergennes had been Dr Franklin's security for a part of those supplies, amounting to four hundred and seventeen thousand livres. That he is unacquainted with the measures, which had been taken to effectuate the loan of ten millions in Holland, that affair being in the province of M. Necker, who probably would settle that matter with Mr Laurens, or with Mr Adams, who at that time was still in Holland to fill up a loan of a million florins, which he had opened several months before.

_From a letter of the 11th of May._--That Count de Vergennes informs the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that orders had been given by the King to have the loan of ten millions, on account of the United States, negotiated; that the Duc de la Vauguyon had received orders to propose it to the States of Holland, but met with insuperable difficulties, not only because the United States had no credit in Holland, but also because that Province was afraid of exposing itself; and that indeed granting a loan to the United States would be the same thing as countenancing their independence, which would be contrary to the obligations entered into by the republic with the neutral powers; that in order to remove this difficulty, the King had presented himself as a principal borrower, and as being alone accountable for the sums, which were to be furnished.

The Count adds, that he thinks these proceedings need no commentary; and that a mere exposition of them will be sufficient to excite the gratitude of the United States, and to engage them at last to make all the exertions in their power. The Count flatters himself, that the measures, which have been taken by his Court, will enable Congress to put their finances in the best order. That the Chevalier de la Luzerne had often written to him, that the most certain way to effectuate so happy an event would be, to put Congress for a while out of their distressing situation, and to enable them, by an external relief, to take internal measures without precipitation, and with solidity. That these considerations determined the King; and that from affection he has done more for his ally than mere prudence would, perhaps, have suggested to him. That the Council of the King have no doubt but this resolution will be productive of the good effects, which the Chevalier de la Luzerne had announced. The Count exhorts Congress to take hold of the present circumstances for the common advantage. He thinks it his duty freely and openly to declare, that the moment is come not to spend the time in expectation, deliberation, and useless exhortations; that though he would wish to avoid every disagreeable intimation, friendship and common interest oblige France to speak without reserve, and with perfect sincerity. That the King has done on this occasion what he can do no more; that Congress, if well informed of the situation of his Majesty's affairs, would be sensible that an exertion like the present cannot be repeated; and that the Court would feel the deepest concern, if it was under the disagreeable but indispensable necessity of refusing the demands of an ally, whose cause is now become its own.

_From a letter of the 14th of May._--That Count de Vergennes observes, that Colonel Laurens had taken leave of the King, and that he ought to be satisfied with the success of his mission, although he had not obtained all that he demanded. That the Court of France hopes these demands will not be renewed; for how disagreeable soever to refuse allies whom the King sincerely loves, necessity would oblige him to reject pecuniary demands of any kind whatsoever.

_From a letter of the 27th of July._--That the Chevalier de la Luzerne observed, that in March last he informed Congress, that the Court no longer pay the bills drawn upon France; upon which declaration he believes Congress stopped all drafts on Dr Franklin. That he informed the Court of that resolution of Congress. The Court in the meantime had resolved to grant a subsidy of six millions, to be employed in purchasing arms, ammunition, and clothing, to be sent from France to the United States; and the remainder of the sum to be employed in paying the drafts of Congress, or of any person they might appoint. Mr Morris being appointed Superintendent, the Minister according to his instructions authorised him to draw for half a million of livres, and informed M. Necker of this measure; accordingly funds were prepared for a regular payment. The Chevalier de la Luzerne had agreed with the Superintendent, that he might draw in the whole for a million and a half, including the half million above mentioned; of all which he had informed Count de Vergennes. Colonel Laurens being in the meanwhile arrived in France, it was found from his representation, that the mode of drawing was prejudicial to Congress, and that if the specie was imported, there would be no loss; and it was agreed, that he should bring over two millions and a half, out of the six millions, in specie. In consequence of this measure, Count de Vergennes acquaints the Chevalier de la Luzerne, that he hopes the Superintendent will not have drawn more than the before mentioned half million of livres. He wishes it the more earnestly, as bills for a greater sum would embarrass the finances of France in a great degree, the goods delivered to Colonel Laurens exceeding already the sum remaining out of the six millions, and the goods taken on board the Marquis de Lafayette being not yet replaced.

For a fuller explanation, the Chevalier de la Luzerne communicated to the Committee an account of the sums already furnished, and to be furnished from this time to the end of the present year for the service of the United States. That he had orders to take hold of this opportunity to repeat to Congress, that the King for the next year cannot continue any supplies to the United States, even of a much less nature. That it is time for them to relieve his Majesty from the heavy burdens in a war, which he had undertaken and carries on for their sakes. That the Count de Vergennes expects that Congress will not have drawn more bills of any kind after the 1st day of April last; that firmly relying on this, he had engaged the King to procure the necessary sums to answer the bills drawn before that period, and desired Dr Franklin to accept no more, if he had no other means of paying them; that this resolution could not be altered by any circumstances whatever.

The Count de Vergennes proceeds to state, how far the abuse of the King's benevolence had been carried, he supposes against the will and instructions and without the knowledge of Congress. That the bills drawn upon Mr Jay, Mr Adams, and Mr Laurens, had been sent back to Dr Franklin, that is, in effect to the Court of France. That the Republic of Holland had been unwilling to hear of any loan, even under the guarantee of the King, when it was known that the money was intended for the use of the United States; and that to remove this obstacle, as he had before observed, the King was induced to present himself as the principal borrower. The Court was still unacquainted with the effect of that proposition.

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TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Translation.

Philadelphia, September 24th, 1781.

Sir,

The undersigned, Minister Plenipotentiary of France, has the honor of communicating to Congress a Memorial, which has been sent to him by Don Francisco Rendon. He entreats Congress to take it into consideration, and he has no doubt that the resolution, which that body shall pass upon the subject, will be as advantageous to the subjects of his Catholic Majesty as justice will allow.

LUZERNE.

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MEMORIAL OF DON FRANCISCO RENDON TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

Translation.

May it please your Excellency,

Don Francisco Rendon, resident in this city, _Encargado de Negocios_ for the Court of Spain, with all due respect, informs your Excellency that in consequence of the articles of capitulation granted to the troops and inhabitants of his Britannic Majesty at the reduction of Pensacola, by Don Bernardo de Galvez, commander in chief of the forces of his Catholic Majesty, permission was granted by the Governor of the place to Captain Jahleel Smith, with his vessel called the Sally, her crew and passengers contained in the passport, to go to New York, six of the passengers being prisoners on parole, to be exchanged for an equal number of Spanish prisoners; that in his passage the said flag was captured by an American vessel, called the Betsy, Captain Enos, belonging to the State of Pennsylvania; that in consequence thereof, the said J. Smith has presented to me a petition and an account, which I herewith enclose, praying me to obtain for him an indemnification and payment for the damages he has sustained, and that liberty may be granted him by the supreme authority to pass freely to the place of his destination, agreeable to the permission of the Generals of the King, my master.

I therefore entreat, that your Excellency would be pleased to present this Memorial, with the documents accompanying it, to the Honorable Congress, and pray them to order payment to be made to the Captain of the flag, for the delay and damages occasioned by this capture, and grant the said prisoners of his Catholic Majesty mentioned in the passport, free permission to go to New York, in order to discharge their parole and obtain their exchange. I am induced by your Excellency's goodness to hope for this favor, and am, &c.

FRANCISCO RENDON.

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CONGRESS TO THE MINISTER OF FRANCE.

Philadelphia, September 25th, 1781.

Sir,

The United States in Congress assembled, ever desirous to observe good faith and maintain the rights of neutrality, and sincerely disposed to cultivate the friendship of his Catholic Majesty, have referred the Memorial presented by your Excellency, in favor of Jahleel Smith, master of the schooner Sally; to a committee of Congress, who now have it under consideration.

To form a right judgment of the transaction it is conceived necessary, that an authentic copy of the capitulation granted by his Catholic Majesty's General to the British officer lately commanding at Pensacola, and referred to in the Memorial of Don Francisco Rendon, residing in this city, _Encargado de Negocios_ for the Court of Spain, should be communicated to the United States. In the meantime it requires no deliberation to assure your Excellency, that the laws of the land are competent for redressing every injury perpetrated by vessels of war commissioned by the United States, or under their authority, although the security for the good behaviour of the officers and crews may not be adequate to the damages claimed.

THOMAS M'KEAN, _President_.

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FROM CONGRESS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.

The United States in Congress assembled, to their Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally, Louis the Sixteenth, King of France and Navarre.

Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally,

We feel an additional obligation to your Majesty, for your friendly reception of our late special Minister Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens. By him we received your Majesty's letter, containing new assurances of what the United States have been long convinced, your Majesty's affectionate patronage of American independence. His report, while it proves that our attachment has not been misplaced, will increase our gratitude. We have charged our Minister Plenipotentiary at your Court to render to your Majesty more particular acknowledgments for your zeal for the re-establishment of peace, upon principles coinciding with the liberty and sovereignty of the United States, and for the important succors lately administered to our necessities. We shall also instruct him to inform your Majesty of the arrangements, which have taken place for calling forth the resources of the United States with decision and effect against the common enemy.

We pray God, that he will keep your Majesty, our Great, Faithful and Beloved Friend and Ally, in his holy protection.

Done at Philadelphia, the eighteenth of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty one, and in the sixth year of our independence. By the United States in Congress assembled.

Your faithful friends and allies.

THOMAS M'KEAN, _President_.

Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.

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THE KING OF FRANCE TO CONGRESS.

Translation.

Very Dear and Faithful Allies,

Satisfied of the interest you take in every event which affects us, we are anxious to inform you of the precious mark, which Divine Providence has just given us of his goodness, and of the protection he has granted to our kingdom. We do not doubt that you will partake in the joy we feel on the birth of our son, the Dauphin, of whom the Queen, our most dear spouse, is just now happily delivered.

You will easily be convinced of the pleasure, with which we shall receive every proof that you may give of your sensibility upon this occasion. We cannot renew at a period more affecting to us, the assurance of our affection and of our constant friendship for you. Upon which we pray God, that he would have you, very Dear, Great Friends and Allies, in his holy keeping.

Written at Versailles, the 22d of October, 1781.

Your Good Friend and Ally,

LOUIS.

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ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO M. DE LA LUZERNE.

Philadelphia, October 24th, 1781.

Sir,

I do myself the honor to transmit you a copy of the resolution, by which Congress have been pleased to appoint me their Secretary of Foreign Affairs. They have annexed to this department the agreeable duty of receiving and making those communications, which the reciprocal interest of the allied nations may render necessary.

I need not tell you, Sir, with what pleasure I enter upon that task, when (by the direction of Congress) I enclose an account of the signal success obtained by the united arms of America and France. The cement it so happily affords to their connexion may justly be numbered among the important advantages, that will result from it to both countries.

I have the honor to be, Sir, with the highest respect and esteem, &c.

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

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TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

Translation.

Philadelphia, October 25th, 1781.

Sir,