Book iv. 413.

[594] ‘Deserit illic ventus eas; cecidere sinus sub moenibus arcis,’ iv. 415.

[595] ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐκ τῶν τείχων ἄνωθεν ταῦτα θεωροῦντες, p. 248.

[596] Vol. vii. p. 184.

[597] Other contemporary authors give us distances which enable us to get an approximate length of a stadium: _e.g._ Chalcondylas says that the walls of Constantinople were 111 stadia, or a little over 13 English miles, in circuit. Critobulus gives the total length of walls as 126 stadia and the length of the landward walls as 48. Both his figures are somewhat too high, unless they are intended to give the measure of the sinuosities of the walls. But the statements both of Chalcondylas and Critobulus as well as that of Leonard, if his intention is to represent a measure about a ninth or tenth of a furlong, are all pretty nearly accurate.

[598] Book iv. line 550.

[599] Book ii. line 974.

[600] _Byzantine Constantinople_, p. 234.

[601] Note to Pusculus, p. 237.

[602] P. 138.

[603] ‘Die letzten Tage von Byzanz,’ in the _Mitteilungen des deutschen Exkursions-Klubs in Konstantinopel_.

[604] εἰς πυγάς.

[605] _Esquisse de Constantinople_, by Dr. Mordtmann, sect. 71–75.

[606] Mr. Theodore Bent, who had paid greater attention to the archæology of the Greek Islands and to their present condition than any other Englishman, called my attention to the fact that the churches on the highest peaks not dedicated to St. George were usually dedicated to St. Elias, or to the Transfiguration, and suggested that there may have been a confusion in the minds of the islanders between Elias and Helios, the aspirate in the latter word being silent in modern Greek.

[607] Valuable suggestions and information are given by Mr. Sathas in reference to the survival of paganism in _Documents inédits_, Athens, vol. i. Lord Beaconsfield in _Lothair_ shows a true insight into the actual condition of Greek Christianity when he represents Mr. Phœbus as describing what he proposes to do with an island which he has leased in the Aegean. He will restore paganism, will set up the statue which he has sculptured of the American Theodora in a grove of laurel still much resorted to, and will have processions in the beautiful pagan fashion. The people are still ‘performing unconsciously the religious ceremonies of their ancestors.’ _Lothair_, ch. xxvii. and xxviii.

INDEX

Abassid dynasty used symbol of the Crescent, 141 _n._

Achaia, principality of, 40

Acropolitas, George (historian), 16; at the Union ceremony at Lyons in 1274, 34

Agriculture: Turks have never taken kindly to, 58

Alans, Asiatic tribe, 43 _sqq._, 47, 61, 64

Alexander of Sinope, 317

Alexis, Emperor of Trebizond (1222), 9; called himself Grand Comnenus and Emperor of the Faithful Romans, 387

Ali, chief of a Turkish band: shared in Othman’s raids on the empire, 61

Ali Pasha (grand vizier of Bajazed), 134, 136

Alphonse of Aragon, 129

Amadeo of Savoy, 91

Amer Bey, standard-bearer of Mahomet II., 289

Ameroukes, George (mathematician): at the court of Mahomet II., 393

Amogavares, Spanish mercenaries, 42

Amurath, son of Orchan. _See_ Murad

Anatolia-Hissar, 120, 126, 164 _n._, 213, 215

Anatolians: defeat of their attack in the siege, 337 _sqq._; their discipline and daring, 338

Andronicus II., Emperor (1282–1328: son and successor of Michael VIII.): hostility to Unionist party, 37; question as to marriage of his son Michael, 37 _sq._; Latin attempts against his empire, 38; calls to his aid Roger de Flor and the Catalan Grand Company, 39; their actions caused introduction of Turks into Europe, 49; loss of Imperial territory through Othman’s attacks, 61; Turks cross Dardanelles, 61 _sq._; Andronicus’s son Michael co-emperor with his father, 65, 67; quarrels between Andronicus II., and Andronicus his grandson, 67 _sq._; Andronicus II. abdicates and ends his days as a monk, 68

Andronicus III. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1382–41; son of Michael IX.; successor to Andronicus II.): quarrels with his grandfather and causes him to abdicate, 67 _sq._; constant warfare with Turks, 68; the emperor seeks aid from the West, with little result, 69; his death (1341), 70

Andronicus, son of John V.: regent during his father’s absence, 92; his boyish compact with Sultan Murad’s son, and its punishment, 94; retaliation on his father, 94 _sq._

Angora (1402), 112; details of the battle, 142 _sqq._; result of Timour’s victory, 147

Anjou, Charles of (King of Sicily): designs restoration of Latin empire, 34; his forces find other employment, 36

Apocaukus: his strife with John Cantacuzenus, 71 _sq._; hired (1343) a Turkish fleet and army, 100

Arabs: their various attempts to capture New Rome, 230

Aragon, Frederic of, 38

Aragon, Peter of, 36; his mercenary troops, 41

Archers, Turkish, 135; their excellence, 167, 251

Aretinus, Leonard: enthusiasm for Greek, 405

Armenia, king of, 38

Arquebusers: Anatolian, 167; German, 173

Arrows carrying flaming materials, used by Timour, 146

Arsenius, patriarch: excommunicated Michael VIII. for cruel treatment of the boy John Lascaris, 26; withstands the emperor’s threats, 27; is deposed and exiled, 28; his strong opposition to the Latins, 31; religious relations with a Turkish sultan, 56 _sq._

Asia Minor: its old commerce with Constantinople, 23; Tartar ravages in, 53

Asomaton, 164 _n._

Athanasius, patriarch (1450), 202

Athens, duchy of, seized by Catalans, 69

Aurispa, pupil of Chrysoloras, 406

Babylon, sultan of. _See_ Egypt

Bachaturean walls, 240

Bactatinian Tower, 240; destroyed by Turks, 268

Bagdad, the last of its caliphs, 53

Bajazed, Sultan (1389–1403, son of Murad): obtained nickname of _Ilderim_ or the Thunderbolt, 132; successful attacks upon the empire, _ib._; crushes Bulgarian kingdom, 134; defeats Western armies at Nicopolis, 134 _sqq._; for years kept Constantinople under terror of sieges, 137; extent of his possessions, _ib._; summons of Timour to Bajazed, 138 _sq._; the sultan’s reply, 141; Timour’s crushing defeat of Turks at Angora, Bajazed taken captive, 142 _sqq._; his treatment by his captor, 144 _sq._; territory taken from Turks by Timour, 145; Bajazed’s death, 147

Baldwin, Emperor (Latin, 1204–05), 2 _sq._

Baldwin II., Emperor (Latin, 1237–61, successor of John of Brienne), 11; gave his niece in marriage to sultan of Konia, 15; put his son in pledge to Venetians for what he had borrowed, 16

Bâle, Council of (for Union, 1431): strife over its transference to Bologna, 121

Balkan peninsula: the continuous mutual jealousies of the races inhabiting it, 187; a ‘Debateable Land,’ 187 _n._

Baloukli, Holy Well of, 18

Baltoglu, a Bulgarian renegade: in command of Turkish fleet at the great siege, 233, 244; treatment of defenders of Prinkipo, 253; attempt to force the boom, 256; attack on aid-bearing Genoese ships, description of the battle, 259 _sqq._; Turks defeated, 265; sultan degrades admiral, 267

Barlaam, Abbot (an Eastern controversialist), 69, 87; taught Greek (at Avignon) at Petrarch’s request, 404

Bartolo, Nicolo (Venetian): his ‘Diary of the Siege of Constantinople,’ ix

Bashi-Bazouks, 223; an undisciplined mob: what they were used for, 229; their eagerness for the final struggle, 319; they begin the general attack, and are defeated, 335; their body made up of Moslems, Christians and foreigners, _ib._; Mahomet’s object in making them the first to attack, 335 _sq._; their weapons and manner of fighting, 336

‘Bastion’ of Mahomet II.: description of its construction, 292 _sq._; its position, 293

Bektash, Hadji, dervish and saint: honoured by Janissaries, 223; the dervish order of Bektashis, 223 _n._; the order suppressed (1826), 227 _n._

Belgrade: captured by Turks: Serbians become vassals of Murad, 107

Bellini, Gentile (artist): at court of Mahomet II., 393

Benedict XI., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69

Berenger of Catalonia, leader of mercenaries: joins with Roger de Flor, 45; aids the Catalans, 46; death, 48

Bessarion: Eastern representative at Council of Florence, 125 _sq._; made Cardinal by Eugenius IV., 128; his profound learning, 406

Bethune, John de: his expedition to help Baldwin II., 11

Biremes, description of, 234

Blachern, palace of, 19, 243, 290, 332

Blackbirds, Plain of. _See_ Cossovo-pol

Black Death, the, 76, 104; description of the scourge in 1347, 189; its rapid spread and devastation, 190

Blum, Robert. _See_ Roger de Flor

Boccaccio: promoted study of Greek, 404 _sq._; learned Greek and lectured on its literature, 405

Bocchiardi, Paul, Antony, and Troilus, three Italian brothers: provided, at their own cost, a contingent in defence of Constantinople (1453), 249; their prowess during the great assault, 339, 344; their ultimate escape to Galata, 360

Bogomils, an heretical sect, 87 and _n._, 151

Bohemians (followers of John Huss), 121

Bolero, Emperor Michael’s hunting-ground, 17

Boniface IX., Pope: procures aid for the Greeks: the expedition defeated (1396), 110

Boom, the, across Golden Horn, 221, 271, 287, 290

Boucicaut, Admiral of Venetian and Genoese combined fleets, 111, 137

Brancovich, George (of Serbia): supplies men and much money to the combination against Murad II., 159; refuses to break the treaty of Szegedin, 163; relations with Mahomet II., 311

Brienne, Gautier de, duke of Athens, 69

Brousa: its surrender to Othman (1326), 64; captured by Timour, 145; Bajazed buried at, 147

Bulgaria: Baldwin’s expedition against (1204), 3, 7 _sq._, 25; allied with Tartars in Thrace, 64; procured aid alike from Turks and Tartars, 99; fate of Eastern Bulgarians sealed at Maritza (1371) and of Western at Cossovo-pol (1389), 108; end of the kingdom (1393), 134

Burgundians at Nicopolis, 135

Burgundy, Louis of, 40

Byzantine art: its influence upon the West, 413

Caligaria: defence of its walls, 221

Caloyers (Greek monks): defenders in the great siege, 250, 259

Cannon, Urban’s monster gun, 231, 245; account of other large guns, 231 _n._; various names for cannon, 246; size of stone balls thrown, _ib._; probably not mounted on wheels, _ib._; Urban’s great cannon destroyed, but afterwards recast and again used, 245; Turkish superiority in the use of cannon, 252; siege of Constantinople an era in employment of large cannon, 252; brass cannon, in use, 252 _n._; destructive effect shown in the siege, 255; Greek words used for ‘cannon,’ 292 _n._

Cantacuzenus, Andronicus: a defender in the great siege, 249

Caraja, leader of European Turks: killed at Varna, 168

Caraja Pasha: head of European division of Turks, 243; position in final assault, 325; suffers defeat, 359

Caristo, an old Venetian: a defender in the great siege, 249

Castriotes, George. _See_ Iskender

Catalan Grand Company. _See_ Roger de Flor

Catalusio, Catherine, wife of Constantine Dragases (died 1442), 203 _n._, 298 _n._

Cesarini, Cardinal Julian, 125; papal legate at Constantinople, 159; persuaded Ladislaus to violate the treaty of Szegedin, 162; his pretexts in justification, 163; at the battle of Varna, 166, 168

Charles VI. (France): refuses Manuel’s proposed vassalage, 111

Chateaumorand, lieutenant of Boucicaut, 112, 137

China: Timour’s intended invasion, 147

Clement IV., Pope, 31

Clement VI., Pope: his efforts to check Moslem progress: sends a fleet against Turks, 81; the expedition massacred, _ib._; the pope’s relations with John Cantacuzenus, 82; desired a Council to settle Union of the Churches, 83

Christ, Tower of, 270

Chrysoloras, Manuel: taught Greek at Florence, Pavia, Venice, and Rome, 405 _sq._

Coco, James: scheme to capture Turkish vessels in Cassim Pasha Bay, 279, 283, 288

Colonies of Westerns domiciled in Constantinople, 77

Comans (or Tur-Comans): a band of, in service of Latins, 13

Commerce, the stream of, through the Bosporus, 23

Constantine XI., Emperor (sometimes called Constantine XII., Dragases: 1449–53: brother of John VII.): ruler in the Peloponnesus, 171; defeated by Murad II.: compelled to pay tribute and surrender territory to him, 172; becomes last Christian emperor: crowned 1449, 201; the Union question combined with desired aid from the West, 202; preparations for its formal completion, 203; the emperor’s relations with Mahomet II., 211 _sq._; the fortress of Roumelia-Hissar, 213 _sqq._; Mahomet declares war, 216; preparations against siege, 219; help from the pope, from Venice and the Genoese, 220; Justiniani made Commander-in-chief, _ib._; Turkish fleet in the Bosporus, 233; Greeks break down bridges leading across the foss, and close the city gates, 235; gradual approach of Turkish army, 236; emperor’s reply to Mahomet’s formal offer of peace, 236; paucity of the imperial forces, 246 _sq._; positions occupied by his troops, 248 _sqq._; his cannon were few and of little value, 250; equipment and arms of the forces, 251

Constantine XI.--The Siege: the city beleaguered (April 7, 1453), 254; first bombardment, 255; defeats of enemy’s attempts, 256; a naval battle: defeat of Baltoglu, 257 _sqq._; fruitless appeals for further aid, 268; more destructive bombardment, 269; transport of Turkish vessels overland, 269 _sqq._; Constantine alleged to have sued for peace, 277; the sultan’s reply, _ib._; the statement is hardly probable, 278; the emperor sends a vessel to search for the expected Venetian fleet, 285; his reply to proposal that he should leave the city, 286 _sq._; pacifies quarrel of Venetians and Genoese, 288; strange phenomena seen in city (May 22–26, 1453), 296 _sqq._; great alarm of emperor and people, 298

Constantine XI.--Last days of Empire: comparison of conditions of besieged and besiegers, 313; difference of character in their final preparations, 314; some food for hope for the Greeks, _ib._; Ismail of Sinope brings suggestion of Greek surrender, on terms, 317; emperor’s reply, 318; religious preparations for the coming struggle: the last religious procession in the city, 327; Constantine’s ‘funeral oration of the Empire,’ 328; spirit of the speech, 329; his last view of the city, 332; his attempt to rally defenders at the stockade, 347; took the post of Justiniani after the latter’s departure, 348; death of Constantine, 350; variant accounts as to the manner of his death, 353 _sqq._; his character, 355; his burial-place unknown, 357

Constantinople--Latin Empire, 1204–61: the city never recovered the blow inflicted by the Fourth Crusade, 1; Baldwin, the first Latin emperor: the parcelling out of the empire and division of the spoil, 2 _sq._; dissensions, 3; conflict with Bulgarians, _ib._; disputes among leaders, 4; opposition of Greek population: empire of Nicaea, 5 _sq._; Baldwin’s death: succeeded by Henry (1205), 7; Henry’s policy of conciliation, 8; mysterious death of his successor, Peter of Courtenay, _ib._; fate of Peter’s successor, Robert, 9; in 1222 there were four persons claiming to be emperors, _ib._; Robert’s successor, John de Brienne (1228): troubles of his reign, 10; Baldwin II. succeeded (1237): his visit to the West to beg for help in men and money, _ib._; intense distress and want of food in the city, 11; decay of the empire, 12; sacred relics and other valuables sold to raise money, _ib._; decay of the city, 13; lawlessness of Crusaders, 13 _sq._; events after Baldwin’s return: more degradation, 15 _sq._; fruitless negotiations with Emperor Michael (of Nicaea), 16; the capture of Constantinople (1261), 17 _sqq._; ignominious flight of Baldwin, 19; the Latin empire had done irreparable mischief and no compensatory good, 20

Constantinople--Reconstructing the Empire: a city of desolation: destruction and plunder of treasures of art and civilisation, 22; its old commerce ruined, 23; desolation in the city reproduced in the provinces, 24; Michael VIII.’s difficulties: anarchy within his dominions and hostility from without, 25; hatred of Orthodox towards Roman Church, _ib._; from Michael’s own usurpation, 26; from attempts by Latins to recover the Empire, 29; strife about Union of Churches, 31 _sqq._; Union apparently effected (Lyons, 1274), but rejected at Constantinople, 34; further desperate papal efforts, 35; death of Michael: his son, Andronicus II., succeeded (1282), 36 _sq._; popes still favour re-establishment of Latin empire, 38; various projects in that direction, 38 _sqq._; Andronicus calls in the aid of the Catalan Grand Company, 40; ill effects thereof, 41 _sqq._; outrages upon subjects of the empire, 43 _sq._, 46; emperor’s effort to buy them off, 47; disastrous results from attempts to restore Latin empire, 49 _sqq._

Constantinople--Dynastic Struggles: attack of Sultan Othman on imperial territory (1282), 61 _sqq._; Turks called in as partisans in imperial dynastic struggles, 63; Brousa captured by Othman, 64; distressed condition of the empire in 1320, 65; long and lasting evils of dynastic struggles, 66; the quarrels between Andronicus II. and his grandson, 67; thirteen years constant war against Turks, 68 _sqq._; the bitter strife between John V. and John Cantacuzenus (1342–55), 70 _sqq._

Constantinople--Causes leading to Decay of Empire: the small remnant of territory to which Constantine Dragases succeeded, 180; the decay was not due to demoralisation of people, 180 _sq._; they were superstitiously religious, but not given to frivolous amusement, 181; their indifference to matters political, 182; no fervour or energy among Churchmen and nobles, 182 _sq._; no commercial spirit existed, 183; merits and faults were alike negative, 184; enervation caused by relaxing climate of Constantinople, 184 _n._; chief causes of decay: mischief arising out of Latin conquest, 185; internal divisions and civil wars helped the Turks’ aims against empire, 185 _sq._; autocratic form of government, 186; hostile races, and their mutual jealousies, 187; dissensions between co-emperors, _ib._; immiscible racial groups, 188; the system of Turkish conquests: nomads replace agriculturists, 188 _sq._; fearful havoc of the Black Death, (1347), 189 _sqq._; densely populated and flourishing countries become a desolation, 191; population of Constantinople in 1453, 192 _sqq._; its commerce, 194; relations of government and governed, _ib._; no divine right of succession, 195; co-emperors, _ib._; law fairly administered, _ib._; popular interest in religious questions, 196; intellectual life: classical Greek modified by Christianity, 197; Greek historians of the period, _ib._; character of civilisation of the time, 197 _sq._; intellectual life in provincial cities, 199; few glimpses of domestic life, _ib._; a period of disasters, struggles, alarms, and illusions, 200

Constantinople--Topography of the City: Galata of Pera (Genoese colony), 237; Stamboul (in 1453), _ib._; position and shape of the city proper, _ib._; the foss from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238; description of the walls: Landward Walls, 238 _sqq._; the Peribolos or enclosure, 238; Outer Wall, 239; gates, civil and military, _ib._; valley of the Lycus, _ib._; the Mesoteichion and the Myriandrion, 240; Bachaturean walls, _ib._; Inner Wall, 241; the neglect of keeping the walls in good condition: money intended for their repair had been misappropriated, 242; the defenders at the great siege took up their position in the Peribolos, 243; local disposition of the enemy’s forces, 243 _sq._; positions of the imperial forces, 248 _sqq._

Constantinople--Events of the Siege: the Queen City cut off from the outside world, 254; damage done by enemy’s cannonades, 255; construction of a stockade, _ib._; attempted capture and attack on boom repelled, 256; Baltoglu’s attack on aid-bearing vessels: description of the fight, 257 _sqq._; attack defeated: number of casualties, 267; attack on the landward walls: destructive bombardment, 268; a stockade formed, 269; the transport of Turkish ships overland, 269 _sqq._; Greek scheme to destroy these vessels, 279 _sq._; the attempt made, 281; failure, 282; constant attacks on the landward walls; operations of the great cannon, 283; provisions running short, 285; naval skirmishes, _ib._; vessel sent out to find Venetian fleet, _ib._; proposal that emperor should leave the city, 286; attacks on boom, 287, 290; jealousy between Venetians and Genoese, 288; attempts to capture city by assault defeated, 289 _sq._; attempts to undermine walls, 281, 294 _sq._; a ‘bastion’ erected by Turks, 292 _sq._; destroyed by Greeks, 294; failure to find Venetian fleet, 295; supernatural omens, 296 _sq._; dissensions in city: among Greeks, arising out of the Union, 303; between Greeks and Italians: mainly from religious animosity, 301; between Venetians and Genoese: charge of treachery against the latter, 303; Greeks charged with lukewarmness and defections, 305; breaches made in the walls by Turks, 308; Justiniani’s stockade, 309; failure of Serbia and Hungary to send aid, 311; Hunyadi said to have been in communication with sultan, 312

Constantinople--The last days of Empire; Ismail of Sinope brings from sultan suggestion to surrender, on terms: rejected, 317 _sq._; final preparations by the Greeks, 326; last religious procession in the city, 327; speech of the emperor, 328; last Christian service in St. Sophia, 330; the gates closed, 331; the general assault (May 29, 1453), 334; first attacks defeated, 335 _sqq._; the assault by Janissaries, 340; the Kerkoporta incident, 341; how the Turks got inside the Outer Wall, 342 _sqq._; Justiniani wounded, 345; the consequences, 346 _sqq._; final charge and success of Janissaries, 348; stockade captured, 349; death of Constantine, 350; capture of Constantinople, _ib._; Mahomet enters the city, 351; the capture due to two accidents, the neglected postern and the wound of Justiniani, _ib._; tardy arrival of aid, 352

Constantinople--In the hands of the Turks: the final struggles, 358 _sqq._; panic throughout the city, 351; general slaughter during half a day, 362; flight of Christians to ships, 363; atrocities by looters, 364; gross treatment of refugees in St. Sophia, 366; and of the church, 367; wanton destruction of books, _ib._; number of persons captured or killed, 368; fate of fugitives, 369; St. Sophia made a mosque, 373; fate of defenders after capture, 373 _sqq._; the city brought to desolation, 377; love of Easterns for it, 378; picturesque beauty of its situation, 379; sultan’s endeavours to repeople it, 380 _sqq._; Christian worship tolerated: Gennadius appointed patriarch, 382 _sq._

Constantinople--Effects of the Capture: an epoch-marking event, 414; alarm created in Europe, 415; degradation of the Queen City, 416; disastrous results upon Christian subjects: they became _rayahs_ or cattle, 417; causes of their impoverishment and demoralisation, 418 _sq._; degradation of Church, 420; injury to religion and learning, _ib._; destruction of benefits conferred by the Church, 421; inducements offered to abandon Christianity, 422; degraded position of women, 422 _n._; Christians became demoralised and lost self-respect, 423; impossibility of obtaining justice, 424; slight effect of the conquest on mass of Turkish population, 425; dawn of a better day, 426 _sqq._

Constantinople, Synod of (1450), on Union: deposed patriarch Gregory (a favourer of Union), 202

Contarini, James (Venetian): a defender in the great siege, 250

Cossovo-pol (or Plain of Blackbirds), the first battle of (1389): utter defeat by Turks of Serbians and their allies, 108; sealed the fate of Northern Serbians and Western Bulgarians, _ib._; battle of 1448: defeat of Christians, 174; the losses on both sides, 175

Countouz, son of Murad: raised rebellion against his father, 106; his punishment, _ib._

Courtenay, Catherine of: a marriage proposed between her and a Palaeologus, 37; she married Charles of Valois, 38

Crescent, the: use of the symbol is ancient: its probable origin, 140 _n._

Cretan ships in imperial fleet (1453), 250; their crews were the last Christians to quit their posts after the capture of the city, 363

Crimea: Turks driven out by Tartars (1300), 64

Critobulus: his ‘Life of Mahomet II.,’ x

Crusade, the Fourth, 1; the Crusaders’ share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 3; mischief wrought by, in and around the city, 13; their lawlessness, 14

Dalmata, John: with Constantine in final assault, 350

Dan, prince (of the Wallachs): does homage to Murad II., 156

Dandolo, doge of Venice (1192), 1, 4 _sq._ 39, 49

Dante: helped to Western appreciation of Greek literature, 404

Danube, the: the highway between the Black and the North Seas, 23

David, emperor (Trebizond): defeated by Mahomet II., 388

Demetrius, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201

Demetrius, brother of John VII.: refused to sign Act of Union, 127

Derrybeys: meaning of the term, 222

Dervish sects: character of their religion, 171 _n._

Diedo, Alexis (Aloysius), naval officer: in the great siege, 220 _sq._; admiral of the fleet, 250; defence of boom against Turks, 291; escaped, with his galleys and some Venetian refugees, 369

Dnieper, the: the commerce of, 23

Documents relating to siege of Constantinople unknown to Gibbon, xiii _sq._

Dolma Bagtche, palace of, 233

Double Columns (Diplokionion), the, 233, 291

Double Procession, the: discussions on, at Florence, 125 _sq._

Drakul, prince of Wallachia, 164, 170

Dromon: meaning of the word as applied to ships, 235

Ducas, John, Emperor (of Nicaea, 1258–60: a boy; successor of Theodore Lascaris II.), 16

Egypt, sultan of (known to Crusaders as sultan of Babylon), 60

Elephants employed in battle by Timour, 143

Elias Pasha, abettor of Mustafa, 115 _n._, 154

Elizabeth, mother of young king Ladislaus: her successful resistance of Murad II. in Hungary, 157

Emperor: the title assumed by rulers of Trebizond and Nicaea, 5

England: destructiveness of Black Death in (1348), 190 _n._, 191

Epirus, 5, 7; the despot of, 8 _sq._

Erasmus: promoted study of Greek, 410

Ertogrul (or Orthogrul), father of Othman or Osman, the founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60

Eugenius IV,. Pope, great struggle for Union of the Churches, 120 _sqq._; summons Western princes to help the empire, 129; preaches a new Crusade (1428 and 1442), 157, 159; said to have approved violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163; encouraged study of Greek, 406

Eugenius, Tower of, 221

Europe, Eastern: its gigantic struggle in fifteenth century against hordes of Asia, Turks and Tartars, 132

Eyoub, standard-bearer of the Prophet, 230

Ferrara, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1437), 123; outbreak of plague, 125; Council transferred to Florence, 125

Firelocks or fusils (throwing leaden balls): used by the Turks in siege, 269, 325

Flatanelas, an imperial naval commander, 258; gallant conduct in battle with Baltoglu, 263 _sq._

Florence, Council of (for Union, transferred from Bâle, 1439): the chief representatives on both sides, 125; the subjects of discussion, 125 _sq._; Union signed, 127; analysis of opinions represented in the Council, _ib._

Foscari, doge of Venice (1451), 203

Foss, the, from Seraglio Point to Aivan Serai, 238; still in good condition, 239; its dams, 240; attack on, from the ‘bastion,’ 293 _sq._

Francisco of Toledo, Don: with Constantine in final assault, 350

Franco, standard-bearer at Varna, 167 _sq._

Frederic, Emperor: his excommunication (1245), 15 _sq._

Frederic, King of Sicily (1313), 40 _sq._

Frenchmen among fighting men of the Latins, 19 _n._

Fustae (vessels), description of, 234

Galata, a village near Varna, 165

Galata of Pera (the Genoese colony), 237, 243; its surrender to Mahomet II., 370 _sqq._

Galata, Tower of (formerly called Tower of Christ), 221, 281, 371

Galley: its meaning in fifteenth century, 235

Gates of Constantinople: Adrianople, 236, 239 _sq._, 243 _sq._, 343; Caligaria (now called Egri Capou or Crooked Gate), 249, 332; Chariseus, 293 _n._; Civil Gates, 243; Cresu (probably Chariseus or Adrianople Gate), 246 _n._; Golden, 19 _n._, 73, 114, 130 _n._, 133; Hedjoum Capou (‘Gate of the Assault’), 240, 310; Horaia, 250, 360, 363; Kerkoporta (Porta Xylokerkou): the results of its postern gate being neglected, 342 _sqq._, 351; Military Gates, 239 _sq._, 243, 245; Pegè (or Gate of the Springs): now Silivria Gate), 18, 19 _n._, 239; Psamatia, 322; Rhegium (now called Mevlevihana Capou), 245; St. Eugenius, 322; St. Kyriakè, 240; St. Romanus (formerly known as the Pempton), 114, 236 _n._, 283, 290, 350; St. Theodosia, 250 _n._; Top Capou (Cannon Gate), 236, 239 _sq._, 243, 356; Triton, 239; Xyloporta (Woodgate), 114, 243

Genghis Khan, a Mongol: his followers mainly Turks, 52, 54; married a Christian, 54

Gennadius. _See_ Scholarius, George

Genoese, in occupation of Galata, 17; made alliance with Emperor Michael, _ib._; defeat of Catalans, 46; colony at Galata, 77; rivalry with Venetians: a battle between them in the Bosporus, _ib._; joined with Turks against Constantinople, 78; bought off with a concession of territory by Cantacuzenus, 78; their defeat (1379) of Venetians, 95; colonists desire to acknowledge Timour as suzerain, 146, 148; the size of their ships, 154 _n._; their hatred of Venetians, 157 _n._; preparations against the great siege, 220; joined with Venetians in defence of Constantinople (1453), 247 _sq._; ships bringing aid to the city attacked by Turks, 259; Turks defeated, 265; Genoese accused of giving aid to Mahomet II., 270; their relations with him, 287; quarrels, during siege, with Venetians, 288; discussion of charge of treachery brought against them, 303; Mahomet ordered them to prevent help being sent clandestinely to the city, 320; escape of some galleys, with refugees from the captured city, 370

Germanus, patriarch, succeeded Arsenius, 28

Giant’s Mountain, the, 164

Gibbon: his ‘Decline and Fall’ needs rectification by new sources of information, v _sq._; the sources he used were vitiated by prejudices, vii; bias caused by his own principles, _ib._; criticism of his statement that the Greeks’ spirit of religion was productive only of animosity and discord, 306

Godfrey de Bouillon, 97 _n._

Godfrey, imperial Grand Huntsman, 98

Grant, John (a German): a defender in the great siege, 249; his skilful countermining of the Turks, 292

Greek Empire: influence of Hellenism upon, 399; deep love of the people for the old Greek language and literature, 400; this formed a strong bond of union, _ib._; dark periods of literature, 401; disappearance of books after 1204, _ib._; in Constantinople there was always a considerable number of scholars and students, 402; these helped to preserve Greek language and literature, _ib._; departure of Greek scholars to the West began with the Latin conquest, 403; their dispersion introduced to Western Europe new ideals, 413. _See also_ Renaissance

Greek fire: the use of, 263

Greeks: their condition in Constantinople after 1204, 3, 5, 13

Gregory, patriarch, a favourer of Union: deposed (1450), 202; restored, 205

Gregory IX., Pope, 11

Gregory X., Pope: negotiations with Michael VIII. for Union, 32; the reconciliation of 1274, 34

Gregory XI., Pope: efforts against Moslem progress, 92; and for Union, 93

Grione, Zacharia, naval officer: a defender in the great siege, 266; helped in Coco’s scheme, 281

Gul Jami (Mosque of the Rose): formerly church of St. Theodosia, 360

Guy de Lusignan, 90

Hagia Sophia, 204 _sq._, 297 _sq._; shunned by Greeks after the Union, 301; the last Christian service in, 330; crowded with refugees after the capture, 365; these taken captive or slain by Turks, 366; gross treatment of the church and its contents, 366 _sq._; wanton destruction of books, 367

Halil Pasha, a Turkish leader friendly to the Greeks, 158; grand vizier of Mahomet II., 209, 212; chief officer under the sultan, 244; endeavoured to induce the sultan to abandon siege, 318; his final command, 325

Halil, son of Orchan, 102

Hamoud, Admiral, successor of Baltoglu, 322, 325; failure of his fleet’s operations, 359; destroyed Greek ships at Galata, 370

Harmanli, battle of: Serbians and Bulgarians defeated by Turks (1371), 105

Hassan, a gigantic Janissary, 348

Helepoles: Greek name for cannon, 293

Henry, Emperor (Latin, 1205–16: brother and successor of Baldwin), 7 _sqq._

Henry III. (England), 11

Henry IV. (England): refused aid to Manuel, 112

Heraclia, Bishop: his rejection of Union, 127 _sq._

Hexamilion, rampart of, 172

Hieron: question of its situation, 164 _n._

Hilarion, a valiant monk, 63

Histodokè (in a trireme): its use, 234

Holy Apostles, church of the: presented by Mahomet to patriarch Gennadius, 384

Holy Cross, Tower of, 371

Holy Gates, the (in a Greek church), 36

Honorius III., Pope, 9

Houlagou, grandson of Genghis Khan: his ravages in Asia Minor, 53; married Prester John’s granddaughter, 55; men of various religions in his army, 55

Hungary: king of (1318), 40; a great host of Tartars there, 64; in communication with Mahomet II., 311 _n._, 312

Hunyadi, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania: in chief command of combined forces against Murad II., 159; his previous successful operations against Turks, _ib._; his victory at Slivnitza (1443), 160; the treaty of Szegedin: not signed by Hunyadi, 161; he reluctantly consents to its violation, 163; battle of Varna, 164 _sqq._; complete defeat of Christians, 170; again defeated, at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 _sq._; Hunyadi’s loss of reputation, 175; made a truce with Mahomet II., 213; nicknamed ‘Black John’ by Turks, 228; the price he demanded for aid to the emperor in the great siege, 268 _n._; no aid came from him, _ib._; in communication with Mahomet II., 312; his agents said to have instructed Turks in use of great bombard, _ib._

Ibrahim Bey: his revolt against Mahomet II., 211 _sq._

Iconostasis, the (in a Greek church), 36 _n._

Impalement of captives: practised by Turks, 253

Innocent III., Pope, 1, 6; foretold the evil effects of the capture of Constantinople by Crusaders, 20, 30, 49

Innocent V., Pope: sent preaching friars to Constantinople, 35

Innocent VI., Pope: relations, about Union, with John V., 90

Iradè (Turkish edict) issued by Mahomet II., 315

Isa, son of Bajazed, 143 _sq._, 149

Isaac, Emperor, 4

Isaac Pasha, vizier of Mahomet II., 209; head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243, 325

Isidore, metropolitan of Russia, 125; made Cardinal by Eugenius IV., 128; legate of Nicholas V. at Constantinople, 203, 220; took part in defence at the great siege, 250; his fate after the capture, 374

Isidore, patriarch, 75

Iskender Bey (_i.e._ Alexander Bey = George Castriotes; also known as Scanderbeg), an Albanian leader, 158; in possession of Albania and Macedonia, 161; prevented from joining Ladislaus against Murad II., 163; Iskender’s origin, 172; his capture of Croya, 172 _sq._; in the battle of Cossovo-pol (1448), 174 _sq._; twice repels Murad’s attempts to recapture Croya, 202; siege of Sventigrad: losses of Turks, _ib._

Islam: growth of its influence, 102; its character as a religion, 209 _n._

Islands, Greek: surrender of, to Mahomet, 381

Ismail of Sinope: endeavours to persuade Greeks to surrender on terms, 317

Ismidt, Gulf of: Turks build a fortress on (1395), 110

Italians; the number who took part in defence of Constantinople (1453), 247; their chivalrous conduct, 248

Jacoub: strangled by his brother, Bajazed, 133

Jagarus: supposed repairer of walls of the city: embezzled the money, 242

Janissaries, 103; fought at battle of Nicopolis, 135; at Angora (1402), 144; at battle of Varna, 167; at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174; the body founded by Sultan Orchan, 103, 223; origin and source of their supply, 224; strictness of their training and discipline, 225; _esprit de corps_, 226; developed into an _imperium in imperio_, 227; resemblance between them and the Knights Templars, _ib._; Janissaries completely devoted to the sultan, _ib._; success of sultans largely due to the New Troops, 228; their prowess turned the disaster of Varna into a great victory, _ib._; their position in the grand assault, 323; their attack, 340; the incident at the Kerkoporta, 341; their final charge, 348; stockade captured, 349; complete success, 350; young Greek nobles placed in the corps after the capture, 381

John V. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1341–91; son of Andronicus III.): on account of John’s youth, Cantacuzenus was associated with his mother (Anne of Savoy) as regent, 70; in 1342 John Cantacuzenus was proclaimed joint emperor, _ib._; the strife which followed: civil war, 71; John’s marriage to Helen, daughter of Cantacuzenus, 73; a remarkable coronation service: of the two emperors, their wives, and the dowager empress, _ib._; vicious character of John, 74; persistent animosity of the partisans of both emperors, 75; alliance and aid of Turks called in, against Serbians, 75 _sq._; John’s quarrels with his father-in-law, 78; treatment of Matthew Cantacuzenus, 79; causes abdication of his co-emperor, 80; John’s speedy disposal of Matthew, 87; his dislike of religious controversies, _ib._; alliance with Sultan Murad, 88; political basis of his views about Union, 39; appeal to the pope, 90; unsatisfactory results, 90 _sq._; visit to Rome: little help gained, 92; relations with Murad, 94; cruel treatment of his son Andronicus, and the son’s retaliation, _ib._; his son Manuel co-emperor, 94 _sq._; further domestic troubles, 95; death of John V. (1391), 96; his practical vassalage to the Turks, 96, 101; formally recognised (1373) Sultan Murad as his suzerain, 104

John Cantacuzenus, joint emperor with John V. (1342–55); held the dignity of Grand Domestic, 70; associated with Anne of Savoy as regent, _ib._; proclaimed joint emperor, _ib._; the civil war and decadence of the empire which followed, 70 _sqq._; married his daughter Theodora to Sultan Orchan, and his daughter Helen to John V., 72; financial difficulties, 74; calls in Turkish aid against the Serbians, 76; a medley of incidents between the partisans of the two emperors, 76 _sqq._; nomination of Matthew Cantacuzenus as co-emperor with his father, 78 _sq._; Cantacuzenus retires to the monastery of Mount Athos (1355), 80; his death (1380), _ib._; his character, 84 _sqq._; his History, 85; his mother a Bogomil, 87

John VII. (sometimes called John V.: Palaeologus), Emperor (1425–48: nephew of Manuel II.): co-emperor with his uncle, 110; his appeals for aid from West, 115; conditions on which help was promised: Union and acknowledgment of papal supremacy, 116; position of empire in regard to the Turks in 1425, 119; the great attempt at Reunion, 120 _sqq._; the Council on Union: Bâle (1431), 121; Ferrara (1438): John with imperial representatives present, 124; Florence (1439), 125; Union signed, 127; hotly opposed in Constantinople, 127 _sqq._; events of John’s last years, 129; his death: summary of his reign, 130; terms of peace (1423) with Murad, 155; John does homage to the sultan, 156

John, grandson of John V.: made co-emperor with his grandfather and his uncle Manuel, 95

John, Emperor (Trebizond), 387

John of Brienne, Emperor (Latin, 1228–37: successor of Robert), 10

John, King (England), 10

John the Bastard, despot of Epirus, 35

John XXI., Pope: sent nuncios to Constantinople (1276), 35

John XXII., Pope: reply to Andronicus III.’s appeal for aid, 69

John of Austria, Don: victory over Turks at Lepanto (1571), 416

John, patriarch, 75

John, Father (head of Dominicans, 1439), 125

Joseph, patriarch: succeeded Germanus, and formally absolved Michael VIII., 28 _sq._; obliged to resign office, 31; his restoration, 37

Justiniani: a commercial company in Chios, 133 _n._

Justiniani, John: a Genoese soldier of great reputation, 220; commander-in-chief of imperial forces at the great siege, _ib._; his preparations: closes the harbour by a boom, 221; disposition of the few troops under his command, 249; erects a stockade to defend the walls where the attack was fiercest, 255, 283; defeats Turks in their first assault, 256; shares in scheme for attack on Turkish vessels, 279; is alleged to have advised the emperor to leave the city, 286; led the defence against attack at Turks’ ‘bastion,’ 294; Justiniani’s loyalty, bravery, and continuous labours in the siege, 303, 309; description of his stockade, 309; high esteem in which he was held, 310; influence of his energy and courage upon his troops, _ib._; he led the defenders against Bashi-Bazouks, 336; and against Janissaries, 341, 345; Justiniani mortally wounded: retires within the walls, 345; his death, 346; his departure creates a panic among the forces, 346 _sq._, 352; partisan charges against him, 347, 352

Kahriè Mosque, 413 _n._

Knights of Rhodes, 93, 146, 151

Knights Templars, 53 _sq._, 227

Konia, sultan of, 387

Ladislaus, King of Poland (1428), 129, 157; crowned King of Poland and Hungary (1440), 158; at the battle of Slivnitza, 160; the treaty made after the battle: immediately violated by Ladislaus, 161; he was killed in the battle of Varna, 169

Languages, various, in the Greek empire, 187

Lascaris, Theodore, emperor of Nicaea (1204–22): struggle with Baldwin and Henry (Baldwin’s successor), 6; Lascaris’s success: extent of his territory, 7

Lascaris, Theodore II., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1254–58; son and successor of John Vataces): his prosperous reign, 15; increase of territory, 16

Lazarus, Kral of Serbia (son of Stephen): effort against Turks, 107; utterly defeated by them at Cossovo-pol (1389), 108; fate of Lazarus, _ib._; in battle of Angora, 143; does homage to Murad II., 156

Leontius of Salonica: first Professor of Greek in any Western country, 405

Loredano, Admiral (Venetian), 285, 296

Louis, King of Hungary, 91, 93

Louis of Blois, Count, 4 _sq._

Lycus, valley of the, 239, 283

Lydia, sultan of, 100

Lyons, Council of (1245), 15; the apparent reconciliation of East and West in 1274, 34

Lysippus, the bronze horses of, 22

Macedonia, kingdom of: included in empire of Theodore Lascaris II., 16

Mahmoud, head of Turkish Asiatic troops, 243

Mahomet, the Prophet; his promise to captors of New Rome, 230

Mahomet I., Sultan (1413–20, son of Suliman): the first of the name in Ottoman dynasty, 113; proclaimed himself Grand Sultan of the Ottomans, 151; conciliatory relations with Manuel II., _ib._; breach caused by Manuel’s treatment of Mustafa, 152; death of Mahomet, _ib._

Mahomet II., Sultan (1451, son of Murad II.): his aim from boyhood, to capture Constantinople, 207; two sides of his character: student and bloodthirsty tyrant, 207 _sqq._; his accession, 209; puts to death his infant brother, 210; his great military skill: relations with his troops, _ib._; secret preparations for the siege, 211; Constantine and other rulers send him conciliating embassies, 211; makes a truce with Hunyadi, 213; active preparations: Roumelia-Hissar, _ib._; reply to emperor’s remonstrances, 214; the fortress completed: Mahomet declares war, 216; capture of ships, 217; the sultan’s address to the pachas, _ib._; he devastates country round the city, 218; composition and numbers of his army, 222 _sqq._; Urban’s great bombard, 231; details of Mahomet’s fleet, 232 _sqq._; army arrives before the walls, 235; he makes formal offer of peace: the reply, 236; disposition of his forces, 243 _sqq._; number and disposition of his cannon, 244 _sq._; size of the guns and of the balls they threw, 245 _sq._; their great influence on the siege, 252; capture of fortresses outside the city, 253

Mahomet II.--The Siege: city invested, 254; first bombardments and their effects, 255; attacks that failed, 256 _sq._; attempt to capture aid-bearing ships: a failure, 257 _sqq._; sultan a spectator of the fight, 266; Baltoglu degraded, 267; attempt to gain possession of Golden Horn: transports vessels overland, 269; his reasons for this, 270 _sqq._; concealment of his design, _ib._; its success, 276; alleged request for peace by Constantine, and sultan’s reply, 277; failure of Greek attack on Turkish fleet, 277 _sqq._; attacks on city walls, 283; and on the boom, 287, 290; Mahomet’s relations with Genoese, 287 _sq._, 291, 304; his secret and rapid construction of a wooden turret or ‘bastion,’ 292 _sqq._; lack of success of his attempts at undermining, 295; the work done in first six weeks of siege, 298; preparations for a general assault, 307; effect of cannonading on the walls, 308; Justiniani’s stockade, 309; relations of the sultan with Hunyadi, 312

Mahomet II.--The last days of the Siege: the sultan orders his forces to observe three days of praise to God and one day of fasting, 315; he hesitates to attack, _ib._; alarmed at the strange phenomena of May 22–26, 316; employs Ismail of Sinope to offer terms of surrender to Greeks, 317; proposal rejected, 318; sultan calls council, and decides upon attack, 319; personally makes final arrangements, 320; proclaims three days of plunder, _ib._; speech to the pashas, 323; disposition of the leaders of divisions, 325; the general assault, 335; begun by Bashi-Bazouks: their defeat, 335; the sultan puts himself at the head of his reserves: the attack by Janissaries, 340; their success, 348; stockade captured, 349; death of Constantine: Mahomet enters the city, 351

Mahomet II.--After the Capture: his rage at the escape of many refugees, 370; treatment of surrendered Galata, 371 _sq._; triumphal entry into Constantinople, 372; in St. Sophia: makes it a mosque, 373; his treatment of eminent captives, 373 _sqq._; makes the city a desolation, 377; attempts to repeople it, 380; tries to get Greeks to settle in it, 381; placed young Greek nobles in the corps of Janissaries, _ib._; treatment of surrendered Greek islanders, _ib._; tolerates Christian worship, 382; his intercourse with new patriarch, George Scholarius (Gennadius), 383; later attempts at repeopling, 384; brings back fugitives, 385; subjugates empire of Trebizond, 386

Mahomet II.--His Character: he conquered two empires and seven kingdoms, 388; his wars were wholly for conquest _ib._; he improved Turkish fleet, 389; reformed the administration, _ib._; legitimised the slaughter of younger brothers by Ottoman sultans, 390; was reckless of human life: examples of his cruelty, 390 _sq._; yet he was kind to prisoners of war, 392; he knew six languages, _ib._; his studies, _ib._; drew learned men to his court, 393; his religious opinions: he was not a religious fanatic, 394 _sqq._; the good and the evil in him, 396 _sqq._

Maine, Sir Henry, 186

Mango Khan, 54

Manuel II. (Palaeologus), Emperor (1391–1425: son of John V.): had been given by his father as hostage to Murad, 104; associated with his father in the government, 106; had with him, to render military service to the sultan, their suzerain, _ib._; father and son compelled Philadelphia to surrender to Murad, 107; Manuel escapes, as hostage, from Bajazed, and is proclaimed at Constantinople as sole emperor, 109; the empire attacked on every side by Turks, _ib._; Manuel’s arrangement with the pretender, his nephew John, 110; Hungarian cooperation with the emperor: their crushing defeat at Nicopolis (1396), _ib._; help from Venice and the Genoese: small results, 111; Manuel’s resultless visit to France and England, 111 _sq._; Bajazed’s three attempts to capture Constantinople, 112; Manuel gave his granddaughter in marriage to Suliman, Bajazed’s successor, _ib._; friendly relations with Sultan Mahomet I., 113, 151 _sq._; war with Murad II., _ib._; his unsuccessful siege of the city (1422), 114, 154; death of Manuel, 115, 155

Manuscripts and books: huge drafts by Italian scholars upon the stores of, in Constantinople, 406; numbers destroyed for the sake of their costly bindings, 411; treatment of those in Constantinople in 1453 and after, 411 _sq._

Martin IV., Pope: threatens to depose Michael VIII., 36

Matthew Cantacuzenus (son of John), 73 _n._, 75; associated with his father in government, 79; chosen as his father’s successor, _ib._; John V.’s treatment of him after his father’s retirement, 87

Maundeville, Sir J., 54, 55 _n._, 56 _n._, 65 _n._, 191

Medici, Cosimo de’, 407

Mersaite, a Mahdi: at siege of Constantinople (1422), 114

Mesoteichion, 236, 240, 349

Michael VIII., Emperor (of Nicaea, 1260–61: succeeded John Ducas; was Emperor of the East 1261–82): negotiations of Baldwin with him, 16; Michael’s efforts to subdue the Latin Empire, 17; alliance with Genoese, _ib._; details of his capture of Constantinople, 18 _sqq._; his entry into the city: end of Latin empire, 19; difficulties in his new position, 25; he was really a usurper: his cruel treatment of the _de jure_ heir, John, son of Theodore Lascaris, 26; his excommunication therefor, 27; efforts to obtain absolution, 27 _sqq._; troubles caused by Latin attempts to recover the empire, 29; threatening encroachment of Turks, _ib._; to gain aid from West he seeks reconciliation with Roman Church, 30; details of strife about Union of the Churches, 30 _sqq._; Michael’s endeavours in favour, 33; double failure: with popes and with his own people, 36; his death, _ib._

Michael IX. (Palaeologus), co-emperor with his father, Andronicus II. (died 1320), 37; married sister of king of Armenia, 38; expedition against Catalans, 45 _sq._

Military colonies in conquered territories, Turkish system of, 189

Miners, Serbian, employed as sappers by Turks, 291

Minotto, Venetian bailey, 249; his fate after the siege, 373

Missions, Christian: their great value in Turkey, 424 _n._

Montferrat, Boniface, Marquis of, 1; struggle with Emperor Baldwin, 4 _sq._; killed in battle, 8

Moscow: destroyed by Tartars (1239), 53

Mousa, son of Bajazed, 113; captured at Angora, 143 _sq._; quarrels with his brother, Suliman, 149; forms an army of Turks and Wallachs, _ib._; attacks Manuel: his devastations, 150; ultimate defeat: put to death by his brother, Mahomet I., 157

Murad (or Amurath) I., Sultan (1359–89, son and successor of Orchan): fanatical persecutor, 103; organisation of Janissaries, _ib._; endeavours to carry out in Europe his father’s policy in Asia Minor, _ib._; contests with other Turks, and with Hungarians, Serbians, and Bulgarians, 103 _sq._; John V. formally recognised him as his suzerain, 104; defeat of Serbians &c. at Harmanli, 105; treatment of his rebel son, Countouz, 106; obliges John V. to pay him annual tribute and render military service, _ib._; Murad’s captures of towns and strongholds, 107; the crushing defeat of Serbians &c. at Cossovo-pol, 107 _sq._; assassination of Murad, 108

Murad II., Sultan (1420–51: son of Mahomet I.): relations with Manuel II., 152; question of the pretender Mustafa, 152 _sq._; rebellion in behalf of Murad’s young brother, Mustafa, 154; siege of Constantinople (1422): why it was raised, _ib._; terms of peace (1423), 155; triumphal progress of Murad, 156 _sqq._; sovereigns do homage to him, 156; attacks Hungary and Serbia, 157; fails in siege of Belgrade, 158; refuses to attack Constantinople during John’s absence at Florence, _ib._; combined Western movement against Murad, 158 _sq._; Turkish defeats by Hunyadi: Slivnitza, 160; Murad sues for peace, 161; treaty with King Ladislaus: its terms, _ib._; soon violated, by Christians, _ib._; Murad abdicates in favour of his young son, Mahomet, 162; resumes his duties to repel army of Ladislaus, 164; helped by Genoese to cross Bosporus, _ib._; battle of Varna, 165 _sqq._; crushing defeat of Christians, 170; Murad ravages Morea, 171; attacks the Albanians: is defeated by Iskender Bey, 172; Hunyadi again attacks Murad, but is defeated at Cossovo-pol (1448), 174; death of Murad (1451), 178; character, _ib._

Mustafa, son of Bajazed, 143

Mustafa, brother of Murad II.: his revolt and punishment, 114, 115 _n._, 152, 154

Myriandrion, 240, 249, 339

Neophytus, a monk: embezzler of public moneys, 242

Nicaea: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 58; captured by Orchan, 98; its present condition, 101

Nicholas IV., Pope: promotes project of marriage of Catherine of Courtenay to the son of Andronicus II., 37

Nicholas V., Pope: calls upon Constantine to complete the decreed Union, 202; reconciliation of the Churches apparently effected (1452), 203 _sq._; the pope sends 200 men to help emperor, 220; he was the first ‘humanist’ pope, and founder of Vatican library, 407

Nicopolis: combined Western armies defeated at (1396), 110, 134; details of the battle, 135

Notaras, Lucas; made Grand Duke, 155; a defender in the great siege, 250; directed the countermining in siege 292; his treatment by Mahomet, 374

Orchan, Sultan (son and successor of Othman): married a daughter of Cantacuzenus, 72; sent an army to assist his father-in-law against partisans of John V., _ib._; and another to help Matthew Cantacuzenus against Serbians, 73 _n._; John V. endeavoured to gain his aid, 78; capture of Nicaea, 97; conciliatory treatment of Christians, 98; varied successes and disasters, 98 _sq._; capture of Ismidt (Nicomedia), 99; relations with John V., 101 _sq._; Orchan’s death (1359): summary of what he had effected, 102; he was the maker of the Turkish nation, _ib._

Orchan, son (or grandson) of Suliman: his maintenance at Constantinople, 150, 211 _sq._, 213; a defender in the great siege, 250; his fate after the capture, 377

Orthogrul. _See_ Ertogrul

Othman (or Osman), founder of Ottoman dynasty, 60; attacks upon Greek empire, 61; obtained a fleet, _ib._; took title of Sultan (1299), _ib._; defeated imperial troops, _ib._; divided territory acquired with other chiefs, _ib._; attempted to capture Rhodes, 63; siege and capture of Brousa, 64; his death (1327), _ib._; his work, 97

Ottoman Turks, 54; made a separate nationality by Orchan, 102; contests with other Turks, 103; spread in Europe, 104, 107

Ottoman coins, the first, 98

Overland transport of Mahomet II.’s ships, 269, 272; similar feats performed before, 272 and _n._; the plan and execution kept secret, _ib._; attention diverted from it, 273 _sq._; precautions against opposition, 274; the number of vessels, 275; method of transport, _ib._; distance traversed, 276; size of the vessels, 276 _n._; discussion of question of the route adopted, 443 _sqq._

Oxford: Grocyn and Linacre taught Greek at (_temp._ Henry VII.), 410; the opponents to this novelty called themselves ‘Trojans,’ _ib._

Pammacaristos, monastery, 152

Parandaria, description of, 235

Parateichion, the, 239

Pera (modern name Stavrodromion), 273

Peribolos, 114, 238

Peter of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1217–19: successor of Henry), 8 _sq._

Petrarch: promoted study of Greek, 404

Petroboles: Greek name for cannon, 293

Philadelphia: surrendered to Turks (1379), 107

Philelphus: wide range of his scholarship, 407 _sq._

Philip Augustus, King (France), 11

Philotheus, patriarch, 78

Photius, patriarch (877–85): disappearance of two thirds of works enumerated in ‘Myriobiblion,’ 401

Phrantzes: Mahomet II.’s treatment of him and his family, 374

Piccolomini, Aeneas Silvius: statement that Eugenius IV. justified violation of treaty of Szegedin, 163 _n._; on the number of Turks at Cossovo-pol in 1448, 174 _n._; his depreciation of Turkish valour, 176; on the very large number of manuscripts at Constantinople (1453), 412 _n._

Plague, the, 125, 189

Plato: study of, in Constantinople, 196

Plethon, George Gemistos, 196; a favourer of Union, 204; his body brought for burial from Morea to Florence, 407

Podestà, the, of Galata, 271, 304; his account of surrender of Galata, 371

Poland: attacked by Tartars, 53

Pomaks (Bulgarians who have accepted Islam), 58 _n._

Porphyrogenitus, palace, 73, 243, 290

Prester (or Presbyter) John, 55

Prinkipo, island of, 77; treatment of its defenders by Baltoglu, 253

Printing with moveable types: Greek scholars scorned printed Greek books, 408

Purgatory and intermediate state of souls: the question treated at Council of Florence, 126

Pusculus: his account of the siege of Constantinople, in Latin verse, xii

Ramazan, observance of, 315

Rangebè, Greek general: encounter with standard-bearer of Mahomet II., 289

Red Horse-tail surmounted by Golden Crescent (Timour’s standard), 143

Relics in Constantinople: sold by Latins to raise money, 12, 14

Religion: the influence of, on Greeks and Moslems respectively, 447 _sqq._

Renaissance, the: its rise and effects, 129; benefits it derived from dispersal of Greek scholars from Constantinople, 403; learned Easterns taught Greek in Italy, 404 _sq._; enthusiasm in Italy for the study, 405; increase in reproduction of manuscripts, 408; scholars’ objection to printed Greek books, _ib._; increased number of fugitive scholars after 1453, _ib._; the Renaissance movement carried to unjustifiable extremes, 409; zeal for Greek died out in Italy, but spread in Germany, 410

Robert of Courtenay, Emperor (Latin, 1219–28: successor of Peter), 9, 14

Rocafert, 47 _sq._

Roger de Flor (otherwise Robert Blum): his varied life, 42; to avoid personal troubles in West, he took service under Andronicus II., _ib._; his 8,000 followers: known as the Catalan Grand Company, 42 _sq._; made Grand Duke by the emperor, 43; as terrible to Christians as to Moslems, _ib._; examples of their methods and outrages, 43 _sq._; he desired to carve out a kingdom for himself, 44; treatment of the emperor, 45; suspected ill intentions towards Greeks, _ib._; assassinated by a leader of the Alans, 46; Catalans’ revenge and the retaliation, _ib._; further outrages by Catalans, 46 _sq._; at open war with Greeks, _ib._; emperor’s vain endeavours to buy them off, 47; dissensions in the Company, 48; its end, 49

Romanus Gate: discussion of view that it was the chief place of final assault on the city, 429 _sqq._

‘Roum,’ Turkish form of ‘Rome,’ 53 _n._

Roumelia-Hissar, 164 _n._; object of the fortress, 213 _sqq._; description, 216

Russia: Tartars long firmly established in, 53, 64

Sacred Mouth, The (entrance to Black Sea), 164

St. Demetrius, Tower of (‘Megademetrius’), 250; its position, 260 _n._

St. Louis of France, 11 _sq._, 16, 31 _sq._

St. Mark (Venice), treasures of: many came from Constantinople, 123

St. Sophia. _See_ Hagia Sophia

St. Theodore, Hill of, 273

St. Theodosia, church of: a congregation there, mostly women, the first victims after capture of city, 361

Salonica, kingdom of, 4 _sq._, 8; city captured by Murad II., 156 _sq._

Saracens, 23, 53 _sqq._, 69, 90 _sqq._

Saraja Pasha, 325

Savoy, Anne of, wife of Andronicus III., 70; her efforts towards union of the Churches, 89

Scanderbeg. _See_ Iskender

Schildberger, a Belgian present at battles of Nicopolis and Angora, 145 _n._

Scholarius, George, 126 _sq._; became a monk (Gennadius) at monastery of Pantocrator, 204; continued a strong opponent of Union, _ib._; after the capture he was made a slave, 382; brought back to Constantinople and made patriarch, 383; friendly intercourse with Mahomet, _ib._

Sea-fight of April 20, 1453: where it took place, 436 _sqq._

Seljukian Turks, 2, 6; their sultan called himself ‘Sultan of Roum,’ 53

Selymbria (modern Silivria): captured (1260) by Strategopulus, 17

Seraglio Point, 238, 244, 359

Serbians, 25; procured aid alike from Turks and Tartars, 99; their complete subjection to Turks, 107 _sq._

Shishman, king of Bulgaria, 134

Sicilian Vespers (1282), 36, 41

Sigismund, Emperor, 121

Sigismund, King (Hungary): defeated by Murad II., 157; co-operates with Manuel against Bajazed: battle of Nicopolis, 110, 134

Silivria. _See_ Selymbria

Slaves: captured Christians sold as, 78

Slivnitza, battle of (1443): Turks completely defeated by Hunyadi, 161

Smyrna: captured by Timour, 146

Sobieski, John: relief of Vienna, 416

‘Soldiers’: meaning of the term in the Crusades, 11 _n._

Sphendone of the Hippodrome, the, 260

Stamboul: derivation of name, 237 _n._

Stephen, kral of Serbia: his advance against the empire, 72; took title of Emperor of Serbia and Romania, 101

Stockade, Justiniani’s, 255

Strategopulus, Emperor Michael’s general, 17; his capture of Constantinople, 18 _sq._

Studium, fortress of, 253

Sublime Porte, The (or ‘The Lofty Gate’): meaning of the term, 58

Subutai, Tartar leader in Russia, 53

Suliman, Sultan (Bajazed’s successor, 1402–09): married Manuel’s granddaughter, 112; escape from Angora, 145; struggle with his brothers, 149; killed by Janissaries, _ib._

Suliman, son of Orchan, 101; defeat of Tartars in Asia Minor, _ib._; capture of Angora, 102

Supernatural omens: discussion of the strange phenomena at Constantinople (May 22–26, 1453), 296 _sqq._; the growth of a myth, 298; opinion of Turks about them, 316; conflicting accounts, 316 _n._

Supremacy, papal: not publicly discussed at Council of Florence, 126

Sventigrad, siege of, 202

Szegedin, treaty of (1444), 161; results of its speedy violation, 161 _sqq._

Tana, the great caravan route from, 23

Tarentum, Philip of, son-in-law of Charles of Valois, 39; failure of his designs against Constantinople, 40

Tartars, the, 31, 36, (the form ‘Tatars’ is incorrect) 52 and _n._, 53 _sq._, (a great number in Thrace in 1324) 64, 73 _n._, 99 _sq._; in Bajazed’s army at Angora, 144; their name derived by Crusaders from _Tartarus_, 53; later Greek authors use it as distinction from Ottoman Turks, 144 _n._

Teleboles, Greek name for cannon, 293

Tetaldi, a Florentine soldier: his ‘Informacion,’ xii; a defender in the siege, 311

Teucri: Turks called so by some Latin writers, 394 _n._, 410

Theodore, Greek despot of Epirus, 8; proclaimed emperor at Salonica (1222), 9

Theodosian walls (Constantinople), 238, 240

Theophilus Palaeologus, 350

Therapia, fortress of, 253

Thessalonica, kingdom of, 40

Thomas, brother of Constantine Dragases, 201

Time, Eastern mode of reckoning, 351 _n._

Timour, ruler of Tartars on Volga, 63

Timour (or Tamerlane: Timour the Lame), 55; his summons to Bajazed, 112; his origin and character, 139; enormous host of followers, _ib._; his career of conquest and barbarism, 139 _sq._; in Egypt, 140; kept from Jerusalem by a plague of locusts, _ib._; carnage attending his captures, 141; requests aid from West to crush the Turkish sultan (Bajazed), _ib._; battle of Angora (1402): Bajazed defeated and taken prisoner, 143 _sq._; Timour’s progress in conquest, 145; horrible cruelties, 147; his death, _ib._; results of battle of Angora, 147

Trajan, Gate of (Slivnitza), 160

Trebizond: its rulers assumed title of emperor, 5; the empire put an end to (1461) by Mahomet II., 387; summary of its history, _ib._

Trevisano, Gabriel: leading Venetian commander at the great siege, 220 _sq._; helped in Coco’s scheme, 281; with his men, is transferred to the defence of the walls at Aivan Serai, 289; defeats an attack by Zagan, 359; a prisoner in hands of Turks, 369

Triremes, description of, 234

Turkish mercenaries among defenders in the great siege, 250

Turks, the--Before 1326: Turkish auxiliaries in Greek army, and in Rocafert’s Catalan band 47 _sq._; their invasion of Europe, 53; origin and characteristics of the first hordes, 54 _sqq._; how they became Mahometans, 56; relations with Greek Christians in 1267, _ib._; permanent characteristics of Turkish race, 57 _sq._; domestic life, 59; a constant stream of immigrants from Central Asia westward, _ib._; their conquests were followed by settlement, but their nomadic character has remained, 60; their early chiefs, _ib._; first attacks upon Greek empire, 61; entry into Europe (1306–07), 62; progress in Asia Minor, _ib._; other Turkish invaders attack Russia, Poland, and Hungary, 63; capture of Brousa (1326), 64; their advance and successes under Orchan and his immediate successors, 98 _sqq._, 103 _sqq._, 107 _sqq._

Turks, the--After Timour: speedy recovery of their influence and territory after Timour’s death, 114, 155; their marvellous success over armies of Central Europe, 130; their prowess and methods in battle, 135; in 1402 they had possession of all outside the walls of Constantinople, 137; deterioration of their armies under Bajazed, 147; enter Bosnia (1415), 151; their increased numbers in Europe, 155; system of establishing military colonies in conquered territories, 189

Turks, the--At the Siege: details of their forces, 222 _sqq._; marvellous discipline and mobility of troops, 229; their methods of fighting, 230; Europeans among them, 231; constitution of Mahomet II.’s fleet, 232 _sq._; number and size of its vessels, 233 _n._; disposition of besiegers’ army, 243; duties of the fleet, 244; the batteries of cannon, 244 _sq._; arms and equipment of the men, 251; their skill in use of cannon, 252; a naval battle, 257 _sqq._; tactics and manner of fighting 262, 269; Turks murder captives, 283; failure of attempts at undermining walls, 291, 295; results of six weeks of siege, 298; ardour for final assault, 321; their fusiliers, 325; failure of first attacks, 335 _sq._; the great assault by Janissaries, 340 _sqq._; Turks enter the city through a neglected postern, 342; final charge, 348; the city captured, 350; failure of fleet’s operations, 359

Turks, the--After the Capture: Turks’ treatment of the people, 361; a morning’s massacre, 362; plunder organised: atrocities of looters, 364 _sqq._; innumerable books destroyed or sold, in mockery, for pence or even farthings, 367; not a few Christian renegades among the Turks, 368; their military reputation enormously increased by the capture, 415; extension of their power by sea and land, 416; their piracy and slave trade, _ib._; utter degradation of Constantinople, 417; treatment of Christians as mere chattels, _ib._; impoverishment due to Turks’ contempt for industry and commerce, 418; injury they did to religion and learning, 420; Turks’ treatment of women and marriage, 422 _n._; Turkish misrule, 424; the conquest had little effect on mass of Turkish population, 425; their religious intolerance only virulent at intervals, _ib._; only in the art of war have Turks benefited by their neighbours’ example, 426; present conditions of Christian nations in the vicinity of Turkey, 427

Uglisha, son of Kral Stephen, 105

Union of Orthodox and Roman Churches: details of the strife over, 31 _sqq._; the question revived by Andronicus III., 69 _sq._; Cantacuzenus, 75, 81 _sq._; Anne of Savoy and John V., 89, 91; Western misconceptions about Orthodox Church, 116; statement of position of Easterns, 166 _sqq._; Cæsaro-papism, 117; the position of the popes and the Westerns, 118 _sq._; the great effort at Reunion (1429): details of its progress, 120 _sqq._; decree signed at Council of Florence (1439), 127; disillusionment of Greeks, _ib._; variations in copies of Decree of Union, 128 and _n._; its formal completion demanded by Nicholas V. as condition of aid given to Constantine XI., 202; the Reconciliation service in Hagia Sophia (Dec. 1452), 203 _sq._; dissensions that followed, 204, 300; the reconciliation was a sham, 205

Unleavened bread (in the Mass): violent controversy about, at Council of Florence, 126

Urban, Hungarian cannon-founder: made a monster bombard or gun for the great siege, 231; its conveyance to the city walls, 232; Urban killed by mishap which destroyed his great gun, 245

Urban IV., Pope: proclaimed (1262) a Crusade against Michael VIII. and against his allies the Genoese, 31; diverted the expedition to Palestine, against Tartars, _ib._

Urban V., Pope: Crusade against Saracens (1366), 91; efforts for Union, 91 _sq._

‘Valley of the Springs,’ the (now Cassim Pasha), 272

Valois, Charles of; object of his marriage with Catherine of Courtenay, 38; treaty with Venetians for conquest of Constantinople, _ib._; the design abandoned, 39

Varna, battle of, 165 _sqq._

Vataces, John Ducas (1222–54), successor of Theodore Lascaris at Nicaea: his successful rule, 9, 14; restricted boundaries of the Latin territory, _ib._; in alliance with Bulgarians, attacks Constantinople, 13; gets possession of Salonica, _ib._

Veccus, patriarch, 33, 37

Vefa Meidan: the pretended burial-place of Constantine at, 355 _n._

Venetians: their share in spoil of Constantinople (1204), 2; save Constantinople from attack of Vataces, 13; commerce of the city in their hands, 14; relations with Michael VIII., 32; treaty of alliance against Constantinople (1306) with Charles of Valois, 39; later made a truce with Andronicus II., 40; rivalry with Genoese in the Greek empire, 76; a battle between them in the Bosporus, 77; Venetian and Genoese fleets co-operate against Bajazed, 111; the nations again at war with each other, 112; Venetians made peace with Murad II., 157; preparations against the great siege, 220; their nobles took part in the defence, 221; Venetians and Genoese associated in it, 247 _sq._; Venetians quarrel during siege with Genoese, 288; both peoples alike were looked upon by Greeks as interlopers in Constantinople, 301; escape of some Venetians from the captured city, 369

Volunteers (Θεληματάριοι), Greek settlers in country behind Constantinople, 18

Wallachs, 149; treachery at Cossovo-pol, 174

Walls of Constantinople, 238–42

Weapons and implements of warfare: various names for, 251, 269

Western attempts against Turks: reasons for failure, 175; lack of knowledge of numbers of Turkish fighting men, 176; low estimate of the Turks as soldiers, _ib._; the lack of concerted action among Western powers, 177

Woolwich Artillery Museum: a great Turkish cannon there, 232 _n._

Ximenes, Fernand: head of a body of mercenaries in connection with Roger de Flor, 43, 48

Zacharia, A. J., Podestà of Galata: his account of the surrender of the town, 371

Zagan Pasha, 243, 271, 291 _sqq._, 319, 325, 359

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