Chapter 13

The Last Word

The evacuation of Richmond broke the back of the Confederate defense. Congress had adjourned. The legislative history of the Confederacy was at an end. The executive history still had a few days to run. After destroying great quantities of records, the government officials had packed the remainder on a long train that conveyed the President and what was left of the civil service to Danville. During a few days, Danville was the Confederate capital. There, Davis, still unable to conceive defeat, issued his pathetic last Address to the People of the Confederate States. His mind was crystallized. He was no longer capable of judging facts. In as confident tones as ever he promised his people that they should yet prevail; he assured Virginians that even if the Confederate army should withdraw further south the withdrawal would be but temporary, and that "again and again will we return until the baffled and exhausted enemy shall abandon in despair his endless and impossible task of making slaves of a people resolved to be free."

The surrender at Appomattox on April 9, 1865, compelled another migration of the dwindling executive company. General Johnston had not yet surrendered. A conference which he had with the President and the Cabinet at Greensboro ended in giving him permission to negotiate with Sherman. Even then Davis was still bent on keeping up the fight; yet, though he believed that Sherman would reject Johnston's overtures, he was overtaken at Charlotte on his way South by the crushing news of Johnston's surrender. There the executive history of the Confederacy came to an end in a final Cabinet meeting. Davis, still blindly resolute to continue the struggle, was deeply distressed by the determination of his advisers to abandon it. In imminent danger of capture, the President's party made its way to Abbeville, where it broke up, and each member sought safety as best he could. Davis with a few faithful men rode to Irwinsville, Georgia, where, in the early morning of the 10th of May, he was surprised and captured. But the history of the Confederacy was not quite at an end. The last gunshots were still to be fired far away in Texas on the 13th of May. The surrender of the forces of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865, brought the war to a definite conclusion.

There remains one incident of these closing days, the significance of which was not perceived until long afterward, when it immediately took its rightful place among the determining events of American history. The unconquerable spirit of the Army of Northern Virginia found its last expression in a proposal which was made to Lee by his officers. If he would give the word, they would make the war a duel to the death; it should drag out in relentless guerrilla struggles; and there should be no pacification of the South until the fighting classes had been exterminated. Considering what those classes were, considering the qualities that could be handed on to their posterity, one realizes that this suicide of a whole people, of a noble fighting people, would have maimed incalculably the America of the future. But though the heroism of this proposal of his men to die on their shields had its stern charm for so brave a man as Lee, he refused to consider it. He would not admit that he and his people had a right thus to extinguish their power to help mold the future, no matter whether it be the future they desired or not. The result of battle must be accepted. The Southern spirit must not perish, luxuriating blindly in despair, but must find a new form of expression, must become part of the new world that was to be, must look to a new birth under new conditions. In this spirit he issued to his army his last address:

After four years of arduous service, marked by unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers and resources. I need not tell the survivors of so many hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of them; but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish nothing that could compensate for the loss that would have attended the continuation of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen.... I bid you an affectionate farewell.

How inevitably one calls to mind, in view of the indomitable valor of Lee's final decision, those great lines from Tennyson:

Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho' We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

There is no adequate history of the Confederacy. It is rumored that a distinguished scholar has a great work approaching completion. It is also rumored that another scholar, well equipped to do so, will soon bring out a monumental life of Davis. But the fact remains that as yet we lack a comprehensive review of the Confederate episode set in proper perspective. Standard works such as the History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, by J. F. Rhodes (7 vols., 1893-1906), even when otherwise as near a classic as is the work of Mr. Rhodes, treat the Confederacy so externally as to have in this respect little value. The one searching study of the subject, The Confederate States of America, by J. C. Schwab (1901), though admirable in its way, is wholly overshadowed by the point of view of the economist. The same is to be said of the article by Professor Schwab in the 11th edition of The Encyclopædia Britannica.

Two famous discussions of the episode by participants are: The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, by the President of the Confederacy (2 vols., 1881), and A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States, by Alexander H. Stephens (2 vols., 1870). Both works, though invaluable to the student, are tinged with controversy, each of the eminent authors aiming to refute the arguments of political antagonists.

The military history of the time has so overshadowed the civil, in the minds of most students, that we are still sadly in need of careful, disinterested studies of the great figures of Confederate civil affairs. Jefferson Davis, by William E. Dodd (American Crisis Biographies, 1907), is the standard life of the President, superseding older ones. Not so satisfactory in the same series is Judah P. Benjamin, by Pierce Butler (1907), and Alexander H. Stephens, by Louis Pendleton (1907). Older works which are valuable for the material they contain are: Memoir of Jefferson Davis, by his Wife (1890); The Life and Times of Alexander H. Stephens, by R. M. Johnston and W. M. Browne (1878); The Life and Times of William Lowndes Yancey, by J. W. Du Bose (1892); The Life, Times, and Speeches of Joseph E. Brown, by Herbert Fielder (1883); Public Life and Diplomatic Correspondence of James M. Mason, by his Daughter (1903); The Life and Time of C. G. Memminger, by H. D. Capers (1893). The writings of E. A. Pollard cannot be disregarded, but must be taken as the violent expression of an extreme partizan. They include a Life of Jefferson Davis (1869) and The Lost Cause (1867). A charming series of essays is Confederate Portraits, by Gamaliel Bradford (1914). Among books on special topics that are to be recommended are: The Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy by J. M. Callahan (1901); France and the Confederate Navy, by John Bigelow (1888); and The Secret Service of the Confederate States in Europe, by J. D. Bulloch (2 vols., 1884). There is a large number of contemporary accounts of life in the Confederacy. Historians have generally given excessive attention to A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, by J. B. Jones (2 vols., 1866) which has really neither more nor less value than a Richmond newspaper. Conspicuous among writings of this type is the delightful Diary from Dixie, by Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut (1905) and My Diary, North and South, by W. H. Russell (1862).

The documents of the civil history, so far as they are accessible to the general reader, are to be found in the three volumes forming the fourth series of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (128 vols., 1880-1901); the Journals of the Congress of the Confederate States (8 vols., 1904) and Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, edited by J. D. Richardson (2 vols., 1905). Four newspapers are of first importance: the famous opposition organs, the Richmond Examiner and the Charleston Mercury, which should be offset by the two leading organs of the Government, the Courier of Charleston and the Enquirer of Richmond. The Statutes of the Confederacy have been collected and published; most of them are also to be found in the fourth series of the Official Records.

Additional bibliographical references will be found appended to the articles on the Confederate States of America, Secession, and Jefferson Davis, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition.

INDEX A Alabama, represented at South Carolina convention, 3; secedes, 7; convention, 8; situation in, 74, 114-120; iron for munitions from, 106; questions of state sovereignty in, 116-119. Alabama, The (ship), 53, 135, 139. Anderson, Major Robert, transfers garrison to Sumter, 6; refuses Beauregard's demands, 15-16; see also Sumter. Antietam campaign, 53, 58. Appomattox, surrender at, 201. Arkansas, 14, 74, 112, 113, 114. Arman, shipbuilder of Bordeaux, 132, 133, 135, 140, 143-144. Army, composition and size of, 36-37; state armies, 38, 72; difficulty of enlisting, 76; lack of shoes for, 77-78; desertion, 110, 120, 162, 166; surrenders, 201-202; see also Conscription, Military policy. Ayer, L. M., of South Carolina, 88.

B Baldwin, of Virginia, tells of martial law, 84. Barksdale, Ethelbert, of Mississippi, 82, 84-85, 192. Beauregard, General P. G. T., and the surrender of Fort Sumter, 15-24; in Georgia, 148, 149. Benjamin, J. P., signs To Our Constituents, 3; Attorney-General, 27; Secretary of War, 34, 79 (note); Secretary of State, 34, 40; complaints against, 40, 63-64; life and character, 69-71; denounces Napoleon, 144; on extraconstitutional power, 185; attacked by Congress, 195; accepts policy of emancipation, 197. Blair, F. P., plan of reconciliation, 179-180. Blockade, 51, 56, 77, 105. Bocock, T. S., Speaker of House, 156. Bonds, see Finance. Boyce, of South Carolina, argument for peace, 175. Bragg, General Braxton, plan to invade Kentucky, 44; attitude toward press, 59; Davis's confidence in, 69; army conditions under, 96; resigns command, 113-114. Breckinridge, General J. C., Secretary of War, 79 (note). Brown, J. E., Governor of Georgia, on secession, 5, 6-7; on conscription, 65-66, 75-76; opponent of Administration, 145-149; motives, 174 (note). Bull Run, Battle of, see Manassas. Bullock, Captain James, 135-136. Butler, A. P., of South Carolina, 4.

C Cabinet, 14-15, 27, 34, 40, 69. Campbell, J. A., Confederate commissioner at Hampton Roads, 180. Canada, Confederate agents in, 126-127. Chancellorsville, 89. Charleston, 15 et seq., 97. Charleston Courier, 18, 21-22, 61-62, 94, 95, 97. Charleston Mercury, describes siege of Sumter, 20; opposes Administration, 33, 39, 43, 61-62, 95, 151, 152, 154; on conscription, 64; on Seddon's appointment, 79; on Impressment Act, 80; on Tax Act, 81; on suspension of habeas corpus, 82-83, 85-86; issue of conduct of war, 89, 90; account of President's visit to Charleston, 97; on peace, 175, 180; doubts upper South, 196; on negro soldiers, 196. Chattanooga, 113. Chestnut, James, 18 (note). Chevalier, Michel, 138. Chickamauga campaign, 96, 113. Clay, C. C., 127. Cobb, Howell, 146, 154-155. Cold Harbor, 126. Columbia and Augusta Railroad Company, 152-153. "Confederate Societies," 95. Confederate States, provisional government organized, 10-11; status of belligerent accorded by England, 35; clash with state authority, 38-40; archives threatened, 42; period of elation, 43-44; foreign affairs, 46 et seq.; 130 et seq.; secrecy of government, 59, 60, 65, 66; divided into separate units, 74; impotence of government, 160; anti-war factions in, 165-167; war ended, 202; see also Davis, South. Congress, Confederate, 9-11. Congress, U. S., House committee of thirty-three, 2, 13. Conscription, adopted, 37-38; constitutionality attacked, 39; Pollard's criticism of enforcement, 64; correspondence of Davis and Brown on, 65-66; Rhett's opinion of, 73; opposition to, 75-77; exemptions, 102, 123-124; hiring of substitutes, 103; failure of State and Confederate governments to coöperate, 116, 151; age limits, 122-123. Constitution, Confederate, 10-11. Corinth, 53. Cotton, to solve financial problem, 45-46; necessary to English, 46; effect of blockade, 51-57; powerless to coerce England, 56.

D Danville, Confederate capital, 200. Davis, Jefferson, signs To Our Constituents, 3; elected President in provisional Government, 11; as President, 15, 24 et seq.; from Mississippi, 29; born in Kentucky, 30; early life, 31-32; personal characteristics, 32; military activities, 33; criticism of, 33-34, 43, 61-65, 89-90, 159-160, 175; President at first regular election, 34; inauguration, 35-36; message to Congress (1862), 36; proposes conscription, 37; vetoes Texas Regiment Bill, 38; clash with state authority, 38-40; use of martial law, 40-42; at height of powers, 43; shortcomings, 67-69; relations with Lee, 68; Cabinet, 69; personal loyalty, 70; statecraft, 71; endorses "Confederate Societies," 95; journeys during Administration, 96-97; message to Congress (1863), 114; message to Congress (1864), 119-120; in Georgia, 144, 148-149; forced to reorganize army, 163-164; confident of Confederate success, 182, 196-197; signs compromise bill, 198; Address to the People of the Confederate States, 200-201; resolute to continue struggle, 201; capture at Irwinsville, Ga., 201. Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, quoted, 67-68, 163. Davis, Reuben, quoted, 67. Deserters, 110, 120, 162, 166. Desperadoes, 111, 166-167. Donelson, Fort, 36, 40, 58. Donoughmore, Lord, Mason interviews, 199. Draft, see Conscription.

E Egypt enters cotton competition, 56-57. Elmore, of Alabama, addresses South Carolina convention, 3. Emancipation, 184, 197, 198; Proclamation, 53, 77. England, attitude toward Confederacy, 35, 46-47, 54, 56, 198-199; mission to, 46; effort to coerce, 51-52; Mason in, 52-53; cotton famine in, 53; bitterness against, 77, 137-138; "Southern party," 135, 136; shipbuilding investigations, 135-136; decides France's attitude, 142. Erlanger, Émile, 54-56, 131, 133. Exemptions, 102, 123-124.

F Finance, 45, 48; specie seized, 49; "fifteen million loan," 49; war tax, 49-50; loans, 50; note issues, 50; "hundred million loan," 51; "Erlanger bonds," 54-56; price fixing, 78; 79, 80, 90-91, 95; Impressment Act, 80; tax in kind, 80-81, 91, 92, 125; licensing of occupations, 81, 91; income tax, 81, 91; property tax, 81; Funding Act, 81 (note), 125; financial breakdown, 157-158. Florida, 7, 74. Florida, The, Confederate cruiser, 139. Floyd, J. B., U. S. Secretary of War, resignation, 5, 6. Food situation, 77, 108-109, 160-161. Foote, H. S., 29, 84, 178, 179-180. Forey, General, dispatched to Mexico, 132. France, see Napoleon. France, Mexico, and the Confederate Slates, 138.

G Georgia, 74; secession issue in, 4-8; state sovereignty in, 65-66, 75-76; unrest in, 94, 158, 172; invaded, 127-129, 145-150. Gettysburg, Battle of, 88, 89. Grant, General U. S., crosses Rapidan, 126; at Cold Harbor, 126.

H Habeas corpus acts, 41, 59, 82-86, 116-118, 119-120; 122, 197. "Heroes of America," 120-121. Hindman, General T. C., 84. Holden, W. W., of North Carolina, 93, 170-171. Hood, General J. B., 129, 147. Hooker, of Mississippi, 3. Houston, Sam, Governor of Texas, 8-9. Hunter, R. M. T., Secretary of State, 34, 69; in Senate, 177; Confederate commissioner at Hampton Roads, 180; opposes levy of negro troops, 192. Huntsville (Ala.), 118-119.

I Impressment Act, 80, 90-91, 159. Index, The, Confederate foreign organ, 62 (note). India begins to export cotton, 56. Industries in the South, 105-107. Ismail Pasha, 56, 57.

J Johnson, H. V., 172. Johnston, A. S., 42-43. Johnston, General J. E., 69; succeeds Bragg in command, 114; lower South demands removal of, 128; superseded by Hood, 129; appeals for restoration of, 154, 156; restored to command, 164; surrenders, 201. Johnston, Fort, 17, 20.

K Kenesaw Mountain, 127. Kenner, D. J., dispatched to Europe, 197-198. Kentucky, 63; plan of Confederacy to win, 44.

L Labor, 100-102, 152-153. Laird rams controversy, 135-136, 137. Lee, General R. E., inspires army, 43-44; to invade Maryland, 44; and Davis, 68-69; demand of full command for, 154, 156; conspiracy to set up as dictator, 155; made commanding general, 163; opinion of peace project, 180; as statesman, 187-190; officers propose to continue fighting, 202-203; address to army, 203. Lee, Stephen, 18 (note). Lincoln, Abraham, reëlection, 175, 178; conference at Hampton Roads, 181. Louisiana, 7, 42, 74, 112, 113, 114.

M McClellan, General G. B., 42, 127. Magrath, A. G., Governor of South Carolina, 152, 153-154, 196. Manassas, Battle of, 33; Second, 43, 59. Mann, A. D., Confederate commissioner at Brussels, 46, 132-133, 142. Martial law, see Habeas corpus. Maryland, plan of Confederate States to win, 44. Mason, J. M., capture of, 46; replaces Yancey as commissioner, 47; in England, 52-53, 55, 198-199; in Paris, 137-138, 198. Memminger, C. G., Secretary of Treasury, attempts to establish foreign credit, 48; resigns, 157; see also Finance. Mexico, 114; Napoleon III and, 131, 132-133, 134, 138, 139; Confederate negotiations with, 139-140, 144; project condemned by French people, 143; expedition suggested, 179. Military policy, 33, 43-44. Mississippi, represented in South Carolina convention, 3; secedes, 7; typical of new order in South, 29-31; sense of Southern nationality, 31; status of, 74, 114-115. Mobile Bay, capture of, 129. Montgomery (Ala.), general Congress of seceding States at, 9-11. Montgomery Mail, 162. Moultrie, Fort, 6, 20. Munitions, 33, 48, 61, 65, 105-106.

N Napoleon III, offers mediation, 54, 77; intrigues with Confederacy, 130 et seq.; Italian policy, 134, 143; purpose exposed, 142; influence in Mexican policy of the South, 178. New Orleans, loss of, 42, 74. New York Herald, 175. Niter and Mining Bureau supplies powder for South, 106. North Carolina, resolutions concerning Congress of seceding States, 9-10; against secession, 12; secedes, 14; state rights, 12, 39; political life in, 74; protests tithes, 92; disorder in, 93-94; anti-Davis tendencies in, 94; peace illusion in, 169-170; see also Vance. North Carolina Standard, 93.

P Palmerston, Lord, British Prime Minister, Mason interviews, 198. Peace, 93, 120, 121-122, 126-127, 169-170, 175-182, 202. Peace Convention, 13. "Peace Society," 121-122. Peninsular campaign, 42, 59. Perryville, Battle of, 53. Petersburg (Va.), 107-108. Pierce, Bishop, quoted, 109. Pike, General Albert, 84. Pollard, E. A., 62, 66, 69, 87; The First Year of the War, 62-64. Porcher, F. A., 185. Prentiss, S. S., 29. Press, Freedom of, 59. Preston, General J. S., 151. Preston, General William, 140, 144. Price-fixing, see Finance. Profiteering, 78-79, 95, 108-109, 161-162. Pryor, R. A., 13, 17-18 (note). Pulaski, Fort, seized, 6.

Q Quitman, J. A., 29.

R Raleigh Progress, 93. Ramsdell, C. W., The Confederate Government and the Railroads, cited, 108 (note). Randolph, G. W., Secretary of War, 79 (note). Refugees, 110-111. Rhett, R. B., leader of secession movement of 1850-1851, 4; candidate for President of Confederate States, 24; disappointment, 25, 26; on state army, 72-73; retires, 87, 88-89; on arming the negroes, 184. Rhodes, J. F., History of the United States, cited, 6 (note). Richmond (Va.), capital of Confederacy, 34-35; martial law in, 41-42, 85; evacuated, 199. Richmond Enquirer, government organ, 62, 82-83, 94, 95. Richmond Examiner, opposition newspaper, 43, 62, 64-65, 80. Richmond Sentinel, government organ, 94, 95, 161. Richmond Whig, 80. Rives, W. C., 155. Roanoke Island, 36, 40, 63. Roebuck, J. A., 136-137. Rost, Confederate commissioner to Europe, 46.

S Secession movement, 1 et seq.; of 1850-51, 3-4. Secrecy of Administration, 59, 60, 65, 66. Seddon, J. A., Secretary of War, 79, 112, 113, 147; resigns, 163, 180. Selma (Ala.), foundry at, 105. Seven Pines (Va.), 59. Seward, W. H., at Hampton Roads conference, 181. Sherman, General W. T., Georgia campaign, 126, 127-129, 150. Slaves, 53, 167: not directly taxed, 91, 125; relation of Government to, 99-102; "Fifteen Slave" Law, 102-103; arming of, 183 et seq.; see also Emancipation. Slave-trade, African, prohibited, 11 (note), 99-100. Slidell, John, capture of, 46; Confederate commissioner at Paris, 54; and Napoleon, 130 et seq.; conference at Paris, 198. Smith, G. W., 79 (note). Smith, William, Governor of Virginia, 161, 186-187. South, division in, 28 et seq.; life in, 99 et seq. South Carolina, convention (1860), 2-4; secedes, 4; community of aristocratic class, 28-29; question of state sovereignty in, 72; political life in, 73-75; anti-Davis, 88; situation in 1864, 150-152; passes State Conscription Act, 151. Southern Advertiser, 117. State sovereignty, 8, 12, 39, 56, 65-66, 71 et seq., 116-118, 169. Stephens, A. H., leads opposition to secession, 7; on state sovereignty, 8; Vice-President in provisional Government, 11; a conservative, 27; elected Vice-President at first regular election, 34; as central figure in South, 172-174; on question of peace, 175-178; commissioner at Hampton Roads conference, 180, 181. Stephens, Linton, 76. Substitutes, Hiring, 92, 103. Sumter, Fort, 6; attack on, 14-23.

T Taxation, see Finance. Tennessee, 14, 74. Texas, secedes, 7; secession issue in, 9; proposes regiment for home defense, 38; last gunshots of war, 202; see also Trans-Mississippi. Thompson, Jacob, 29, 127. To Our Constituents, 2-3. Toombs, Robert, gives information about Fort Pulaski, 6; a secessionist, 7; Secretary of State, 14, 27, 69; and Sumter, 14-15; candidate for President, 24; leaves Cabinet, 34. Trans-Mississippi, 74, 112, 113, 114. Transportation, 107-108. Tredegar Iron Works, 105. Trenholm, G. A., 157.

V Vance, Z. B., Governor of North Carolina, on military arrangements, 76-77; seeks to regulate prices, 78; proclamation to urge order, 93-94; urges political changes, 154; reëlection, 170-171; policy, 171-172. Van Dorn, General Earl, 44, 59. Vicksburg (Miss.), 89-90, 96, 112-113. Virginia, and secession, 11-14; calls Peace Convention, 13; political life in, 74-75, 161, 186-187; see also Richmond. Voruz, shipbuilder of Nantes, 140.

W Walker, L. P., 34, 79 (note). Walker, R. J., 29. Wheeler, Joseph, 118. Winder, J. H., 41. Women, position in Confederacy, 104-105, 110-111. Worth, Jonathan, 93, 169.

Y Yancey, W. L., influence of, 25-26, commissioner to England, 25, 46, 47; relieved by Mason, 47; incident at Havana, 47; attempts to abolish secrecy of Government, 59-60; death, 87.

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Transcriber's Notes

Introduction:

The Chronicles of America Series has two similar editions of each volume in the series. One version is the Abraham Lincoln edition of the series, a premium version which includes full-page pictures. A textbook edition was also produced, which does not contain the pictures and captions associated with the pictures, but is otherwise the same book. This book was produced to match the textbook edition of the book.