The Cultivation and Manufacture of Tea
CHAPTER XXXVII.
WEIGHING AND BULKING OF INDIAN TEAS AT CUSTOM HOUSE.
One misapprehension with some exists on this head. The _weighing_ is done by the Customs to ascertain the amount for duty. The _bulking_ is done at the request of the vendor, the broker who is to sell it, or the purchaser, and it has to be paid for.
Two distinct injuries are inflicted on the producer by the present Custom House system--
1. The Tea is much damaged by exposure. 2. The quantity found is _always_ less than the actual.
Now as to No. 1. When we consider how damp the London atmosphere is at the best, how in foggy days it teems with moisture, is it not very certain that Teas exposed to it, often for days, deteriorate? What care we take in India heating before packing--carefully with lead and solder, excluding all air--and then the Teas on arrival here are treated as above! It is simply monstrous.
The following extract from a letter to _Home and Colonial Mail_ sets out the case forcibly:--
The blame ought not entirely to be laid upon the planter, however, for certain facts have come to our knowledge during the present week as regards the manner in which Indian Teas are bulked at some of the London warehouses, which somewhat explains how depreciation in quality comes about. We bought several breaks of Tea in the sales this week, which were stated to be bulked and ready for sampling six days before the sale; and yet we know for a fact that some of those very Teas were not put back into the chest till the day after the sale, if even then. More or less moisture is always to be found in the London atmosphere, particularly in rainy weather, and there can be no question that incalculable injury would be done to a fine Tea by seven days’ exposure on the floor of a warehouse. The damage and loss falls entirely on the buyer. The effects of it are not seen at once, but there can be little doubt that a gradual depreciation sets in, consequent on the absorption of moisture. No redrying process follows; the Tea is simply filled back into the chests when seven days of neglect have done what mischief is possible. Is it to be wondered at that samples drawn from such a break of Tea a few months after it has been bulked in London will have lost all their freshness and malty smell?
J. C. TAYLOR AND COLMAN.
I have no reason to think the delay above is very unusual, and I must add to the above, that when the chests are closed no attempt is made even to cover the top with lead, much less to resolder it. Some paper on top is all attempted. I need say no more to prove that the quality of Indian Teas is _most_ seriously damaged at the Custom House.
Now as to No. 2. The loss in quantity to producer.
The following article, which I wrote to the _Indian Tea Gazette_ in 1881, shows how invariable the loss must be:--
The loss of Tea by the mode adopted at the Custom House in England is great.
When Teas are sold at Calcutta, though the English Custom House regulations do not then affect us immediately, they do so indirectly. If purchasers in Calcutta gain by our Teas, they will bid more; if they lose, they will bid less. Besides, many Teas are sold in London.
To understand what follows, it is necessary to remember that--
Garden Invoices _never_ go to Custom House. Custom House arrives at weight of Tea by weighing the package for “gross,” and then turning out Tea, weighing box, lead, nails, iron hooping, in fact all but Tea, for “tare;” gross weight, minus tare, is the weight of Tea they demand duty on, and the weight so found by Custom House is all the producer or importer gets paid for.[106] It follows, therefore, that the less Tea declared by Customs means a loss to producer and a gain to buyer. To the latter in two ways, _viz._, less Tea to pay for than is really there, and a saving of 6d. per lb. duty! But to show, now, how the loss occurs. When weighing for gross, the fractions of a pound are discarded; when weighing for tares, the pounds above the actual weight are written. The _greatest_ loss that can occur by this method, on one package, is 1 pound 14 ounces of Tea. It (this greatest loss) _must_ always occur when the gross is 1 ounce short of a pound, and the tare 1 ounce more than the pound.
NO. 1 EXAMPLE.
Gross and tare can be put at any figures as to pounds. It will always come out the same. Say, therefore,
lbs. oz. Gross 132 15} actual weights taken at Tare (deducted) 37 1} Custom House. ---------- Actual Tea in chest 95 14
By rule quoted the gross and tare weights are set down at Custom House--
lbs. Gross 132 Tare (deducted) 38 ----- Actual Tea thus paid for = 94 pounds--on which duty is also paid.
Therefore the loss on the chest is 1 pound 14 ounces.
The _least_ loss that can take place (when ounces occur in gross and tare) is 2 ounces. To insure this the gross must be 1 ounce more than the pound, and the tare 1 ounce below.
NO. 2 EXAMPLE.
Say any figures in pounds.
lbs. oz. Gross 133 1} actual weights taken at Tare (deducted) 36 15} Custom House. -------- Actual Tea in chest 96 2 ========
But again, by rule quoted, it is written by Customs--
lbs. Gross 133 Tare (deducted) 37 ----- Actual Tea paid for 96 pounds, on which duty is also paid. =====
Therefore the loss on chest is 2 ounces only.
Now did weights turn out the same in London that they were on the garden, we could, by doing as in last example, insure only the above trifling 2 ounce loss. But it is _not_ so. The wood dries and thus makes both the gross and tare less. The loss then comes out anything between 2 ounces and 1 pound 14 ounces.
I find the following simple rule will give the exact loss on each and every weight of both gross and tare.
_Rule._--Add the ounces above a pound in the gross to the ounces short of a pound in the tare. The sum of the two, in ounces, will be the loss of Tea on the package.
This is only part of the article. I break off here to add a few remarks more appropriate now than what I then wrote.
There are means by which this varying loss, of which the maximum is 1 pound 14 ounces, can be reduced to 4 ounces only on each and every chest.
I admit the procedure is scarcely practical, but as nothing can demonstrate better the absurdity of the system as pursued at the Customs, I give it here.
How can we insure the _least_ loss, taking into consideration the fact that the weights of both the gross and tare, because of the wood drying and lightening in transit, can never come out the same at the Custom House in London as they were on the garden.
We can do it thus: the Tea if well packed in a chest in no way alters in weight during transit. If dry, when put up, it cannot become lighter; if the leaden covering is air-tight, it can absorb no moisture, which would of course make it heavier. I therefore beg the question that it is a _fixed_ quantity, for it must be so if well packed.
We have therefore only to consider the gross and the tare, and, as shown, the loss in Tea, varying from 2 ounces to 1 pound 14 ounces, depends entirely on the weights these are found to be at the Custom House. In other words, if we can insure the gross there being but little over any even number of pounds, and the tare there being but little below any other even number of pounds, we attain (approximately) the least loss we can be mulcted in.
Begging the question that we can add to, or detract from, the gross weight of each chest in the Custom House (before it is put into the scales by the officer there) by the addition or subtraction of a few nails if the weight is nearly what we want, or pieces of hoop iron if the actual varies much from the desired weight--I say, if we can do this, we can insure approximately the minimum of loss. I go to show how this is to be done.
Pack the Tea in the usual way, but whatever the quantity it is desired to put into the chest (it can be varied with each class, for it matters not what the weight is in pounds) add to it 4 ounces, and be very careful that the whole weight of Tea is exactly the number of pounds required, plus 4 ounces--for the whole success of the plan depends on this weight being exact. Nothing more is required to be done at the Factory than has been done hitherto, for it matters not one straw, as regards the success of the plan, what the gross and tare of each package is, nor what the weight of Tea is, as long as exactly 4 ounces above an even number of pounds is there; neither does it signify how much the wood lightens in transit, and thus decreases the weights which were found at Factory for gross and tare.
The next step must be taken at the Custom House in London. Let the importer or the producer’s agent attend and weigh each package himself nicely, any time before the weights are to be taken by the Customs. Then let him _make_ each package 2 ounces above the even number of pounds. This will be easy enough, by the addition or subtraction of a few nails or hoop iron. For instance, suppose the chest to weigh 140 pounds 6 ounces, he would take away nails or hoop iron weighing 4 ounces. If it weighed 140 pounds 13 ounces, he would, by adding 5 ounces more nails or hoop iron, make it 141 pounds 2 ounces. All would then be finished, and each and every package so treated would give a loss in Tea of 4 ounces only.
If my plan could be carried out (as the minimum loss otherwise is 2 ounces, and the maximum 1 pound 14 ounces the mean is one pound), we save a loss of the said pound on _each_ chest, minus the loss we compound for, _viz._, 4 ounces. That is to say, we gain 12 ounces on each package which, in a break of 2 or 3 hundred chests, means a good deal to the producer or Customs!
I will give one example in figures. Any other possible figures can be tried: it will always come out the same, _if_ the weight of Tea is exactly 4 ounces above any given number of pounds.
NO. 3. EXAMPLE.
lbs. oz. Results at Garden. Tea, any number of pounds with 4 ounces added (say) 100 4 Tare (any figure) (say) 43 6 ------- Gross at Garden 143 10 -------
The wood lightens in transit any amount (it is immaterial), say 15 ounces. lbs. oz. The weights at the Custom House {Gross 142 11 then become {Tare 42 7 ------- Weight Tea as before 100 4 -------
At Custom House (as detailed) by adding 7 ounces of nails or hoop iron make lbs. oz. Gross 143 2 The tare will thereby necessarily be} increased 7 oz. and become } Tare 42 14 ------- Weight tea as before 100 4 ------- lbs. These weights are written at {Gross 143 Custom House {Tare 43 ---- Weight of Tea found by Customs is 100 pounds
which is a loss of 4 ounces only as stated.
Were the plan feasible, the gain to the Indian planters would be large. Say this year (1883), fifty-seven million pounds are imported, and ninety pounds per chest is taken as the average, this gives over 600,000 chests, and 12 ounces saved on each = 450,000 pounds, of Tea, which at 12 annas per pound, Rs. 3,37,000.
The gain to the Customs would be 450,000 sixpences = £11,250.
This increase to the Customs would be attained by simply (though still keeping under the actual weight of Tea in each chest) taking the contents more correctly.
The above shows, if figures will show anything, that a great loss to both the producer and Customs takes place by the system in vogue. As the only object of the Customs _should_ be to arrive at the true weight of Tea in the most expeditious and simple way, how very absurd is the system pursued! What the _tare_ is can in no way signify to them; all they really want is the weight of the Tea. The absurdity of the system is proved by the fact (demonstrated) that the results to both producer and Customs _can_ be altered by the addition or subtraction in the Custom-house of a few nails! How easy to weigh the Tea itself! What possible objection can exist?
The Indian Tea Districts Association having failed to move the Customs, have quite lately addressed the following Memorial to the Secretary of State for India:--
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE EARL OF KIMBERLEY, HER MAJESTY’S SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA.
The Petition of the Indian Tea Districts Association sheweth--
That your Petitioners are a body representing the interests connected with the cultivation of Tea in British India, in which enterprise British capital to the extent of over fifteen millions sterling has been invested.
That the industry dates from the year 1838, when the first consignment of Indian Tea, consisting of 456 lbs., reached the London market.
That the imports of Indian Tea for the year ending 30th June, 1882, were 49,503,000 lbs., having a value of more than £3,300,000 sterling; while the estimated importation for the current season is upwards of 55,000,000 lbs., or fully one-third of the entire consumption of the United Kingdom for the year.
That the contribution to the Revenue accruing from Customs’ import duty on the above quantity of Tea will exceed a million and a quarter sterling.
That the whole of this large quantity is manufactured and packed on between 2,700 and 2,800 separate estates, situated on various parts of H.M.’s Indian dominions.
That the boxes in which the Teas are packed are in great part made of such wood as can be obtained on the several estates, or purchased from the neighbouring Forest Department, and it is very important on economic grounds, as also in the manifest interests of the districts, that this should be exclusively the case.
That it has been found, under these conditions, practically impossible to meet the imperative Custom-house standard of close uniformity of tare weight when the chests reach the Bonded Warehouses here.
That your Petitioners have reason to complain of the system of weighing the Teas in the said warehouses for the purpose of levying the duty.
That the present system of weighing is to weigh each package in the gross, then to turn out the contents, weigh the empty case, and thus arrive at the nett weight of the contents.
That the only exception to this rule is when the package, _i.e._, the empty cases, in a Break closely approximate in weight.
That by the said system of weighing, two serious injuries are inflicted on the grower and importer of Indian Tea, viz.:--
In the first place, a loss of weight is sustained by the fractions over the even pound in both gross and tare being given against the seller, and in favour of the buyer, amounting, it may be, to 1 lb. 15 oz., or an average of about 1 lb. in every package weighing over 28 lbs. gross, in addition to the usual trade allowance of 1 lb. per package.
Secondly, and by far the more serious grievance, very great injury is caused to the Teas by the process of turning them out of the packages, in which they arrive hermetically sealed, for the purpose of weighing the empty packages. The Teas are thus exposed to the atmosphere, the humidity of which they readily absorb, and sustain further serious injury and depreciation by breakage from rough handling in the process of repacking: the lead linings also are so torn in the process as to be rendered comparatively useless for the purpose for which they were intended, eliciting loud complaints from the trade of the rapid loss of condition of the Teas.
That the concession of this Petition, by rendering it unnecessary to turn out more than a small percentage of the chests to test the correct weight of contents, would admit of the Teas being bulked in India; and while it would free the industry from an injurious and vexatious restriction, and admit of the Teas reaching the consumer in a purer and sounder condition, it would also greatly simplify and reduce the work of the Customs.
That the foregoing statistics significantly demonstrate the importance of the Indian Tea industry to both England and India, and constitute a claim to the favourable consideration of both Governments, especially that of India, on the ground of the benefit accruing to the districts in which it is conducted, and the increment of State revenue to which it has directly and indirectly conduced.
That having regard to the existing close and hardening competition with China, Japan, and other Tea producing countries, your Petitioners naturally feel aggrieved that the important industry they represent should be hampered in the contest by the restrictive and superfluous impediment forming the subject of their petition.
That your Petitioners have unsuccessfully urged on the Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Customs the adoption of this change of system, and therefore venture to address your Lordship.
That your Petitioners beg to refer to the accompanying copies of correspondence between the Association and the Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Customs annexed to this Petition.
That the accompanying Memorial signed by the leading mercantile firms and others in Calcutta, interested in the growth and export of Indian Tea, is an illustration of the feeling in India on the subject of this Petition.
Your Petitioners therefore pray--
That your Lordship will kindly take such steps as may be necessary to secure for your Petitioners the relief sought for.
And your Petitioners will ever pray, &c.
T. D. FORSYTH, Chairman of the Association.
ERNEST TYE, Secretary.
The following reply was received:--
INDIA OFFICE, S.W., 28th February, 1883.
SIR,--I am directed by the Secretary of State for India in Council to acknowledge the receipt of the Memorial addressed to the EARL OF KIMBERLEY by the Indian Tea Districts Association, respecting the method of weighing Indian Tea at the Custom House. In reply, I am to inform you that the Memorial has been forwarded to the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, with the expression of LORD KIMBERLEY’S hope that whatever is practicable may be done to remedy the grievance complained of by the memorialists in the interests of the Indian Tea trade.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant, (Signed) J. K. CROSS.
The Secretary, Indian Tea Districts Association.
It is possible, therefore, that some improvement will now be accomplished.[107]
But at the CRUTCHED FRIARS Warehouse (belonging to the East and West India Docks) a great advance has already been made. The Tea there is now bulked, and re-packed by machinery. The Directors most kindly invited me to come and witness the process. I went, and was more than pleased with what I saw. The machinery, and all connected with the process, is so well described in an article in the _Home and Colonial Mail_, I cannot do better than give it here:--
TEA BULKING AT THE EAST AND WEST INDIA DOCK COMPANY’S WAREHOUSES, IN CRUTCHED FRIARS.
It is not a little strange that the importance of effecting improvements in the present system of Tea bulking, which has exercised the minds of Tea growers and importers so much of late, should have hitherto been neglected or ignored by the proprietors of the various bonded warehouses in London wherein the Tea is bulked and stored. That Tea may be, and only too commonly is, bulked by an antiquated and unsatisfactory process is a fact which is well known to all who are interested in the matter. How this result is arrived at will be seen later on; at present we desire to show that at least at one warehouse the question has received the attention which it deserves, and to explain, so far as may be possible, the steps which have been taken in the matter.
It is, then, that old and powerful body, the East and West India Dock Company, who have taken up the matter. At the instance of Mr. Du Plat Taylor, the able and energetic secretary of the company, supported by the equally energetic warehouse superintendent, Mr. Robert Adams, the arrangements for bulking Tea at the warehouse of the Company have been very greatly improved. More than this; there has been invented and set up a special and very ingenious machine for the bulking of Tea in a manner which avoids all the failings of the old system. What this machine is, and what its peculiar merits are, will best, and perhaps only, be clearly understood by a brief description of the two systems as we lately saw them in operation at the warehouses of the company in Crutched Friars, which we may mention are nearer than any others to Mincing-lane, an advantage securing to planters and importers the certainty that their Teas will be sampled by the trade generally.
Under the old system, then, each chest of a break, after having been subjected to certain preliminary formalities, is opened, and the Tea turned out in a heap on the floor of the warehouse. When this is done the Tea is bulked by means of wooden spades, each spadeful being thrown to the top of the central heap, so that it falls over and on all sides. Here the Tea lies until it is placed back again in the chests after they are tared, there being a considerable interval at some of the London warehouses between the bulking and refilling. The refilling is thus accomplished. The Tea is first put into bags and weighed on a machine at the side of the bulk. The bag and chest are then taken off the weighing machine and the contents of the bag are emptied into the chest. The Tea, however, requires some pressure to force it into the chest, and this pressure is obtained by an expedient of a very primitive kind. When the chest is partly filled a man gets in and presses down the Tea by treading on it. So soon as the Tea is all in the chest the package is properly secured, and the operation is completed.
Now the serious faults of this plan are at once apparent. In the first place the Tea, being in heaps on the floor of the warehouse with a large surface exposed to the atmosphere, runs the risk of losing a great deal of its freshness and aroma, this risk being largely increased by the doors of the warehouse being kept open in order to discharge or to receive merchandise in all weathers. No atmospheric influences are calculated to benefit Tea. Then, again, the shovelling of the Tea by means of wooden spades, and the treading into the chests, can hardly do otherwise than injure the Tea--the filling in a minor degree and the treading to a more serious extent, the result being, of course, that the Tea is depreciated.
The East and West India Dock Company have made the best of this primitive method of Tea bulking. In the first place it is insisted on in their warehouses that previous to trampling the Tea into the chests, a cloth shall be placed over it to preserve it from the dirt of the man’s boots, and to some extent from injury--a precaution which, strange as it may seem, is not taken in every bonded warehouse. Then, again, Mr. Adams, the warehouse superintendent--who could hardly have the interests of planters and importers more at heart were he “in Tea” himself--uses his best endeavours to refill the boxes with as little delay as possible, and thus to prevent it from being injured by undue exposure to the atmosphere. He also keeps the floors of the warehouse as clean as practicable. But feeling that the best efforts, however well devised, and however strenuously carried out, must necessarily be attended with but partial success, the East and West India Dock Company have erected--as has already been mentioned--a Tea bulking machine, a device which is ingenious and meritorious, and which seems to be, so far as it has been tried, a great success.
This machine, designed by Mr. Tydeman, of the company’s engineering staff, and constructed under his supervision, consists, firstly, of a large hollow revolving drum weighing nearly two and a-half tons, and of sufficient capacity to thoroughly bulk about 50 chests of Tea. The drum is made to hold about 100 chests of Tea, which leaves ample space for the bulking of the above quantity. Inside this drum are frames fitted at intervals with iron rods, and extending at varying angles from the axle of the drum to its extremity. Externally the drum has two openings for the reception of the Tea, and two smaller ones for its discharge. In a line with the axle of the drum, some height from the floor, is a platform to which the chests are conveyed by a double lift which simultaneously ascends with a full chest and brings down an empty one. Adjuncts to the machine are a weighing machine, a presser, and four beaters--of the two latter the nature and object will be immediately apparent. The process of bulking as effected by this machine is briefly as follows: The drum being revolved till its receiving openings are level with the platform, a chest of Tea is raised, as before explained, and the contents examined on the door of the drum, which falls back into a horizontal position for that purpose, then by closing the tray or door the Tea is passed into the drum. The lift then brings up another full chest and takes down the emptied one, which is at once taken to a scale for taring purposes, and so the process is continued till the break is exhausted. This filling process can be carried on at both sides of a drum at once, as there are two openings and two lifts. The Tea being in, the drum is made to revolve, when the iron frames thoroughly mix the Tea in a very few revolutions--three would suffice.
The drum has now to be emptied, and this operation is effected in the following manner:--The revolution of the drum is stopped when the openings through which the Tea is released are brought over the weighing machines--there are two for greater expedition--on which are placed the chests ready to receive it. The delivery doors (worked by levers) being opened, the Tea is allowed to descend till the chest is about half full, when the presser and beaters are brought into play by hydraulic pressure. The presser is a piece of flat iron about an inch in thickness, removable at pleasure, and varies in size to fit either a chest or a box. The beaters are four pieces of the same metal, which support the chest so soon as it is on the weighing machine. When the chest is partly filled, the beaters are released, and, by the action of a wheel, are made to strike all four sides of the chest, and thus shake the Tea down. The presser is also brought down to press the Tea in. The action of both of these agents can be regulated to any required degree of force. Thus by degrees the chest is filled, and (the supporting beaters having been released and the presser raised) is weighed and ultimately removed. Such, in brief, is the action of the new Tea bulking machine. One or two points, however, remain to be mentioned. The power by which the machine is actuated is hydraulic. The presser will not injure the Tea. The beaters serve the triple purpose of holding the chest in position on the weighing machine, of supporting it should it be of weak construction, and of materially assisting the repacking of the Tea. The beating action does not in any way injure the chests. Our readers will also be pleased to know that certain very marked improvements even upon the above described are already in hand by this Dock Company--improvements which will greatly increase the value and usefulness of their machinery for bulking Teas.
To descant on the advantages over the old system of bulking which are possessed by the machine which has been described would be little better than a waste of time. Yet some few points may be briefly referred to. First, cleanliness is secured, for from first to last the Tea is never touched by hand or foot. Again, the Tea cannot be injured, nor can it lose its aroma, for it is never exposed to the atmosphere at all. Instead of being allowed to lie on the floor of the warehouse for any period, the entire process of bulking is completed without break or delay. The Directors of the East and West India Dock Company are not, of course, so sanguine as to imagine that the old system of bulking will be at once abandoned; indeed, they have, as has been mentioned, taken steps to improve that system; they do, however, think that it should be abandoned, and to that end have adopted the Tea Bulking Machinery as an alternative, and an immeasurably superior process. That they are justified in this view there can be no doubt in the minds of those who have witnessed both the systems in operation.
The said machinery is at the CRUTCHED FRIARS Warehouse alone, and it is, of course, very desirable the machinery should be adopted in all Tea warehouses. This end will be quickly brought about if those who send their Tea home, and the importers here, insist on their Tea being sent to this one warehouse that has the machinery.
What an advantage to owners and managers of Tea estates is the fact that Tea bulked by machinery at CRUTCHED FRIARS is not exposed to the changeable English atmosphere, or at least not for more than a few minutes, and consequently is not so likely to be classed as “flat.” How many planters are there who, after taking especial care in the manufacture of their crop, find to their chagrin that on arrival in London (and after exposure probably for some days), the shipment is described as “flat,” and worth so many pence per lb. less than if the atmospheric exposure had not occurred.
It appears to me that very little, added to the help this new machinery gives, would now do away with _all_ the injury the producer and the Tea has hitherto borne in the Customs. So much has now been accomplished by this machinery, the Tea is well bulked, and _receives no injury whatever thereby_. But two further improvements are required:--
1. That the actual weight of Tea in each chest (discarding ounces) be recorded, and that thus the loss to the producer and the Customs, detailed above, be avoided.
2. That the lead at top of the Tea be carefully replaced and resoldered, so that every chest shall leave the Custom House in as good condition as it entered it.
Very little addition to the machinery detailed above would accomplish the first. The chest ready to receive the Tea, plus the lid and top lead (which should have been carefully removed), might be weighed on the platform at the side of the big drum (by simply making the said platform a weighing machine) and weighed again when filled, with the lid and lead laid on it. The difference of the two weights would, of course, be the weight of the Tea.
The second is a question of expense; it would not be great if done systematically. The chest should be carefully opened, and the top lead removed in a square piece _nearly the size of the box_. When replaced, a narrow strip of lead, soldered down on either side, would make the covering complete.
Justice will not be done to Indian Teas till this last is accomplished.
Who should bear the expense? The chests are received into the Customs for the benefit of the Revenue, and who can doubt, were the question tried in a Court of Law, that they are bound to return them in as good condition as they were received. They do _not_, and have never done so, and I only wonder the trade has stood it so long, and has not sued them. Were the course I advise followed out, there would remain no cause of complaint, and the trifling cost of soldering on the lid again should doubtless, therefore, be borne by the Customs.
But in reality the Customs would sustain no loss--in fact, the other way. I have shown clearly at page 278 _that were the weight of Tea correctly recorded, the Customs would receive in duty upwards of £11,000 each year from Indian Tea more than it does now_. To re-solder the lids on the boxes would cost nothing like that; and highly as Indian Tea is thought of now, how much higher still would it stand were it not injured to the frightful extent it is in passing through the Customs.
CONCLUSION.
I lit on the following in the _Home and Colonial Mail_ just before going to press, and it is too pertinent to much in preceding pages to omit:--
THE CHINA TEA TRADE.
The influence of the expansion of the Indian Tea enterprise on the trade in China is being felt. We have more than once adverted to the fact that the growing use of the well-flavoured Teas of India would diminish the consumption of the better grades of China Tea, and that the effect of the competition between the two countries would be first seen in the falling off in the demand for so-called fine China Tea.
The following letter, which appeared in the _Times_ Money article lately, confirms this view, and refers to the present unsound condition of the China Tea trade:--
“Sir,--In view of the opening of the Tea season in China, a few remarks upon the present position and future prospects of this important trade may not be inopportune.
“It is no secret that for some years past the losses of merchants have been serious, and that while most of the wealthy firms so long known as connected with China have either entirely ceased to import Tea, or have reduced their operations to a very small compass, the trade has been carried on by new houses possessing but little capital, who are enabled, by the competition of the banks, to do a large business by drawing bills on China, not only for the whole cost of the Teas purchased, but also for their commissions on these purchases--that is to say, for an unrivalled profit of 3 per cent. The question, Who has so far paid the losses of the past two years? is one that greatly exercises the minds of the trade. Many suppose that large balances are being carried over in the books of some of the banks, or by the Chinese, and that it is the hope of recouping a portion of this loss that induces the banks or the Chinamen to support those who would otherwise be obliged to relinquish the trade. The Chinese have also a further inducement to support such firms, since it is partly through them that those high prices are established in China at the opening of the season which entail so much loss afterwards. As a result of these prices, about 30 per cent. more fine Congou is produced than (on account of the competition of the Indian growth) can be consumed except at the price of medium Tea. How large the excess is may be gathered from the fact that, although 5,000,000 lbs. of this class of Tea was lost last July in the ‘Moskwa’ and the ‘Fleurs Castle,’ yet stocks in Russia have increased by about 30,000 half-chests, and there is still so large a quantity on this market that it can only be realized at a loss of from 5_d._ to 6_d._ per lb. on the China cost; thus some Teas, said to have cost in Hankow 1_s._ 8_d._ to 1_s._ 9_d._, have been recently sold as low as 1_s._ 3_d._, and others costing 1_s._ 7_d._ in Foochow, have been sold at 1_s._ 1_d._ per lb.
“It is evident from the above that merchants as a rule do not realize the immense change that has been brought about in the conditions of the trade by the enormous increase in the use of Indian Tea, which now forms about one-third of the entire home consumption, and competes mostly with the finer qualities of China congou; nor the fact that all engaged in the trade are becoming year by year more averse to holding stock on account of the heavy charges involved, and the risk of deterioration in quality. Yet, as the whole twelve months’ supply of first crop Tea arrives within three months of the opening of the season, it is plain that some one must hold the balance, which can only be done with safety if the Tea be bought at a very low price.
“The one remedy for the present condition of things is that the great bulk of the so-called fine Teas should be bought in China at their present value on this market--viz., at about 5_d._ to 6_d._ below the prices given for them in recent years. With the large accumulated stocks in Russia, and consequently reduced orders from that country, the yearly-increasing supply of Indian Tea, and the present prices here, one would think that such a course would at once be adopted. Unfortunately, however, so much of the Tea is bought on commission, and the Russian agents seem so reckless as to the prices which they give, that any such prudent action can hardly be hoped for. It would, therefore, be wise for holders of shares in Eastern banks, as well as all who have been in the habit of intrusting orders to buying agents in China, to ponder the foregoing facts, which can be easily verified by a reference to any of the trade circulars lest their money should be lost in the crash which must certainly take place if the past policy of Tea buyers in China be continued.--I am, &c.,
“A. B.”
Will those warned be wise in time, and not swamp the Home Market with China Teas certain to be sold at a loss? Who can say? But “A. B.” is evidently master of the subject, and if his advice in not taken, the China Tea “crash” he predicts will not be a small one.
When China Teas are _not_ sent home to realise a certain loss, our Indian Teas will have fairer play.
I cannot conclude without acknowledging the great help I have derived from the pages of the _Tea Gazette_ in writing these additions to my Fourth Edition.
* * * * *
Since my remarks on Ceylon were printed, I have acquired much further information regarding the Tea industry in that island, and the prospects certainly seem very favourable. Anyhow, there seems to be no doubt that Ceylon for Tea offers quite as good a field as any part of India, always supposing that good sites are selected and the area to choose from is large.
The future market for Tea is really, as regards Ceylon, the only doubtful point, and consequently (as at page 183) I advise the planters there to act with caution.
Where it is proposed to put coffee lands under Tea, of course one great advantage in economy will be gained, inasmuch as there will be no jungle clearing or previous cultivation. But here again caution is necessary. Make sure the soil is not worn out, for Tea, though it will grow, will not yield largely on such.
* * * * *
_June, 1883._
P.S.--The following are the new rules lately issued by the Customs regarding the future treatment of Indian Teas.
The weight of Indian Tea for duty may, if desired by the importers, be ascertained under the following regulations:--
1. The Tea on arrival to be weighed to ascertain the gross weight of each package.
2. With each entry the importer to give an endorsement of the net contents of each package.
3. To test the accuracy of this endorsement, 10 per cent. of each break to be turned out and weighed net.
4. If the difference between the weight given of any package and the weight found exceeds or is less than 3 lbs., the whole parcel should be weighed net.
5. Duty to be charged on the average weight of the packages weighed net, unless the importer elects to weigh the whole parcel in the usual way.
6. When the average of the packages weighed net amounts to so many pounds and a-half, an additional pound will be charged on each of the whole parcel; when the fraction is less than half a pound it is to be rejected.
7. The new system to come into operation on July the 1st next.
FOOTNOTES:
[106] If tares are nearly equal, and if Teas are well bulked in India, only some packages (about 10 per cent.) are opened, and an average tare struck. But this in no way saves the loss in _quantity_ of Tea, though, of course, less Tea is thus _injured_.
[107] Since I wrote the above the Customs have framed new rules for Indian Teas. The absurd tare system is done away with.
ADDENDA
_TO THE THIRD EDITION_.
The following from the _Indian Economist_, regarding Indian Teas in general and Neilgherry Teas in particular, is not out of place here. At the same time I do not agree with the writer, for I believe that in the strength and pungency of Indian Teas consists their value:--
INDIAN TEA.
“That the Teas of India have at length come to be fully appreciated in England may be taken, we presume, as an admitted fact; and it is of importance that planters should direct their attention to modifying their methods of manufacture so as to suit the public taste, and, if possible, turn out an article free from the objections still advanced against the Indian leaf as a daily beverage. There are, we know, those who argue that enough has been done, and that consumers will acquire a taste for the produce of our gardens in time; but we have daily evidence that in the most trivial matters there is no greater tyrant than the public. It behoves those then who cater for this tyrant to consult its taste and satisfy its demands, however exacting and capricious they may be. The remarks we are about to make are based on experiments and enquiries extending over some years in this country and in England, and we leave those engaged in the enterprise to estimate their value. All Teas grown in the plains of India are known to the trade in London under the general name of Assam, and are chiefly used for mixing, seldom reaching the consumer in a pure state. When they do, the objections raised are that the leaf is too pungent and rough for most palates; and purchasers are in the habit of mixing it with Chinese to tone down those astringent qualities. In other words, it wants the delicacy of flavour which is the chief characteristic of the Chinese leaf, meaning of course that vended by respectable houses, not the abominable trash that formed part of the cargoes of the _Lalla Rookh_ and _Sarpedon_, containing, according to Dr Letheby’s Analysis, ‘40 to 45 per cent. of iron filings and 19 per cent. of silica.’ Nor is this lack of delicacy of flavour to be lightly regarded, for the efforts of our manufacturers have been directed unwittingly and indirectly to foster the peculiarity, as the test of Indian Tea has hitherto been its strength and pungency, to fit it for _salting_ weak, thin, inferior sorts of Chinese. This is what the dealers have demanded, and what, consequently, brokers in their turn have insisted on, with the result that the out-turn of our Assam and Cachar plantations is now, if anything, too powerful to suit public taste. Whether means of manipulation may be hit upon by which aroma can be retained without sacrificing strength, we leave those most interested to determine; but it is worthy of note that this objection to strength and roughness is almost confined to women, the sterner sex preferring Assam unmixed, while the working classes of both sexes are unanimous in favour of the unadulterated Indian article. Experiments were further tried by substituting Neilgherry Tea, and after a short interval the verdict of the majority was in its favour. We need now only point out the difference in the manufacture between the two Teas, leaving others to decide questions regarding the bearing of climate or altitude. Up to the time of finishing rolling, the manipulation of the leaf is identical, care being taken to retain the juice; but that made on the hills instead of being almost immediately placed over _choolas_ was spread out thinly on tables all night, in a temperature of 54 deg., sustaining consequent loss of strength by evaporation, but developing an aroma that established it at once in favour. So successful has this Neilgherry Tea been at home, that offers are now received by plantation proprietors for their produce at half-a-crown per lb. free on board, in Madras. This would seem to indicate that the aroma is generated by the action of cold upon the damp leaf while in a state of ‘suspended fermentation;’ for, previous to experimenting with consumers, the samples were submitted to Mincing Lane brokers and pronounced sound, in corroboration of which opinion the bulk from which they were taken sold at auction for 2_s._ 2-1/2_d._, so that fermentation (_i.e._ sourness) had been carefully avoided. We know that the climate of Assam and temperature of the Tea-houses render the keeping of rolled leaf even for an hour fatal to soundness; but should the development of this aroma be really due to ‘suspension of fermentation’ is it not worth while adopting some contrivance for cooling down a chamber set aside for the purpose of spreading out the rolled leaf to the temperature required?
“The question whether delicacy is due to altitude alone and not to manufacture might be ascertained by experiment. Let a quantity of green leaf be sent _down_ from one of the Neilgherry gardens, and worked up in the plains at the foot of the hills, and an equal quantity sent _up_ from one of the Assam gardens, say to Shillong, and manufactured on the Neilgherry principles there, and the result then compared. This experiment would cost little and determine a not unimportant question: for all engaged in Tea are interested in using their best endeavours to fit it for public consumption, and to guard it against Chinese in any shape or form whatever.”
_Note by the Author._--That “delicacy of flavour,” and “want of strength” with it, _is_ due to altitude has long ago been admitted, and any experiments on that head would, I think, be quite unnecessary. The experiments as to manufacture on the Neilgherries are interesting, and should be further looked into.
E. M.
I have at last completed experiments with a view to do away with the use of charcoal in Tea manufacture, and I think with success.
The “Furnace Teas,” for so I purpose naming them, have in most cases been pronounced by the Calcutta brokers to be superior to similar samples of the same day’s leaf, made in the usual way over charcoal.
Nothing but the heat generated by _any_ fuel placed in furnaces sunk under ground outside the Tea-house is used. No motive power of any kind is employed. The apparatus is very simple. It is cheap to erect and very durable in character.
As the apparatus with which the Teas up to the present time have been made is a rude and imperfect one, having disadvantages which must tell more or less on the excellence of the Teas so manufactured, and as, even with these disadvantages, the Teas are pronounced by the brokers _at least_ equal to charcoal-dried Teas, it is not too much to hope that with a perfect apparatus (one of which will be erected immediately) Teas will be improved in value by this new invention. The following will be shortly the advantages of this new process, even supposing the Teas are no better:--
1. _Economy._--This will possibly be even greater than what is set out in the extract of the local paper below; for the fact that the Tea is never placed over charcoal until the whole is ignited, and has become “live charcoal,” is not there recognized, much of the caloric thus escapes.
2. Cleanliness and absence of charcoal dust.
3. Absence of the objectionable fumes of charcoal.
4. Immunity from fire in Tea-houses.
5. Greater speed in the firing process, and the saving of all the labour employed to make charcoal.
6. Reduced temperature in Tea-houses.
If all the advantages are, as I expect they will be, attained, the life of a Tea planter will be more pleasant than hitherto.
The following is the opinion of the new process expressed by the _Darjeeling News_ of 1st August:--
“It has long been a question, which all planters were desirous to solve, if the fumes of charcoal were necessary to make Tea, that is to say, if any chemical action was produced on the Tea by the said fumes, and if not, whether it would not be possible to do the firing in some other and far cheaper way.
“The question has, we believe, been solved by Colonel Edward Money, and if so, for the invention is quite a new one, a boon of great magnitude will have been conferred on the Tea interest of India. We congratulate this district as being the birthplace of the improvement.
“The apparatus at present in use at Soom, and which we have seen working, is a rough and crude one made on the spot. This, and the more perfect plans from which larger and better ones are to be made, are readily shown by Colonel Money to anyone visiting Soom; but until the invention is patented, it is not well to describe it in print. Suffice if we say the invention is a remarkably simple one--cheap to erect--durable in its character, and the working thereof unattended with any expense whatever, beyond the cost of the fuel (which may be of any kind), and which of course will be many times less than charcoal.
“If true, as we hear, that it takes 3-1/2 maunds of wood generally to make one maund of charcoal, and if also true, as Colonel Money suggests, that the caloric in one maund of wood equals the caloric in two maunds of charcoal, it then follows that each maund of wood, put into Colonel Money’s furnace, equals seven maunds of wood to make charcoal.
“Of course the above are more or less random figures, but they suffice to show that the saving of fuel will be very great--a boon of course to planters, but a boon also to the Forest Department and to India.
“We knew of the invention some time back, but we forbore to notice it until the brokers’ reports on the Tea so made had been received. We have now seen these. Samples of ‘charcoal’ and ‘furnace’ Tea were sent down, made from the same leaf, the same day, and manufactured in one up to the “firing” process. Two brokers give the higher value to the furnace Tea, one to the charcoal kind--but the difference is small.
“We believe, as one of our most experienced planters, who has tasted the Teas, been to Soom, and seen the brokers’ reports, says, that ‘the Tea dried by the furnace apparatus will be _at least_ equal to that prepared over charcoal.’
“As Colonel Money is already known as an authority in Tea, and as he has stated to us his belief that ‘charcoal days’ for Tea are now at an end, we await with confidence the ultimate success of his invention, which even if it makes no better Tea will certainly make it far cheaper, while the dirt from charcoal dust will be done away with, the temperature of the Tea-houses much reduced, and the deleterious fumes of charcoal, so very objectionable from a sanitary point of view in Tea manufacture, will be known no more.”
Again, 29th August, a month later, the _Darjeeling News_ further remarks:--
“We alluded recently to Colonel Money’s very ingenious plan for drying Tea without charcoal. Since then his apparatus has been in full work at Soom, and has been inspected by numbers of the Darjeeling planters, one and all of whom have, we understand, reported most favourably on its working. Samples of Tea manufacture have been from time to time sent to Calcutta brokers for their opinion, and reports have been received from fifteen, of whom seven are in favour of Tea made by the old charcoal process, seven are in favour of the new furnace process, and one reports that the Tea made by each process is exactly the same.
“Colonel Money is now taking steps to erect his improved furnace, which will be in working order by the end of September, and the whole October crop of Soom Tea will be fired by the new furnace.
“Colonel Money has applied for a patent, and as soon as this is granted we hope to give our readers a description of the apparatus. For obvious reasons it would not be advisable to do so before then. We may mention here that one of the most intelligent and practical planters in this district has ordered one of Colonel Money’s flues for his private garden.
“Of the commercial success of Colonel Money’s apparatus we have no doubt whatever, and we trust that Colonel Money will reap a handsome profit from his very ingenious invention, which will be an undoubted boon not only to this district, but to all the Tea-producing districts of India.
“One point which has struck us as good in Colonel Money’s apparatus is that the temperature of the Tea-house is considerably lowered during the firing process as compared with the open _chulas_, and that there is no free carbonic acid gas allowed to escape into the Tea-house, so that those very unpleasant symptoms of slow poisoning which often show themselves in planters and Tea-makers will be unknown in future. At our suggestion Colonel Money has decided to keep a register of the maximum temperature of the Tea-house, whilst the open _chulas_ continue in use, and to compare it with the temperature when the new apparatus has superseded them, also to test for free carbonic acid gas in the air with each process.
“We are convinced that when the figures are available our readers will be rather astonished at the difference from a sanitary point of view.
“On the whole, we think that Colonel Money’s invention is by far the most important application of _common sense_ and scientific knowledge to Tea manufacture that we have yet seen, and we are almost certain that his apparatus will before long be adopted throughout the Indian Tea districts.”[108]
FOOTNOTE:
[108] Note to Third Edition.--No. The furnace has been erected but on two or three gardens. Other inventions have since been brought forward, and the whole matter is still in an uncertain state--I mean as to which of the several apparatuses is the best. I believe in mine still, and intend to erect it on the Western Dooar Gardens in which I am interested, but, of course, I am not an impartial judge! One thing, however, I lay claim to, and that is, that I was the first to show by practical results that the fumes of charcoal are in no way necessary to make Tea.
Note to Fourth Edition.--Since the above note was written (now five years ago) many Tea Drying Machines have been invented (see pages 240 to 259), and I most willingly admit they are _all_ better than my furnace apparatus. The first inventor rarely attains perfection, and as in my case, he generally labours for the benefit of those who come after!--EDWARD MONEY.
INDEX.
Area required for a garden, 2 -- large, a mistake, 2
Boxes, 147 -- cost of, 161
Climate, 14 -- in each district, 14 to 25 -- wanted, 14 -- rainfall, 14, 28 -- rain table, 28 -- temperature table, 26 -- elevation table, 26 -- cold, 14 -- hot winds, 14 -- affects flavour of tea, 15 -- good for tea, bad for man, 15, 35
Cultivation, 81 -- what is it, 81 -- when a waste of labour, 81 -- by digging round each plant, 82 -- weeds not to get ahead, 83 -- Dutch hoe for, 83 -- cost each operation per acre, 84 -- cost of, to 6th year, 84 -- cost of in full bearing, 85
Districts, 13 -- which best, 30 -- rainfall in, 28 -- cold in, 26 -- of Assam, 15 -- of Cachar, 16 -- of Chittagong, 16 -- of Terai below Darjeeling, 18 -- of Dehra Dhoon, 18 -- of Kangra, 19 -- of Darjeeling, 20 -- of Kumaon, 22 -- of Gurhwal, 24
Districts of Hazareebaugh, 24 -- of Neilgherries, 24 -- of Western Dooars, 25 -- meteorological table of, 26 -- comparative advantages of, 30 -- soil of, 13 to 25 -- jungle of, 13 to 25 -- lay of land of, 13 to 25 -- price waste lands in, 4 -- elevation of, 26 -- temperature of, 26
Distances for plants, 72 -- table of, 72 -- regulated by class, 72 -- best, 72
Flushes, 97 -- number of, 97 to 101 -- way formed, 104 -- differ in districts, 98 -- intervals between, 99
Hills and Plains-- -- comparison of, chap. iii. -- high elevations bad, do. -- table of elevation, 26
Jungle, 34 -- what best in Himalayas, 34 -- not of much consequence in Bengal, 34
Jungle, coarse grass, 34 -- cutting, 75
Labour, 10 -- local, 10, 11, 12 -- imported, 10, 11, 12 -- government action, 10, 11 -- cost of imported, 10
Labour in tea districts, chap. iii.
Laying out a garden, 42
Lay of land and aspect, 37 -- flat, sloping, steep, 7, 13, 35 -- aspect, 39 -- valleys, 40 -- narrow valleys, 40
Lay of land and selection of steep land, 7, 37 -- disadvantages of steep land, 37 -- lines on steep land, 46 -- plants close on steep land, 45
Leaf-picking, 102 -- principles of, 102 -- diagram of shoot, 104 -- teas made from each leaf, 107 -- cannot make separate teas in practice, 107 -- pruning connected with, 102 -- mistakes in, 42 -- how shoots form, 104 -- mode of, 104
Manufacture, 109 -- importance of good, 109 -- old and new plan, 110 -- withering, 110, 111, 123 -- rolling, 111, 112 -- panning, 109, 112 -- sunning, 112, 128 -- tea, how judged, 113 -- Pekoe tips, 105, 106, 114, 115, 116, 122 -- strong teas and Pekoe tips incompatible, 116 -- fermenting or colouring, 127 -- firing or dholing, 128 -- of flowery Pekoe, 130
Manufacture of green tea, 130, 144 -- sifting and sorting, 134, 135, 136, 161 -- sieves, 135 -- Chinese sieves best, 135 -- classes of tea, 137 -- cost of, 160 -- ignorance of, 7
Manufacture, coarse leaf, 126 -- burntness, 143
Manure, 67 -- advantages of, 17, 67 -- how to apply, 68 -- quantity, 69 -- cost of, 69 -- kinds of, 67 -- results of, 69
Management, accounts, forms, 152 -- what qualities required for a Manager, 152 -- forms, 153 -- accounts, 158
Making a garden, 73 -- general instructions for, 73
Mechanical contrivances, 116 -- McMeekin’s rolling table, 116 -- Kinmond’s rolling machine, 116 -- Nelson’s rolling machine, 118 -- Jackson’s rolling machine, 116 -- McMeekin’s drawers, 119 -- Money’s furnace, 121, 296 -- sifting machines, 121 -- machine required to separate the leaves, 122 -- packing machines, 121
Miscellaneous:-- Transport, chap. iii. -- in each district, chap. iii. Green tea, 21, 130, 144 Stagnant water, 40 Inundation, 40 Sections, 42 Yield, 43, 170 Lines of plants, 45, 46 Roads, 45 Relative price green and black teas, 133 Yield first 10 years, 170 Necessities for tea, 173, 180 Past, present, and future of Indian tea, 174 Strange facts about tea, 174 Imports, 177 Annual consumption, 177 Collapse of tea speculation, 178 Share list to-day, 179
Money matters: will tea pay?, 1 -- why has it not paid sometimes?, 1, 6 -- cause of failures, 1 to 8 -- wilful extensions, 6 -- price paid for gardens, 8 -- faulty area sold, 8 -- cost of making a 300-acre garden, 163 -- how much profit tea can give, 168 -- table, result 300 acres for 12 years, 172
Packing, 147 -- lead case for, 147 -- larger each break the better, 151 -- cost of, 161
Planting at stake, 59 -- advantages of, 57 -- disadvantages of, 58 -- mode of, 59
Pruning, 86 -- time for, 86 -- instruments for, 87 -- height to prune, 88 -- cost of, 88
Sale Lands, Waste Lands-- -- sale waste lands, 3 -- auction system, 3 -- price waste lands, 4 -- title, 4
Sanitation, 35
Seed, 54 -- transport of, 55 -- price of, 7 -- shade, natural, 62 -- do. artificial, 64 -- how to sow, 57 -- when ripe, 54 -- treatment of, 54
Seed as manure, 55 -- number in 1 maund, 56 -- proportions that germinate, 56 -- Government gave seed, 51 -- indigenous hybrid and China alike, 51 -- how to increase, 55 -- nurseries or stake planting best, 57
Soil, 31 -- only general rules for, 31 -- sandy, 31 -- greasy, 32 -- poor, 32 -- Ball on, 32 -- friable and porous, 32 -- in Tea districts, 13, 25, 31 -- clay, 33 -- decayed vegetation, 33 -- for seed beds, 62
Transplanting, 76 -- holes for, 59, 76 -- mode of, 77 -- results of bad, 77 -- when to be finished, 78 -- best days for, 79
Vacancies, 92 -- difficult to fill up, 92 -- why difficult, 92 -- best plan to fill up, 92 -- large proportion of, 6
Varieties of tea plants, 47
White-ants, Crickets, Blight, 89 -- harm done by crickets, 89 -- harm done by white-ants, 90 -- harm done by blight, 91 -- remedies for crickets, 90 -- do. white-ants, 91 -- do. blight, 91
Weeds, 82 -- ahead of labour, 83
INDEX
_TO THE ADDITIONS IN FOURTH EDITION._
Agricultural machinery, 223
America, 185, 204, 205, 209
Amsterdam Exhibition, 202 to 211
Any fuel _versus_ charcoal, 239, 258
Australia, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207 to 209
Brick tea, 212
Calcutta Syndicate, 202, 206, 208, 210, 211, 212, 214
China tea trade, 288
China, 194 to 198, 201 to 207, 210 to 212, 288
Consumption of China and Indian Tea, 201
Continent of Europe, 202, 211
Damage to tea by procedure in London, 272, 273
Darby’s digger, 225
Date of commencement of tea cultivation in each district, 194
Deliveries and stocks, 195, 197 to 201
Discovery of indigenous tea, 194
Dryers, by Robertson, the Typhoon, 240, 241
„ Allen, 242
„ Davidson, the Sirocco, 243, 244
„ Gibbs and Barry, 244
„ Shand, 244, 245, 246
„ Jackson, 246 to 248
„ Kinmond, 248 to 257
Fermenting Shelves, 239, 258
First tea in India, 194
Greatest and least possible loss by Custom House procedure, 274, 275
Green tea, 203, 204
Himalayan gardens, 212
Hoop iron, 271
How loss by Custom House procedure could be avoided, 275 to 278
Imports into Great Britain, 194, 195, 198 to 200, 203
Increase of Indian Imports into Great Britain, 195
Indian produce for 1883, 195
Indian _versus_ China tea, 219
Jebens’ transplanter, 223
Local market in India, 213 to 218
Loss of tea by procedure in London, 272, 273
Loss on China teas, 288 to 290
Machinery, 222 to 271
Making Indian tea known in United Kingdom, 218 to 221
Manufacturing machinery, 231 to 271
Markets outside Great Britain, 207 to 217
Money loss to producers and Customs by method of weighing in vogue, 278
New mode bulking at warehouse in Crutched Friars, 282 to 286 -- required further, 287, 288
New Zealand, 205
Ornamental tin boxes by Harvey Bros. and Tyler, 266 to 271
Petition of Indian Tea Districts Association _re_ mode of weighing teas, 279 to 281
Planting pots, 223
Plantations in Northern India, 203
Ploughing, 223 to 231
Processes of manufacture, 231 to 271
Rollers by Jackson, 233, 235, 237
„ Kinmond, 233, 234, 235, 237
„ Haworth, 235, 237
„ Lyle, 236
„ Greig, 236
„ Thomson, 237, 238
Russia, 203, 211
Sifters, by Jackson, 259
„ Greig, 259
„ Pridham, 259
„ Ansell, 260 to 266
Sorter for green leaf by Greig & Co., 232
Statistics of Indian tea, 194 to 206
Tea outside China and India, 183 to 192 Ceylon, 183 Johore, 184 Japan, 185 to 188, 205, 210 Java, 188 America, 188 to 190, 201, 203, 205, 206, 208 Natal, 191 Fiji, 192
Tea consumption per head, 204, 205
_Tea Gazette_--This is alluded to in most pages, (see 290)
Thibet, 212
Weighing and bulking by Customs, 272 to 288
Weighing teas by Customs, The new rules, 290, 291
Withering machine, 232, 253, 257
W. B. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., PRINTERS, 91, GRACECHURCH STREET, LONDON.
RANSOMES, HEAD & JEFFERIES,
IPSWICH & LONDON.
_SOLE MANUFACTURERS_
OF
ANSELL’S PATENT TEA SORTER.
LATEST REPORT.
(From Mr. D. M. LUMSDEN, Manager of the Borelli Company’s Gardens, through Messrs. J. WILLIAMSON & Co., London, February 8th, 1883.)
“I find that using ANSELL’S Sifter I have spent Rs. 780 less on my sorting than last year, besides sorting 500 maunds more Tea; so I may safely calculate that last season’s working paid for the machine.”
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_Fourth Edition, with important Additional Chapters. Price ~10~s. ~6~d._
TEA--CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE.
By Lieut.-Col. EDWARD MONEY.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE THIRD EDITION.
The ~Saturday Review~, in the course of an extended notice, says:--“We think that Col. Money has done good service by throwing into the form of a book an essay which gained the Prize awarded by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, in 1872. The author is one of a well-known Anglo-Indian family.... He has had plenty of practical experience, and has tested the labours of other men.... Col. Money’s general rules and principles, as far as we can form a judgment, seem to have reason as well as experience on their side.... No tea planter can afford to disregard his experience.”
The ~Indian Agriculturist~ says:--“Col. Money has advanced with the times, and the work under review may well be considered the standard work on the subject, and it ought to be in every tea planter’s hand in India, Ceylon, Java, Japan, China or America; the merit and sterling value of his essay has been universally and deservedly acknowledged.... We recommend our readers who require full information and sound advice on the subject to procure Col. Money’s book.”
~Allen’s Indian Mail~ says:--“The particulars of this great industry, which comprises (Tea) Cultivation and Manufacture, are given in the work of Col. Money. The Third Edition expanded from the original prize Essay published in 1872, by the results of the author’s practical experience and observations up to the present time, supplies full details of the origin and progress of an Indian Tea Garden, and that in a very lucid and readable form.... The publication of so thorough, clear and instructive a directorium as Col. Money’s work is in itself a proof of the attention devoted to this important industry, which has a great future before it. No one who desires to understand the condition of its development; still more--no one who has a pecuniary interest in a Tea Garden, can feel that the subject of tea is known until this work has been studied.”
The ~China Express~ says:--“The experience gained since 1872 is added to the work, and it now forms a most complete guide to the tea planter. The great progress the cultivation of tea is making in India renders a practical work of this kind very valuable; and the method in which Colonel Money deals with the subject shows his thorough knowledge of it.”
The ~Scotsman~ says:--“With respect to the conditions of climate and soil necessary for successful tea cultivation, the requirements of the plant in the way of water, &c., the varieties best suited for culture in the various districts, the laying out of the tea garden, and all the various details of cultivation and manufacture, Colonel Money writes with the authority derived from many years of experience; and in the present edition the fruits of his latest experience are embodied. To new beginners in tea cultivation this book must be of the greatest value, while it will be found full of interest by outsiders who may be desirous of information about the condition and prospects of an important department of agricultural industry.”
The ~Produce Markets Review~ says:--“Colonel Money is a practical tea planter, and his work is the standard work on the subject, so that it should be procured by all who are interested in the subject. The new edition is greatly enlarged, and corrected by the experience of the past six years.”
The ~Planters’ Gazette~ says:--“The cultivation of tea in the British dominions is becoming a rapidly extending industry, and we are glad to see that Colonel Money’s prize essay has reached a third edition, for it is full of practical information and deserves to be studied by every tea planter.”
The ~Manchester Examiner~ says:--“During the last few years the fact that India is a tea-producing country has become more generally known in England; but few people know that the finest Indian teas are more expensive than the best of Chinese growth, and, that the average price of the tea grown in India is higher than that which comes from the Flowery Land. Another piece of information given in this book is not less suggestive; we mean that which assures us that India is capable of producing as much tea as would meet the wants of great Britain and all her colonies. But the culture is yet in its infancy. Colonel Money’s treatise is one of the most complete and exhaustive of the kind we have ever read. He seems to anticipate all possible difficulties; his warnings and his counsels embrace every branch of the subject, and only a practical man could have written them. One would think that a tea grower of common sense could scarcely make blunders with such an admirable guide before him; and the commercial side of the enterprise is discussed in the same careful manner as the agricultural.”
The ~Broad Arrow~ says:--“In this work we have the results of eighteen years’ experience of a tea planter in India, and the author has so written it that the beginner will find it invaluable, for he has had his wants specially in view. It is, so far as we know, the best, as it is certainly the most practical, book about tea that has been published.”
_Third Edition. Crown 8vo. Cloth, ~3~s. ~6~d._
THE ART OF TEA BLENDING.
A Handbook for the Tea Trade; a Guide to Tea Merchants, Brokers, Dealers and Consumers, in the Secret of Successful Tea Mixing.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The ~Field~ says:--“This is a practical and authentic little text book on the principles involved in Tea Blending.”
The ~Grocer’s Chronicle~ says:--“The book ought to be in the hands of every grocer of the United Kingdom.”
The ~Grocer’s Journal~ says:--“We cordially recommend ‘The Art of Tea Blending’ to our readers as giving useful instruction and guidance.”
~Allen’s Indian Mail~ says:--“The author gives full technical instructions for the professional tea-blender and tea-taster; and in doing so, he imparts much information that will be found both valuable and interesting to the tea-drinking public.”
~Broad Arrow~ says:--“A trader should be able by its aid to make a name as a teaman, and realise the result which the housewife only needs--a gentle hint as to the opportunity of exercising real judgment and correct taste in a matter of such important family interest as tea.”
The ~Grocer~ says:--“This is the third edition of a book which we have previously noticed with favour, and which has met with considerable success. Although the art of successful tea-blending is not one which can well be gleaned from mere book-lore--practical experience being essential to its acquisition--there are many young beginners, and possibly also some older hands, who will derive a good deal of information from the work now under notice. It has evidently been prepared with much care, and in its way is a very useful handbook.”
The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“This capital handbook, which will prove of great service to merchants, brokers, and all engaged in the tea trade, has reached a third edition. For consumers we may extract the information that water for making tea should be soft and pure; it should be boiled quickly, and used when at the boiling point; the tea will be at its best in rather less than ten minutes, losing part of its flavour if allowed to stand longer.”
The ~Grocer’s Gazette~:--“This is a work which has now reached its third edition, and which fully bears out its claim as an excellent handbook on the subject. Not only is it a useful book to all professionally engaged in the trade, but it is also calculated to educate those who have not had the benefit of a practical experience, by teaching them how to obtain a knowledge of the different classes of teas and the proper method of mixing them. To the mature grocer the work will be of interest, while the uninitiated may by its aid learn how to select proper teas, please his customer’s palate, and sustain his reputation by keeping up the character of his mixings.”
_Price ~28~s._
THE TEA CYCLOPÆDIA.
A Compilation, by the Editor of the _Indian Tea Gazette_, of Information on Tea, Tea Science and Cultivation, Soils and Manures, Statistics, &c., with Coloured Plates on Blights. 350 pages.
The ~Grocer~ says:--“One of the most valuable and exhaustive contributions to tea literature which we remember to have seen.... The cultivation of the plant in the different districts and provinces, the selection of soils and manures, and buildings for its manufacture, &c., are all ably treated in this work; and as it deals thoroughly with the scientific, statistical, and domestic branches of the subject, it is a manual deserving the attention of the tea planter, importer, dealer, and consumer. The experience of practical growers and cultivators is here fully narrated, the opinions of the most competent authorities on disputed points are clearly given and explained; and, in short, every matter connected with the history of the tea trade, as a growing industry and a widening channel of commerce, is gone into with a completeness and precision which leave nothing to be desired.”
The ~American Grocer~ says:--“The Tea Cyclopædia is one we can commend to our importers, grocers, and dealers, as being the most complete work of its kind on Indian teas, as well as furnishing innumerable items of interest to those engaged in the sale of China and Japan teas.”
_Fancy boards, price ~2~s. Cloth, ~3~s. ~6~d._
WOMAN’S FORTITUDE--
A Tale of the Indian Mutiny. By Lieut.-Col. EDWARD MONEY.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
~Public Opinion~ says:--“The author has managed to convey the characteristic tone of garrison talk in a very clear manner.... There is much good narrative and brilliancy of dialogue.”
The ~Scotsman~ says:--“Written with much spirit ... it will be full of interest to anybody who cares to know what European life and Society were in India in the last days of ‘John Company.’”
The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“The horrors enacted at Cawnpore during the Indian Mutiny give a tragic interest to this thrilling tale.”
~Capital and Labour~ says:--“The plot of the tale is carefully constructed and well worked out, and while the main purpose is always kept in view, opportunity is taken to depict some of the phases of Anglo-Indian life, while the characters in the story are cleverly portrayed, and the attention of the reader is never allowed to flag.”
_Crown 8vo. cloth elegant, bevelled boards, gilt edges. Price ~5~s. Plain, ~3~s. ~6~d._
JEMIMA.
A Story of English Family Life. By ADELAIDE. With Frontispiece.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The ~Times~ says:--“‘Jemima,’ by Adelaide, is another tale that girls should care to read, with sufficient proportion of story, and of a more original type than girls’ books generally are. The humour, of which there is an unusual proportion for such works, is not, perhaps, of a very subtle or rich quality, but it is easy and simple, and appropriate to the characters. Any humour, so long as it is neither vulgar nor obscene, is surely preferable to the long-drawn melancholy which is too apt to pervade girls’ books--for what reason we could never understand; girls are no more naturally prone to sadness than boys.”
The ~Scotsman~ says:--“A better story of its kind than ‘Jemima’ cannot easily be met with. The book is written with a freshness and exuberant buoyancy of manner that suit the subject admirably.”
The ~Academy~ says:--“‘Jemima’ is a very natural and charming story of a very natural and charming little girl. It is exactly what it pretends to be--‘a story of English family life’--but it has a distinctness of quality which is by no means common in stories of English family life.”
The ~Daily Chronicle~ says:--“The story of English family life told by Adelaide, under the title of ‘Jemima,’ is of a much more realistic character. Lively and amusing throughout, there is also an element of good sense introduced, which keeps the juvenile escapades within reasonable bounds, and extracts a lesson even from naughtiness.”
_Crown 8vo. 2 vols. ~10~s. each_.
VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH-MALAY LANGUAGES--
With Notes. English-Malay Vocal Dialogues. By FRANK A. SWETTENHAM.
_Demy 8vo., cloth, price ~7~s. ~6~d._
HISTORICAL SKETCHES OF SAVAGE LIFE IN POLYNESIA--
With Illustrative Clan Songs. By Rev. W. W. GILL, B.A.
_Second and Revised Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth elegant. Price ~2~s._
SERMONIC FANCY WORK
On the Figures of our First Acquaintances in Literature. By JOHN PAUL RITCHIE.
I. Little Jack Horner. The Spirit of Self-Satisfaction. II. Peter White. How we are led by the Nose. III. Humpty Dumpty. The Spirit of Exclusiveness. IV. Little Miss Muffit. The Education of Fear. V. Jack Spratt and his Wife. The Perfect Law of Liberty. VI. Jack and Jill. The Climbing Spirit and its Incumbrances. VII. Little Bo-peep. The Recovery of the Lost Sheep. VIII. Beauty and the Beast. The Union of the Strong and Beautiful.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE FIRST EDITION.
The ~Literary Churchman~ says:--“Pungent, amusing, and replete with clever satire.”
The ~Christian~ says:--“In this ingenious and novel experiment, gravity and mirth go hand in hand. The style is energetic and pointed, and the matter pregnant and suggestive.”
The ~Sword and Trowel~ says:--“Very clever.”
The ~Nonconformist~ says:--“Under the guise of commentary on texts from old nursery rhymes and stories, Mr. Ritchie really gives us some admirable discourses--‘Sermonic Fancy Work’ in very deed. It is astonishing how, by the help of a slight vein of paradox and a nimble fancy, he can pass, almost imperceptibly, from mild fun to very sad earnest, touching not a few of our most ingrained faults in the most efficient way.”
The ~Scotsman~ says:--“A clever, wholesome, readable little book.”
The ~Homilist~ says:--“The sermons are really good. They have satire, but it is satire which consumes religious rubbish and nonsense. They have fun and humour, but you are made to laugh in order that you may think with more vigour and seriousness.”
The ~Freeman~ says:--“The ‘Familiar Texts’ are the old nursery rhymes treated homiletically. In the styles adopted we fancy we can trace resemblances to those of some of the popular preachers of our day. The wit is not without wisdom. The satire is not destitute of sense. It is the sort of book that a reader with any humour in him will find it difficult to lay down before he has read it right through.”
~Capital and Labour~ says:--“A droll book and yet containing much quaint wisdom in searching out and applying principles of truth and common sense.... As a whole, and considering its healthy tone and practical scope, we heartily commend this handsome little volume. It is a fine specimen of the combined arts of the typographer and bookbinder, and its attractive exterior ought to draw many readers, who will then be charmed with the contents and with the unconventional method of treatment.”
_Crown 8vo. Cloth elegant, gilt edges, price ~5~s. Plain, ~4~s. ~6~d._
WON BY WAITING.
A Story of Home Life in France and England. By EDNA LYALL. With Frontispiece by FRANK MURRAY.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The ~Daily News~ says:--“The book is full of promise, the story soon deepens into real interest and develops considerable power of construction and character drawing.”
The ~Spectator~ says:--“The characters are drawn with considerable skill, with force, and without exaggeration.”
The ~Academy~ says:--“The Dean’s daughters are perfectly real characters--the learned Cornelia especially;--the little impulsive French heroine, who endures their cold hospitality and at last wins their affection, is thoroughly charming; while throughout the book there runs a golden thread of pure brotherly and sisterly love, which pleasantly reminds us that the making and marring of marriage is not, after all, the sum total of real life.”
The ~Freeman~ says:--“A very pleasing and well-written tale: full of graphic descriptions of French and English life, with incidents and characters well sustained. A book with such pleasant reading, and with such a healthy tone and influence, is a great boon to the young people in our families.”
_Cloth elegant, ~5~s._
POEMS, DOMESTIC AND MISCELLANEOUS.
By JAMES GILES.
The ~Sheffield Independent~ says:--“Very pretty poems, full of a dainty and airy melody. It is beautifully got up.”
~Public Opinion~ says:--“Mr. Giles has evidently a true poetical instinct.”
The ~Literary World~ says:--“Full of gentle human feeling, domestic tenderness, and patient submissive thinking.”
_8vo. cloth. Price ~7~s. ~6~d._
OLD CEYLON.
Sketches of Ceylon Life in the Olden Time. By JOHN CAPPER. With Illustrations by Ceylon Artists.
“Readable and entertaining sketches.”
_New and Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth elegant. Price ~7~s. ~6~d._
SEATS AND SADDLES,
Bits and Bitting, Draught and Harness, and the Prevention and Cure of Restiveness in Horses. By Major FRANCIS DWYER.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE NEW EDITION.
~Bell’s Life~ says:--“The work which Major Dwyer has so successfully carried through the press in two former editions is, for the third time, presented to the public in a new and enlarged form. In all the details of horse management the author is perfectly at home, and the practical way in which he deals with his subject cannot fail to be appreciated by equestrians or those who keep studs. The first portion of the volume is devoted to a lengthy dissertation on the all-important subject of Seats and Saddles. These chapters afford much valuable information gained by a careful study, not only of the framework of the animal considered from a mechanical point of view, but also of the influence of the saddle in its relation to the seat of the rider.... We assure our readers that the whole contents of the book are well worth perusal. It may be well, however, to mention that the question of bits and bitting is thoroughly considered, while Part III. is taken up with remarks on the true principles which should be observed in matters of draught and harness. The concluding portion of the book deals with that worst of all vices in the horse, restiveness, its prevention and cure.”
The ~Saturday Review~ says:--“It is a book which we should recommend to the notice of young cavalry officers.”
_Limp cloth, plain, ~1~s. Cloth gilt, gilt or red edges, ~1~s. ~6~d._
THE LIVING EPISTLE;
Or, The Influence of Christian Character.
The ~Christian~ says:--“Unflinching in its loyalty to the highest of all standards, simple in its delineation of what Christian character should be, earnest in its appeals to the heart and to common sense, this little book brings to its readers a draught of clear, pure air, and ought to send them on their way invigorated and quickened in their desires after holiness.”
The ~Freeman~ says:--“A really ingenious and beautiful exposition of the inspired description of Christian life. The volume is from the pen of the late Dr. Jenkyn, formerly of Coward College, and is worthy of a place by the side of other works we owe him.”
_In Large Crown 8vo. cloth elegant, bevelled boards. Price ~14~s._
PERTHSHIRE IN BYGONE DAYS--
One Hundred Biographical Essays. By P. R. DRUMMOND, F.S.A.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
The ~Nonconformist~ says:--“The volume is simply full of the raciest material, on the whole well laid out, and cannot fail to prove of interest to many beyond the circle of Perthshire men into whose hand it may have the good fortune to come. Mr. Drummond had no purpose to serve in writing the book beyond giving vent to his wide knowledge and his love of the subject. He was a bookseller in Perth, and it is evident that to nothing in literature or in human life was he indifferent. All the notables he knew; and he treasured up _ana_ year by year simply because it fell in with his tastes and enjoyments to do so.... The book is full of delicious morsels.”
The ~Athenæum~ says:--“It contains a great deal of sound sense, and many amusing stories.”
_Price ~1~d. Stiff Paper, ~2~d. With Gold Bead, head and foot, ~4~d. Oak Bead, ~6~d. Handsomely Framed, ~5~s. ~6~d._
THE PEOPLE’S POLITICAL ALMANACK,
A Sheet Calendar, edited by JOHN NOBLE, of the London and Counties Liberal Union.
The ~Daily News~ says:--“It is ornamented with an excellent engraving of the Victoria Tower. It should hang in every Liberal Club in the Kingdom.”
100 Copies, post free, 8s.; 500 Copies, post free, £1 15s.; 1,000 Copies, post free, £3. If 1,000 copies are taken, the names of the Officers of Local Societies and their Branches are printed at foot free of charge.
_Price ~3~s. ~6~d._
SACHS’S GERMAN GRAMMAR--
A Complete Grammar of Pure Modern High-German. A New and Practical Method of Learning the German Language. By H. SACHS.
The ~Daily Telegraph~ says:--“A complete introduction to pure modern High-German on true principles.”
_Price ~6~d. Cloth, ~1~s._
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_8vo., roan, price ~5~s. The “1881” Code, ~12~s. ~6~d._
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Compiled for Family Use in Telegraphing to Friends abroad.
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Transcriber's Note
The following apparent errors have been corrected:
p. 14 "it well" changed to "it will"
p. 94 "wonld" changed to "would"
p. 97 "fifteeen" changed to "fifteen"
p. 107 "_a_." changed to "_a_",
p. 139 "leafs" changed to "leaves"
p. 177 (note) "was--" changed to "was:--"
p. 187 "similiar" changed to "similar"
p. 203 "considered." changed to "considered,"
p. 243 "litle" changed to "little"
p. 264 "viz," changed to "viz.,"
p. 264 "seive-mesh" changed to "sieve-mesh"
p. 273 "loose" changed to "lose"
p. 273 "tare." changed to "tare,"
p. 280 "he gross" changed to "the gross"
p. 299 "Hazareebagh" changed to "Hazareebaugh"
p. 300 "Transport, chap" changed to "Transport, chap."
p. 301 "title" changed to "-- title"
Advertisement "Chapers" changed to "Chapters"
Advertisement "PERIODICALS" changed to "PERIODICALS."
Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, italics and punctuation have otherwise been kept as printed.
Tables have been refactored for accessibility.