part 2, p. 1160, fig. 6252; etc.

[55] Cf. e.g. Metropolitan Museum, Nos. 15.160.2-3, 19.39.20.

[56] It is interesting to compare in this connection the satyr heads on shields, perhaps intended to frighten the enemy (cf. Gerhard, Auserlesene Vasenbilder, pl. CLXXXVIII; Micali, Storia degli antichi popoli italiani III, p. 63, pl. 41, 1-3).

[57] Cf. e.g. Zahn, Berichte der sächsischen Gesellschaft, 1854, p. 40, note 46; British Museum, Guide to Greek and Roman Life (2d edition), 1920, p. 181, fig. 217 (No. 1905.6-13.1); Déchelette, Les vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine, II, 1904, p. 338.

[58] Nowadays plaster or wood is the usual material for such wheel-heads.

[59] Cf. e.g. Fabroni, Storia degli antichi vasi fittili aretini, 1841, pl. III, 9, 10; V, 7, 8, 9; p. 64, and Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire, under figlinum, p. 1122, fig. 3036.

[60] Cf. e.g. Nos. 15.163.1, 17.120.250 in the Metropolitan Museum.

[61] Cf. e.g. Iliad, XVIII, 599-601, quoted below.

[62] Cf. Reisner, Naga-ed-Dêr, I, p. 133.

[63] This information I owe to Mr. Binns.

[64] Cf. G. P. Stevens in Fowler-Wheeler, Greek Archaeology, p. 102.

[65] See especially Pottier, Catalogue des Vases au Musée du Louvre, III, pp. 690 ff.

[66] There is no reason to assume, as has been done by Walters, History of Ancient Pottery, I, pp. 132 and others, that these lekythoi are the beautiful white lekythoi in our collections; it is more likely that they are the very roughly painted little jugs found in large quantities in tombs, but rarely placed with selected museum examples.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The technique of Greek vases has naturally been a subject of study with most writers on Greek ceramics. The following is a selection of the most important works in this field:

BLÜMNER, H. Technologie u. Terminologie der Gewerbe u. Künste bei den Griechen u. Römern, II, pp. 32 ff. Leipzig, 1895.

BRONGNIART, A. Traité des arts céramiques ou des poteries, I. Second edition, Paris, 1854.

JAHN, O. Über ein Vasenbild welches eine Töpferei vorstellt, in Berichte der sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Leipzig, 1854.

JAMOT, P., in Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, under figlinum.

LUYNES, Duc de. De la poterie antique, in Annali dell’Instituto, IV, pp. 138 ff. Milan, 1894.

PERROT, G., in Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité, IX, pp. 322 ff. Paris, 1911.

POTTIER, E. Catalogue des vases antiques de terre cuite au Musée du Louvre, III, pp. 651 ff. Paris, 1906.

RAYET, O., et Collignon, M. Histoire de la céramique grecque, Introduction. Paris, 1888.

REICHHOLD, K., in Furtwängler u. Reichhold, Griechische Vasenmalerei, text passim but especially I, pp. 12 ff., 19 ff., 45, 54, 68, 82, 140, 145 ff., 181; II, pp. 199 ff. Munich, 1904.

ROBINSON, E. Catalogue of Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Vases in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, pp. 33 ff. Boston and New York, 1893.

WALTERS, H. B. History of Ancient Pottery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, I, pp. 202 ff. London, 1905.

WHEELER, J. R., in Fowler and Wheeler, Greek Archaeology, pp. 420 ff. New York, 1909.

The two following handbooks on the manufacture of modern pottery will be found useful also by students of ancient techniques:

BINNS, C. F. The Potter’s Craft. New York, 1910 (second edition, 1922).

COX, G. Pottery for Artisans, Craftsmen, and Teachers. New York, 1914.

INDEX

Alumina, 47.

Binder, medium used as, 16, 47, 50.

Biscuit, 34-37, 51.

Blunging, 2.

“Bone-dry,” 11.

Brush-case, 74.

Brushes, 47, 51, 52, 70, 71-75; representations of, 70-72.

Bucchero pottery, technique of, 45.

Building, 4, 26-27, 93-94; coils, 26; literary references to, 93-94; terracotta statuette of man in act of(?), 70; wooden core for, 93-94.

Calipers, 15, 16, 65.

Carbon, 30, 45; dioxide, 30; monoxide, 30.

Centering, 7, 8.

Clay, 1, 20, 40-44; color of, 1, 3, 45, 54, 55, 58, 87, 88; component parts of, 1, 88; ingredients of, 1, 55, 57; literary references to, 87, 88; plasticity of, 1, 2, 88; porosity of, 1, 59, 61, 62; preparation of, 1, 88; varieties of, 40; vitrification of, 1, 29, 30; washing of, 2, 3.

Color, 36, 54, 58, 59; accessory, 44; change of, through firing, 1, 3, 31, 36, 45, 58; literary references to, _see_ Miltos.

Cones, pyrometric, 35, 36.

Decorating, 35, 39, 42, 44, 51; ancient representations of, 40, 70-75.

Design, 15; before or after firing, 37-44; preliminary, 37, 39, 58, 72.

Draught, 30, 31, 33, 76.

Drying, 10, 21.

Fashioning of vases, 4-29; literary references to, 89-94.

Finish, 25, 69; inside, 15; outer surface, 25; under handles, 25.

Firing of vases, 3, 29-47, 79; accidents through, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44-47; length of, 35, 36; literary references to, 94-96; methods of, 34-36; number of firings, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44; temperature of, 35; “twice-fired,” 35, 37, 39.

Foot, 11, 12, 17, 18, 26.

Fuel, 30, 33, 34, 65, 76.

Glaze, 19, 31, 34-36, 39, 47, 57, 58, 61, 62, 65, 74, 78, 86; application of, 39, 40-44, 47-53, 57, 72; Athenian, 48-49; composition of, 47-49; discoloration of, 45-47; preparation of, 47; varieties of, 47; wearing qualities, 47-49.

Gum tragacanth, 47.

Handles, 19-25, 56, 60, 62; attachment of, 19, 21, 67, 69; handmade, 20, 24; moulded, 20, 28.

Implements, potter’s, 10, 11, 64, 84-86.

Incision of details, 37-39.

Jigger, 11.

Joining, 16-19, 28, 29; representation of, on pinax(?), 68, 69.

Jolly, 11.

Kiln, 21, 32-37, 41, 44-46, 86; ancient representations of, 34, 64, 65, 76-78; literary references to, 89, 94-96; packing of, 34.

“Lagerringe,” 46.

“Lasur,” _see_ Miltos.

Leather-hard, 10, 16, 25, 37, 39, 40, 44, 50, 51, 58, 65.

Lip, 11, 12, 29, 44, 60.

Metics, as potters, 100; social standing of, 100.

Miltos, 47, 53-59, 61; as wash, 58, 59; laws governing export of, 96, 97; literary references to, 96-98; methods of applying, 55-58.

Mortar, for crushing glaze, 74.

Moulding of vases, 20, 24, 27-29.

Moulds, 4, 12, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 86; material of, 27, 29, 86.

Oven, _see_ Kiln.

Oxidation, 30, 58.

Oxide, 1; boron, 47; calcium, 1; ferric, 30, 31, 45, 46; ferrous, 30, 31, 45, 46, 49.

Painting, 39, 40, 42, 51, 70-75, 98; brushes for, 51-53, 70-72, 75.

Paint-pots, 70, 71, 74, 75.

Pinax, 65, 67-69, 73, 75-78.

Plaster, 20, 21, 26, 27, 85.

Polishing, 19, 58; tools for, 19.

Porosity, 1, 59, 61, 62; literary reference to, 98.

Potter, 14, 15, 17-19, 25, 27, 31, 40, 44, 47, 54, 55; ancient representations of, 5, 9, 64-77, 80, 81; implements of, 10, 11, 64, 84-86; literary references to, 87-105; “master potter,” 75, 80; miscellaneous scenes, 78-84; shop of, 81, 82; statues of Greek, 98-100, 102-105; of Roman, 99, 102; women as, 71.

Pottery, ancient representations of, 64-70, 75, 77, 78; literary references to, 87-104.

Proportion, 14, 26, 59.

Pyrometer, 35.

Pyrometric cones, 35, 36.

Red ochre, _see_ Miltos.

Reduction, 30, 31, 45, 46; partial, 31.

“Relief” lines, 52, 53.

Rivets, 59, 63.

Saggers, 32, 34.

Satyr, stoking oven, 83; head, to avert evil eye, 64, 65.

Sections, work in, 15-19.

Ship, with pottery, 82, 83.

Shrinkage, 16, 28.

Silicate, 47, 49.

Slip, 2, 11, 16, 19, 21, 27, 28.

Stele, votive, 80, 81; “master potter,” 80.

Stilts, 34, 85, 86.

Stoking kiln, 65, 76.

Strainer for clay, 2; for glaze, 74.

Symmetry, Dynamic, 14.

Temperature of firing, 3, 29-32, 35, 36, 55.

Templet, 27.

“Test,” 43, 44.

Throwing, 7-9, 12, 29; ancient representations of, 65, 66; in sections, 15-19, 69; literary references to, 88-91; to measurements, 9, 14, 15.

Turning, 10-15, 19, 40, 42; literary references to, 89-92; tools for, 10-12, 14, 18.

Use of Greek vases, 59-63; as ornaments, 60, 61; as practical utensils, 59-63; as votive offerings, 60.

Vases, Attic, 12, 27-29, 54, 58, 59; fragility of, 59, 62; measurements of, 14; porosity of, 59, 61, 62; proportions of, 59; value of, 87, 100, 101; wearing qualities of, 59, 62.

Vasiliki ware, technique of, 45.

Votive offerings, 60, 67, 68, 73, 75.

Wedging, 2, 3; literary reference to, 88.

Wheel, 4-9, 27, 29, 51, 54; ancient representations of, 5, 65-68, 72, 73; invention of potter’s, 27, 89; literary references to, 88-91, 97, 103; types of, 4-6, 91.

Wheel-head, 7, 84, 85.