Category: Science - Earth/Agricultural/Farming
The Carboniferous System—_continued_.—Geographical Distribution of Coal.—The Great Coal-Field of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio.—Coal Deposits of Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.—Economic History of Coal.—Conditions of Formation, 115
The Carboniferous System—_continued_.—Geographical Distribution of Coal.—The Great Coal-Field of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Ohio.—Coal Deposits of Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois,...
3. CHAPTER X.4. CHAPTER XI.5. CHAPTER II.6. CHAPTER VI.7. CHAPTER VII.8. CHAPTER I.9. CHAPTER II.10. CHAPTER III.11. CHAPTER II.12. CHAPTER VI.13. CHAPTER I.Geology is that branch of science which comprehends the knowledge of all that relates to the form, structure, mineral and fossil constituents, of the earth. The Scottish Grampia...
14. CHAPTER II.In beginning a description of the earth, every one is prepared for the information, that it must have existed in some form or other antecedent to the development of life upon it...
15. CHAPTER III.The group of rocks on which we next enter are termed fossiliferous, that is, there is contained in their hard stony substance the impressions and actual remains of organic bodie...
16. CHAPTER IV.A geologist requires not, like the tourist, to be told of the various conflicting roads that run among the mountains, in what precise course he is to wend his way. He will follo...
17. CHAPTER V.Dura Den, whither the scene of our explorations now shifts, occupies a central position in Fifeshire, and lies equidistant betwixt St. Andrews and Cupar, the county town. This c...
18. CHAPTER VI.We do not select the rocks which form the title of this chapter from mere arbitrary choice, or because they are geographically connected with the district under review, but beca...
19. CHAPTER VII.The system of rocks termed the Carboniferous constitutes the most remarkable, as well as the most valuable, group in the whole range of geological investigation. The strata of w...
20. CHAPTER VIII.Considered mineralogically, and now demonstrated beyond a doubt, coal and the diamond are found to be one and the same in substance, and nearly also in their modes of formation....
21. CHAPTER IX.The general remarks on the coal deposit, in which we have been led to indulge in the two last chapters, may be verified by, as they all receive the most ample illustrations from...
22. CHAPTER X.The geology of the northern division of Scotland is, almost in every particular in the series of rocks that have been described, the counterpart of the southern, which now falls...
23. CHAPTER XI.The interest which attaches to this division of our sketches of Scottish geology is in no degree impaired by the consideration that the rocks, all of them, belong to one or othe...
24. CHAPTER I.Differing as England does in people, manners, language, laws, and institutions from Scotland, a still greater difference will be found to exist in the physical structure, the mi...
25. CHAPTER II.The geological formations described are succeeded in the ascending order by the PERMIAN system of deposits—a term borrowed from the department of Perm in Russia, where the strat...
26. CHAPTER III.When one is about to travel, or to undertake a journey of any distance from the daily beat of home, it is very seldom indeed that he puts into his pocket a book of science. Voya...
27. CHAPTER IV.The Wealden formation is more local than any of the deposits we have yet considered. The term has a particular reference to the district features of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Ha...
28. CHAPTER V.The history of our globe during the deposition of the CHALK FORMATION, and the changes therewith connected, have now to be considered. By whatever causes effected—from whatever...
29. CHAPTER VI.The Tertiary System forms the last great subdivision of the rocky strata of the earth—the last in the creative, as well as geographical, distribution of organic and inorganic ma...
30. CHAPTER VII.The tertiary deposits are referable to three great divisions, containing subdivisions, some of marine, some of fresh water origin, and severally characterized by their fossil re...
31. CHAPTER I.On the continental side of the Channel it will not be necessary to dwell, in minute details, upon any of the systems of rocks which are here presented. What is France? The touri...
32. CHAPTER II.The Pennine or Western Alps constitute the loftiest group of mountains in Europe. They consist of a vast chain of isolated peaks, all of which are elevated above the region of p...
33. CHAPTER III.The question arises, since upon geological grounds it is demonstrable that the crust of the earth has been repeatedly upheaved and broken, have we reason to conclude that simila...
34. CHAPTER I.Geology, as will be seen from the preceding details, is among the most comprehensive of the sciences. It invades the province of every one of them, and lays them all under contr...
35. CHAPTER II.After inquiring into their _order_ of succession, the _relation_ which organic fossils have to each other, as genera and species, falls naturally to be considered. How have thes...
36. CHAPTER III.The author of the “Vestiges” devotes two chapters to what he terms general and particular considerations respecting the origin of the animated tribes. He regards it as a thing c...
37. CHAPTER IV.When the palæontologist has completely established his position, that all the organic phenomena of primeval times have resulted from the impress of original structure, in opposi...
38. CHAPTER V.The speculations of geology respecting the arrangement and position of the mineral masses of the earth are matters of direct observation, falling immediately under the cognizanc...
39. CHAPTER VI.The conclusion attempted to be established by the preceding mode of reasoning, is not of the kind, nor will it be so satisfactory as, many desiderate. The sacred chronology, acc...