Part 24

"I also formally declare that the Indians showed me by signs that in the direction west, one quarter south-west, there are large towns, with houses built of earth, inhabited by a good people, clothed, very rich, and possessing plenty of metal. They rear a large number of great sheep, using these for agriculture and transport. I asked if those people were far off, and they answered that the route thither lay through a thickly inhabited country, and that it was not far. Among those people they said there were other Christians, and great waterless deserts of sand. We asked them how they knew there were Christians on that side, and they answered, that in times gone by the Indians living in that neighbourhood had been heard to say that as they were passing the desert they met many white people, clothed, with beards, and they had certain animals with them (evidently, according to their showing, horses), and riders on their backs, and that owing to the want of water they had returned, and many had died on the way. The Indians thought they had come from the other side of the desert. They showed us also, by signs, that in the direction west, one quarter south, there were high mountains, and an uninhabited country. Having heard that there were people dwelling beyond those deserts, the Indians had attempted to pass that way, but were unable to proceed, because they died of hunger and thirst. We asked them how they came to learn all this, and they answered, that all the Indians of this country communicated with one another, and it had been related how those Indians had seen the Christians and their horses crossing the desert. They said, too, that on the south-west skirt of those mountains there were many large settlements, and people rich in metal; and beyond these again lay the salt water and the great ships. We asked them if those settlements were ruled by separate chiefs, and they answered, that there was only one chief who ruled all the towns, and was obeyed by all. I further declare, that in order to verify their statements I questioned each of them separately for a day and a night, and they always repeated the same story without any variation whatever."

The above statement was made by Hernando de Ribera, who said and declared that he had received it with all clearness, faithfully and loyally, without fraud and deceit; and in order that all credit and faith should be given to it, and that there should not be the slightest doubt concerning it, or any portion thereof, he said he would swear to the truth of it, and he swore in the name of God and Santa Maria, and on the four sacred gospels, upon which he placed his right hand, a missal being held open for that purpose by the reverend father, Francisco Gonzalez Paniagua, at the very place where the sacred gospels are written, and on the sign of the cross, like this: ✠ [Maltese cross], where he also placed his right hand to testify that the aforesaid statement, according to the form and manner of it, was given, said, and declared by the Indian chiefs of the aforesaid land, and by other aged men whom he had diligently examined and interrogated in order to learn the truth, and have a clear understanding of the interior of the country.

After he had obtained this information, other Indians of different settlements came to see him, especially of a large village, called Uretabere. He went one day's march in their territory, and collected information wherever he went, and all the statements agreed. He declared, moreover, under the sanctity of his oath, that there was no exaggeration or imagination in anything he had said, nothing but the truth, without fraud or reservation whatsoever. He also declared that the Indians assured him that the river Yacareati has a fall from a high mountain.

This he certifies to be true, so help him God, and if it be otherwise may he pay dear in this world with his body, and in the next with his soul. This oath having been read out to him, he said: "I swear it, Amen."

The aforesaid captain asked and required me to testify to this statement, as much for his peace of mind as to serve as evidence for the aforesaid governor, and to preserve his rights; the following being witnesses: the aforesaid reverend father Paniagua; Sebastian de Valdivieso, valet of the said governor; Gaspar de Hortigosa and Juan de Hoces, citizens of Cordoba, all of whom have signed their names as follows: Francisco Gonzalez Paniagua, Sebastian de Valdivieso, Juan de Hoces, Hernando de Ribera, Gaspar de Hortigosa.

Done before me, Pedro Hernandez, notary.

INDEX,

A.

Abacoten, Indian chief, 132

Abangobi, Indian chief, 111

Abipones, Indian tribe, xxxvi, 16

Abrego, Diego de, quarrels with Francisco de Mendoza, 78 _seq._; his name also written Abreu and Abriego, 79; his cousins marry Irala's daughters, 79 _seq._

Aburuñes, 266

Achkere. _See_ Aracaré

Achkeres, why so called, 42; no tribe of that name, _ib._

Acosta, Diego de, 240

----, Gonzalo de, 122

----, author of "History of the Indies" referred to, 66

Acuña, Hector de, 207

Adelantado, the title, xv, 35, 96

Agazes, Indian tribe (Aygais), xxxvi, 16, 18; their war with the Spaniards, 18 _seq._; their place, 19, 22, 23, 54, 131; their treatment of captives, _ib._; their wars, 131 _seq._; peace with, 132 _seq._; peace broken by, 150 _seq._; 153; judgment passed on, 158, 238; expedition to punish, 239

Alabos, Indian chief, 132

Alcalde Mayor, 158

Algarroba, the seed of the carob-tree, 18

All Saints' Eve, 33, 165

Almenza, Martin de, 136, 137, 159

_Almirante_ (Almiranda), a Spanish title, 89

Alvar Nunez. _See_ Cabeza de Vaca

Amazon, xxxiii

Amazons, xxxix, riches of, 45; reports concerning, 45 _seq._; island inhabited by, 46, _note_, _ib._; their king's name, _ib._; 48

America, partition of, xxi; trade with, xxiv; general language of, xxxiii

_Amida._ _See_ Sheep

_Amne._ _See_ Sheep

Anchieta, the missionary, xxxiii

Andalusia, 5

Andes, Cordillera of, xxxiii, xxxvi

Andrada, Francisco d', 159, 251

Angelis, Don Pedro de, editor of Schmidt's voyage referred to, xxiii

Anghiera, Pedro Martyr de, xxv

Angra, justice of, 261

Añiriri, Indian chief, 107

Anta, _or_ Tapir. _See_ Sheep

Antilles, sea of the, xxxiii

Antorff. _See_ Antwerp

Ants, red and black, 200; antidote against stings of, _ib._

Antwerp, xv, xxiv, 1, 81, 88, 91

Anzures, Pero, Gobernacion of, 65; sent to conquer Chunchos, 73, _note_

Aracaré (Achkere), Indian chief, 37, 160; his treachery, 161 _seq._, 163; executed by Spaniards, 164

Argentina, pampas of, xxxiii

_Argentina_, poem, 10

Arianicosies, Indian tribe, 223, 224, 226, 233

Armenta, Bernardo de, a Franciscan friar, 100, 105, 116, 136, 159, 175; leaves the country, 250

Armeven (Armuia), 91

Aroaz, Juan de, notary, 108

Arquebusiers, 107, 177

_Arroba_, a Spanish weight, 195

Arrows made of cane, 11

Artaneses, Indian tribe, 212

Arthus, Prof. Gotard, xxii

Arumaya river, 73

Ascension. _See_ Asuncion

Asher, J., his essay on "Hulsius's Voyages" referred to, xxx

Assumption, Feast of the, 22

Asuelles. _See_ Anzures

Asuncion (Desumsion), city of, xxii; founded, 22, _note_; 24, 27, 28, 35; distance from Santa Catalina, 36; 38, 39, 51, 57, 59, 61; latitude of, 74; besieged, 79; 81, 86; always Ascension in the _Commentaries_, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 115, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 149, 156, 157, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166; fire at, _ib._; rebuilt, 167; 173, 177, 179, 180, 181; return of expedition to, 237 _seq._, 239, 260, 263

Atabare, or Tabaré, Indian chief, his hostility to the Spaniards, 170 _seq._, 180; offers to accompany the expedition, 181

Ave Maria, 142

Aygais. _See_ Agazes

Ayolas (Eyollas), Juan de, xxvi, xxvii, 6; placed in command, 12; 13, 14; sails up Paraná, _ib._; takes Lambaré, 21, 22; 23, 24, 26; death of, 27, 62; sick Spaniards left by, 70, 102, 103, 109, 123, 124, 182, 185, 186, 187

Azara, Don Felix de, his opinion of Schmidt's voyage, xxxv, 4

B.

Bachacheis. _See_ Mbaiás

Bachereos. _See_ Xarayos

Bachkeku or wacheku. _See_ Bananas

Bagenberg, 25

Bananas, 63

Barba, Don Diego de, 146

_Barbacoas_ or _parrillas_ for roasting meat, 154

Barchkonis, 66, 68

Barcia, de, his translation referred to, xxiii, 6, 35, 37, 65

Barco Centenera, the pseudo-poet, 10

Bareia, 81

Barter trade, 15

Batates. _See_ Guatatas

Bats, vampire, 199 _seq._

Beni, River, 73

Bermejo, Rio (Red River), 19

Bigg-Wither, referred to, 108

Black River, the lagoon, 195

Blood of wild beasts drank by Indians, 7

Blue stone worn in lip, 72

Boa, the, 84

Boar, wild, 15, 19, 118, 135

_Bodelle._ _See_ _Rodela_

Bonas Aeieres. _See_ Buenos Ayres

Bone Speranso. _See_ Buena Esperanza

Brabant, 91

Bravo, Anton, bastinadoed, 252

Brazil, xiv, xviii; the name, xxii, 32, 35, 175, 176, 190, 250

Brazilian (Brazil) wood, xxii, xxviii, 85, 86

Breastplates on horses, 146

Bresa, Baron de la, xxiv

Brigantines (Parchkadienes), xxvi, 10, 12, 13, 21, 28, 34, 37, 39, 40, 49, 51, 59, 62, 162

Buena Esperanza, or Corpus Christi, founded by Mendoza, 15, _note_, 22

Buenos Ayres (Bonas Aeires), Santa Maria de, foundation of, xxvi, 7; besieged, 11; 31, 32, 33, 34, 36; province of, 81; 101, 102, 103, 104, 106; abandoned, xvi, 123, 124, 125; relief sent to, 127, _seq._; 164, 165, measures to re-establish, 165

Bull, Papal, xxi

Bullets, stone, 8

Burton, Sir Richard, his edition of Hans Stade referred to, xviii

C.

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, his parentage, xiii, xvi; opposed by Irala, _ib._; judgment and acquittal of, xvii; Commentaries of, _ib._; xviii, xx, xxvii; route opened by, xviii, xx, xxx; referred to, 27, 35 _seq._; Schmidt's opinion of, 35, _note_, 41, 49, 51, 52; arrest and imprisonment of, 52 _seq._; is sent to Spain, 53; honesty and capacity of, _ib._, _note_; horrible treatment suffered by, _ib._; his captivity in Florida, 95; returns to Spain, _ib._; offers to lead a relief expedition, _ib._; appointed Adelantado, 96; equips at his own cost an expedition, _ib._; vessels bought by, _ib._; is detained in Cadiz, _ib._; sets sail, _ib._; arrives at La Palma, _ib._; sails towards Cape Verd, _ib._; takes possession of Cananea, 99; arrives at Santa Catalina, _ib._; disembarks his people, 100; treats Indians kindly, _ib._, 107; protects monks, 101; clothes Spanish refugees, 103 _seq._; hastens to Asuncion, 104; opens route overland, _ib._; leaves Santa Catalina, 106; begins his march, _ib._; enters the interior, 107; discovers Indian settlements, _ib._; takes possession of territory for king, 107; his name, 108; his generosity to Indians, 109; protects natives, 109 _seq._; writes to Asuncion, 118; descends the Yguazú, 120; orders rafts to be made, 121; arrives at Asuncion, 125; shows his credentials, _ib._; recognised as governor, _ib._; his orders to rebuild Buenos Ayres, 128; summons meeting of clergy, 128; assembles native vassals, 129; makes peace with Agazes, 132; clothes needy Spaniards, 134; reduces taxation, _ib._; arrests officers, _ib._; consults clergy, 136 _seq._; leads expedition against Guaycurús, 139; narrow escape of, 143; restores order in his troops, _ib._; his dispositions for attack, 146; inquires into the acts of the Agazes, 151; receives the submission of Guaycurús, 154; sends further relief to Buenos Ayres, 159; prepares to explore province, 159 _seq._; orders vessels to be built, 162; returns thanks for safety of Spaniards, 166; supplies destitute Spaniards, 167; assembles clergy and officers, 168; orders brigantines to be equipped, 169; supports friendly Indians, 170; writes to Irala, 173; animosity against, 175; orders depositions to be taken, 176; starts on voyage of discovery, 177; builds a church, _ib._; reaches Tapua, 178; stays at Itapuan, 183; treats with Payaguás, 186 _seq._; orders soundings to be taken, 191; speaks with Guaxarapos, 192; takes possession of Los Reyes, 198; cautions Spaniards and Guaranís, 198; bitten by a vampire bat, 199 _seq._; holds a council, 205; decides on an advance, 215; arrives at Rio Caliente, 216; is advised to return, 220; sends Ribera to Tapuá, 221; summons chiefs of Los Reyes, 222; sends for provisions, 223; sends Hernando Ribera to the Xarayes, 225; recalls Mendoza, 233; falls sick with fever, 236; remains at Los Reyes, 237; orders Indian girls to be restored, 237; returns to Asuncion, 238; conspiracy against, 239 _seq._; his property seized, 242; his life threatened, 245; his imprisonment, 247; corresponds with his friends, 247 _seq._; asks for a confessor, 251, 253; appoints a deputy, 257; is chained on the brigantine, 257; poison administered to, 259; his chains filed asunder, 260; arrives at the Azores, 261; in Spain, _ib._; is arrested and kept a prisoner eight years, 262; acquitted and released, _ib._; losses sustained by, _ib._

Cabeza de Vaca, Pedro Estopiñan, nephew of Alvar Nuñez, sent by sea to Buenos Ayres, 36, 106, 107; arrives at Asuncion, 164; his report, _ib._; seized and put in irons, 258; sent to Spain, _ib._

Cabot, Sebastian, expedition under, xiv, xxv; fort of, 15; referred to, 202

Cabrera (Gabrero), Alonso, arrives from Spain, 14, 32, 33, 52, 125; letter signed by, 165; 240, 243, 256, 259; files the governor's chains asunder, 260; loses his reason and kills his wife, 262

----, Antonio, 37

Caceres, Felipe de, 52; sent to the La Plata, 101, 104, 125; accompanies expedition, 177; 240

_Cacocies Chaneses._ _See_ Xarayes

Cactus hedge round Indian village, 67

Cadiz (Calles), 1, 88, 90, 98

Caguazú, Indian settlement, 136, 137

Calderon, 31

Calles. _See_ Cadiz

Camire, Indian chief, 211, 212, 265

_Camoati_, Guaraní word for beehives, 77

_Campo, el_ (the plain), 104, 107

Camus, M., his collection of voyages referred to, xxxiv

Cananea, 36, 99, 100

Canaria, 96

Canary Islands, their distance from San Lucar, 2; 4

Candelaria, port of, 102, 185; latitude of, 186; now Corumbá, _ib._

Candirées, Indian tribe, 203, 232

Cannibalism, remarks on, xxxvi _seq._; denied by the editor of this book, xxxviii; Schmidt's notices of, 20; C. de Vaca's notices of, 129, 234, 254

Canoes, 13; swiftness of, 193; large, 194

Cape Verde, 96, 261; islands, 4, 97, 98

_Capibara_, or _Capincho_, water-hog, 184; chase of, _ib._

_Capitana_, name of ship, 96, 124, 127

Captives in war, treatment of, 20, 129 _seq._

Caracas, province of, xxiv

Caravels (Karabella), 32, 35

_Carcaraes_, Indian tribe, 203, 232

Carch Karaisch. _See_ Guaycurus

_Cardas_, a kind of teasel, 155

_Cardos_ (Cardes), Spanish for thistle, 69

Carendies. _See_ Quirandis

_Carib_ and _Caniba_, name given by Indians of Hayti to their enemies, xxxvii

Carieba, 57; taken by treachery, 58

Carios, name by which Schmidt calls the Guaranís, 14, 15, 19; extent of their country, 19; their superiority for work, _ib._; their customs, 20; their cannibalism, _ib._; their treatment of prisoners, _ib._; their war, _ib._; their town, _ib._; their forts, 21; pits dug by, _ib._; their fight with the Spaniards, _ib._; their submission, 22; build a town for the Spaniards, _ib._; 27, 28, 37, 38, 40, 41; their insurrection, 54; expedition against, 55 _seq._; their fortifications, 56, 57, 59; defeat of, 59; join Irala's expedition, 62; 64, 70, 71, 76, 81, 82, 83, 102

Carob bean (_Prosopis dulcis mimosa_), 18, 135; flour and wine made of, _ib._

Casas, Bartolomé, de las, xxv; abridges Columbus' Journal, xxxvii

Casca, de. _See_ La Gasca

Cassia trees, 189; fruit of, _ib._

Castellano, gold coin, value of, 242

Castille, 258

Centenera. _See_ Barco

Ceuti, lemon of, 189

Chaco, Indians of the, xiv; xvi

Chanés (Chameses, Chaneses), Indian tribe, 65, 66, 102, 103, 191, 197, 202, 203, 231, 232

Charles V, King of Spain, xiii, xxiii; his partiality for Flemings, xxiv _seq._; abdication of, xxix

Charúas, tribe of Indians, xxxvi, 6 _seq._; 11

Chaves, Nuflo de, sent to Peru, 75, 76; 244

Cheriguanos, now named Moxos and Chiquitos, their country, xxvii, 37

_Chimencos_, Indian tribe, 203, 232

Chiquitos, xxvii

Chunchos, territory of, 73

Cipoyay, Indian chief, 107

Cock, crow of, saves a ship, 98

Coligny protects Villegaignon, xxix

Columbus, Christopher, alteration of his words _carne viva_ regarding the natives of Hayti, xxxvi _seq._

Compans, Ternaux, his Collection of Voyages referred to, xxxiv; his erroneous identifications, xxxiv, 19, 85

Cordova, or Cordoba, 100, 270

Corpus Christi, fort, 15, 29

Correa, Antonio, 207, 209

Corumbá, 186

Cotton, 19, 212

Crocodile, legend concerning, 42 _seq._

Crossbowmen, 107

Cuenca, Bishop of, 262

Ciudad Real de Guaira, 118

Curitiba, city of, 108

Cuyaba, river, 190

Cuzco (called by Schmidt, Ruessken), 76

D.

Dabere. _See_ Tabaré

_Dantas._ _See_ Sheep

Danube, river, 60

Darts, tipped with flint, 8, 54, 67

De Bry, his collection referred to, xxii; publishes Schmidt's voyage, xxx

Deer, 44, 45, 66, 68, 118, 148, 149

Demerieff. _See_ Teneriffe

Desumsion. _See_ Asuncion

Diaz, Ruy, 62

Diembus. _See_ Timbus

Diess. _See_ Diaz

Doberim Carolus. _See_ Dubrin

Domingo, an Indian, 176

Dorantes, Pedro (the factor), reconnoitres a way inland, 104; his report, 125; joins expedition, 177; returns to Asuncion, 181; 240, 256, 258

Dryandri, Dr. Johann, Stade's work written by, xxx

Duarte, Lope, a confederate of Irala, 259

Dubrin, Carlos, 14

Duechkamin, town of, 19; M. Ternaux, erroneous identification of, _ib._; probably Tomina, _ib._, _note_

E.

Ear ornaments, 40

Earthquake, 165

_El Golondrino_ (the Swallow), name of vessel, 265

Escalera, Antonio d', 251

Espinosa. _See_ Salazar

Espiritu Santo, province and port of, 86

Estopiñan, Pedro. _See_ Cabeza de Vaca

Eyolla. _See_ Irala

Eyollas, Johann. _See_ Ayolas

F.

_Farol_, Spanish for lantern, 90

Fenugreek, 18; _not_ the herb from which the wine was made, _ib._, 24, 25

Ferdinand and Isabella, xiii

Fish, 5, 87; extraordinary numbers of, 189, 194; gold, 195

Flemings, funds supplied by, xxiv; favours shown to, xxv; take part in expedition, _ib._; their struggle for independence, xxx

Flemish merchants, xv

Flooded land, marching through, 47

Floods on Paraguai, 41, 47, 193, 194

Florida, xvii, 35

Flying-fishes, 5

Francisco, a converted Indian, succours the Christians, 122, 127

Franck, Sebastian, his Collection of Voyages, xvi, xxix, xxx

Frio, cape, 99

_Fucar_, the word, xxiv

Fuegians, cannibalism attributed to, xxxviii

Fuggers, family of wealthy merchants, xxiv, xxviii

Furs of the Indians, 9

G.

Gabaretha, 81

Gabrero. _See_ Cabrera

Galan, Francisco Ruiz, 29

Game, abundance of, 229

Garcia, Alejo, the fabulous, 202

Garcia, the interpreter, 190 _seq._; his expedition into the interior, 191, 202; not the pilot of that name, 202; 209, 231

Garcia Diego, the pilot, xiv, 202

Garcia, Ruy, sent by Irala to Peru, 75

Gastra, de. _See_ Caceres

Geese, 15, 19, 63, 66, 68, 118; kept by Indians to destroy crickets, 168

Germans take part in Mendoza's expedition, xxv

Gold and silver, 45, 48, 49, 90, 212, 214, 232, 244

Gold plates worn for ornaments, 48

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, xxvii

Gomera, island, 2

Gonzales, Bartolomé, 241

Gonzalo, an Indian, 103

Gran Canaria, 100

Guaçani, an Indian chief, his hostility to the Spaniards, 170, 180, 181, 191

Guadalquivir, comparison with, 117

Guadix, 253

Guaira (or Paraná), Jesuit missions in, 111; province of, xix, xxii, xxviii, xxxiii, 36, 81

Guanacos, 63

Guapay, river, 65, 73.

Guaraní family, xx

Guaraní language, xxxiii, 16, 129, 206

Guaranís, only one nation of, xxxv; divisions of, _ib._; 107; their cannibalism, _ib._; 110, 111, 112, 114; settlements of, 117; arrayed for battle, 121; 123; pillaged by Agazes, 131 _seq._, 133; 140; march to battle, 141; panic among 144; timidity of, 146; 148, 149, 150; chiefs sent for, 152, 153, 155; attack Buenos Ayres, 165; extreme point occupied by, 182, 184

Guaranís, of the interior, 203, 204, 206, 210 _seq._, 213, 215, 217, 228, 231; suffer from fever, 233; 234, 238

Guatatas, 142, 146, 153

Guatos, a tribe of Indians, 213, 227, 234

Guaycurús (Guaicurús), a tribe of warriors and hunters, 15, 16, 25; their food, _ib._; their habits, 135; feared by other tribes, _ib._; kind to their wives, _ib._; injuries committed by, 136; proclaimed enemies, 137; message sent to, _ib._; their movements watched, 138, 140; 142, 144; their mode of beheading prisoners, 147; defeat of, _ib._; allow liberty to their women, 148; 149, 150; captives set free, 152; submission of, 153 _seq._; their barter with the Spaniards, 155, 157

Guayviaño, port of, 177, 182, 183

Guaxarapos, country of, 189; submission of, 190; 192, 193, 213; attack Spaniards, 222, 227, 234, 235, 238

Guazú, Chera, an Indian chief, 13

Gulgaises. _See_ Guaicurús

Guzman, Alonso Riquelme de (called by Schmidt, Richkell), father of Ruy Diaz, 79

Guzman, Ruy Diaz, author of _La Argentina_, xxvii, 27, 73, 79

H.

Hammocks, 84

Hannego. _See_ Vanegas

Hayti, xxxvi

Heads of enemies, how preserved, 55

Hens, 15, 19, 63, 66, 68

Hernandez, Andres, 245

----, Juan, 29

----, Pero, or Pedro, secretary of Cabeza de Vaca, 37; arrested, 241, 260, 270

Herrera, Antonio de, the historian, referred to, xxv, xxvii, 1, 15, 27

----, Rodrigo de, 251

Herrezuelo, Luiz de, a monk, 159

Hidalgo, the word, 252

Hieronimus, 70

Hoces, Juan de, 270

Honey, abundance of, 77; 110, 124

Horses and mares brought from Spain, 7; fears excited by, 117; 147, 181, 183

Hortigosa, Gaspar de, 270

_Hulcken_, large merchantmen, 88

Hulsius, Levinus, his edition of Schmidt's voyage referred to, xxx, xxxiii; note by, 50

Hulst, or Hulsen, Johann von, a merchant, 81, 86

I.

Iegnis, King of the Amazons, 46

Iepedii, or Ipiti river. _See_ Bermejo

Ieperis. _See_ Yapirus

Iguape, xiv

Iguazu. _See_ Yguazu

Indians, their fear of the horses, 110, 117; remove their camps, 110; cordial reception by, 115, 123; their deference for old women, 119; houses of, 124; attack Spaniards, 126; protection of, 128 _seq._; their cannibalism, 129; swiftness of foot of, 135; converted, 136, 160, 163; custom of, 140; Spaniards dependent on, 144; 148; accompany Spaniards on their discovery, 163; complaints by, 176; in war paint, 178; habits of, 193 _seq._; their ornaments, 207

_Inriquizava._ _See_ Yeruquihaba

Ipaneme (Ipané) river and port, 60, 181, 182, 191